Framework For Reform Research Articles

Dispute Resolution in Sharia Banking: Challenges and Judicial Reform for Enhanced Legal Certainty

Sharia banking, a growing sector within Indonesia's civil law system, operates under Islamic legal principles while serving diverse clients, both Muslim and non-Muslim. This research explores the challenges in resolving disputes within Sharia banking, emphasizing the need for judicial integration. The study utilizes both a legislative and conceptual approach, examining relevant laws and regulations, while developing a comprehensive framework for judicial reform. Results indicate that despite the Religious Courts' authority over Sharia economic disputes, jurisdictional ambiguity persists, often leading to confusion. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of alternative dispute resolution (ADR), such as mediation and arbitration, which aligns with Sharia principles and offers a faster, cost-effective means of resolving disputes. The findings suggest that a unified judicial system, with the Religious Courts as the sole authority in Sharia economic disputes, coupled with strengthened ADR mechanisms, would promote legal certainty and support the sustainable development of Indonesia's Sharia banking sector. Implications include recommendations for enhancing regulatory frameworks, improving judicial competence, and fostering collaboration between regulatory authorities, industry stakeholders, and the judiciary to ensure fair and efficient dispute resolution

Debt and debt tax benefit: Evidence from Indonesia debt-to-equity cap reform

This study scrutinizes the effects of Indonesia’s 2016 debt-to-equity cap reform (thin capitalization rule) on capital structure, highlighting the role of debt tax benefits. The reform curtails debt tax benefits and furnishes a quasi-experimental setting, allowing a comparison between firms affected by the reform and those unaffected. Focusing on private firms and employing an entropy balancing weighted difference-in-difference approach, we elucidate that the reform results in a substantial 9.7 percentage point reduction in the debt ratio and a 5.3 percentage point increase in the stock ratio. Additionally, utilizing a pseudo tax cut reform framework combined with an isolated impact of the zero marginal debt tax benefit, we identify an implied tax elasticity of debt around 0.88, contributing to the observed decline in the debt ratio. Notably, smaller firms exhibit a more pronounced response, and the stock ratio undergoes a significant metamorphosis, suggesting the need for nuanced policy adjustments. Overall, the study underscores the profound influence of debt tax benefits in shaping corporate financing decisions.

New-age Framework for Educational Reforms

This research describes a framework for utilizing machine learning and data visualization with publicly available education data to create educational reforms. This study aims to address the systemic issues hindering equal learning opportunities between developed and developing countries by analyzing key global education indicators. With the help of clustering and predictive analysis, the work reveals significant factors affecting education, including but not limited to the completion rates, tertiary education enrollment, and literacy rates. The framework also leverages social media and machine learning to drive educational reforms and reduce policy implementation lag by informing policymakers.

Paradigm Shift to Higher-Quality Education Based on the SDG: A Framework for Reforms in Teacher education Programs

Purpose: This study aims to systematically analyze previous studies on teacher education reforms to facilitate a paradigm shift in Teacher Education, aligning with the mission of Bulacan State University to produce highly competent, ethical, and service-oriented professionals contributing to sustainable socio-economic growth and development. Theoretical reference: Grounded in Transformative Learning Theory, which posits that education should lead to profound changes in perspectives and practices through critical reflection, experiential learning, and transformative experiences. Method: The research utilized a qualitative method, specifically employing a systematic review of literature and content analysis techniques. The systematic literature review involved collating, reviewing, and assessing a body of literature using pre-specified and standardized techniques, while content analysis measured and evaluated the nature, meanings, and relationships of specific terms, themes, and concepts. Results and Conclusion: The results highlighted the necessity for developing an institutional culture within the teacher education program, including establishing norms, practices, and standards across various teacher education subjects, assessing activities, and continuously monitoring and supervising all activities, with corrective action against practices that violate prescribed norms and standards. The study's findings suggest that reforms in teacher education should focus on creating a robust institutional culture that upholds high standards and practices, enhancing the effectiveness of teacher education programs and better preparing educators to contribute to socio-economic development. Implications of research: This research provides a comprehensive framework for reforming teacher education programs by emphasizing the importance of institutional culture and transformative learning, offering valuable insights for Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) aiming to improve the quality of their teacher education programs and align them with broader socio-economic goals. Originality/value: The study offers valuable insights for HEIs aiming to improve the quality of their teacher education programs and align them with broader socio-economic goals, thereby contributing to sustainable socio-economic growth and development.

Gender differences, academic patenting, and tenure-track reform in China: Evidence from life sciences at elite universities.

This study is the first to examine the gender gap in academic patenting among faculty members in Chinese universities, a critical issue for the sustainable development of scientific research and innovation. Using a unique dataset that includes the patenting activities and professional status of 1,836 faculty members in life science-related departments at 36 top Chinese universities, this research reveals an evolving landscape of patenting dynamics. The trend of male faculty members leading in the annual number of patent applications and patents granted has shifted among newly graduated faculty members. Female faculty submit and receive their first patent applications significantly earlier than male faculty. However, male faculty are more likely to be lead inventors, and this gender gap remains difficult to close, with female faculty more likely to be supporting inventors. This research is contextualized within the broader framework of China's university tenure reform and the growing presence of women in the life sciences. While progress is evident, the study uncovers persistent systemic barriers that prevent women from fully translating their research into patentable innovations. By identifying these social and institutional barriers, our study not only sheds light on the gender gap, but also suggests policy measures to promote gender equity in scientific innovation, making it a critical read for policymakers and academic leaders.

Exploring the Impact of Political Patronage Networks on Financial Stability: Lebanon’s 2019 Economic Crisis

Amid Lebanon’s multifaceted economic crisis, this paper explores the intricate dynamics between political patronage networks and financial stability. Grounded in the theoretical frameworks of New Institutional Economics (NIE) and Project Management (PM), the study delves into how entrenched political elites and patronage networks have shaped Lebanon’s financial system, exacerbating vulnerabilities and perpetuating the ongoing crisis. Utilizing qualitative methods including in-depth interviews, document analysis, and case studies, the research illuminates the pivotal role of political actors and their vested interests in economic policies and financial institutions. The findings reveal systemic governance failures, crony capitalism, and institutional decay as underlying causes of Lebanon’s economic stress. In response, the paper proposes a comprehensive framework for governance reform that integrates insights from NIE and PM, emphasizing structured planning, accountability mechanisms, and institutional strengthening. The purpose of this study is not only to contribute to a nuanced understanding of Lebanon’s challenges but also to offer actionable insights for policymakers, academics, and stakeholders to address the root causes of the crisis and pave the way for sustainable economic recovery and revitalization.

The Crisis in Foundational Studies and the Necessity of a Liberal Arts and Sciences College(LASC)

This paper addresses the inherent contradiction in universities since their inception, which involves the harmonization of discourse between liberal arts and specialized education and the creation of intellectuals with a blend of both general and specialized knowledge. Instead of resorting to traditional liberal arts approaches, this paper proposes a solution to the crisis in foundational studies from the perspective of creating a new paradigm known as “New Liberal Arts,” overcoming the internal contradictions fundamentally present in universities. Alongside this perspective, this paper reexamines the importance of foundational studies in today's context, taking into consideration the current crisis in Korean universities. It acknowledges the harsh reality of university restructuring and seeks practical approaches that account for the interdependence between universities and businesses, proposing a university reform framework. The paper suggests the establishment of a liberal arts and sciences college (LASC) as a realistic solution to reconstruct the university ecosystem within a society. Within this academic structure, this paper outlines a three-stage curriculum involving the classical liberal arts, foundational convergence education curriculum, and New Liberal Arts.

The Practical Application of the Multidimensional Classroom in High School English Teaching: Enhancing Listening and Speaking Skills as the Breakthrough Point

Under the new curriculum reform, high school English teaching is facing higher demands and the challenge of how to effectively integrate the multidimensional classroom model into teaching practice has become a key issue. The objective of this article is to explore how to skillfully apply the multidimensional classroom model within the framework of the new curriculum reform to significantly enhance the English listening and speaking abilities of high school students. To accomplish this objective, the article employs diverse research methodologies, including literature review, case analysis, and empirical research. Furthermore, it conducts a comprehensive examination of the practical implementation of the multidimensional classroom model in high school English teaching. Furthermore, it investigates how this model effectively promotes students' proficiency in English listening and speaking. The research findings indicate that the multidimensional classroom model, with its abundant teaching resources and highly interactive learning environment, not only significantly improves students' English listening and speaking abilities but also stimulates their learning enthusiasm and classroom participation. The results of this study have significant practical implications for optimizing high school English teaching strategies and further enhancing students' comprehensive English proficiency.

TRANSFORMATION OF THE LAND USE SYSTEM IN RUSSIA IN THE LATE XIX - EARLY XX CENTURIES

The purpose of the research: The article examines the main stages of the transformation of the Russian land use system in the late XIX - early XX centuries. The article analyzes the legal acts that make up the legislative framework for the Stolypin land reform, the activities of public authorities, as well as other institutions that ensure the transformation of the land management system. The purpose of the study is to identify patterns and trends in the development of the land use system in Russia in the late XIX - early XX centuries, as well as the impact of the Stolypin land reform on the modernization of agriculture and overcoming the negative consequences of the peasant reform of 1861. Results. The land use system in Russia at the end of the 19th century was complex and diverse, reflecting the transition period from feudal structures to more modern agrarian relations. After the abolition of serfdom in 1861, there were significant changes in the distribution and use of land. Stolypin land reform had a huge impact on the transformation of the land use system in Russia. It laid the theoretical and normative foundation for the development of land management, gave impetus to the modernization of agriculture and the economy of the country as a whole.

Bridging the Gap by Exploring Inequalities in Access to Land and Disparities in Agrarian Law in Indonesia

This article explores the historical underpinnings of unequal access to land in Indonesia, tracing its roots to colonial legacies and the lasting impact of Dutch colonial rule. Through an examination of laws such as the 1870 Agrarian Law, it highlights how indigenous peoples were systematically dispossessed of their land, exacerbating social inequality and perpetuating economic injustice. It also underscores the widespread legal uncertainty faced by marginalized groups, which hinders their access to essential services and deepens social and economic disparities. After the proclamation, Indonesia chose to create new regulations by passing Law No. 5/1960 on the Basic Regulation of Agrarian Principles (UUPA). This law became the legal framework for Indonesia's agrarian reform. Furthermore, this article explores the critical role of agrarian reform in reducing this disparity, advocating for comprehensive policy reforms that aim to strengthen legal protections for the land rights of marginalized communities. By elucidating the historical trajectory of land access inequality and its contemporary manifestations, this article contributes to a better understanding of the complex socio-legal dynamics that shape land tenure in Indonesia. Through a critical examination of colonial legacies and current policy frameworks, it seeks to inform efforts aimed at promoting social justice and equitable resource distribution. Ultimately, the article underscores the importance of agrarian reform that prioritizes the rights and welfare of marginalized communities, hoping to pave the way towards a more inclusive land governance regime and sustainable development. KEYWORDS : Land Access, Inequality, Agrarian Law, Agrarian Reform

The Shadow of the Future: A Framework for Reform in Higher Education

The vast majority of professions practiced a century ago no longer exist, having been supplanted by robotics and other technological advancements. The Global Technology Network posits that the acceleration of technological unemployment is likely to emerge as one of the most challenging societal issues of the twenty-first century. While 'creative destruction', wherein obsolete job roles are replaced by new ones, will play a significant role, our latest technologies possess the potential to eliminate more jobs than they generate. Given the geometric progression of technological advancements, robotics, artificial intelligence, 3D printing, and other disruptive innovations are poised to significantly impact conventional professions in the labor market imminently. Billions of individuals worldwide are currently employed in industries likely to be affected, and billions more entering the workforce will require employment. Higher Education (HE) is confronted with dual challenges in this process: on one hand, it needs to align its entire knowledge production chain with these dynamic requirements to ensure its outputs remain relevant; on the other hand, it must undergo self-transformation to maintain its significance in the production of both technical and non-technical knowledge. This research endeavors to pinpoint Albania's position within these global trends and explores how HE in Albania can adapt without undergoing a catastrophic shock. We advocate for a fundamental overhaul of the higher education system, focusing on transforming the relationship between the state and higher education institutions. Starting from the premise that the socialist experiment with the university system has failed, we propose the outline of a potential reform that reimagines the role of stakeholders. The efficient utilization of new technologies could facilitate this transformation. Received: 25 December 2023 / Accepted: 25 February 2024 / Published: 23 April 2024

THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN AND LOCAL AUTHORITIES: HISTORICAL AND LEGAL ASPECT

The author notes in his research that from 1993 to 1995 a new system of local government was formed, local executive and representative bodies were allocated. With regard to the formation and activities of local executive bodies, the head of state played a key role, the system was based on vertical subordination. At the same time, local representative bodies have gained some independence. In the article, the author examines the history of the formation and development of the institution of local authorities, the development of relations between the head of state and territorial authorities. The subject of the study is the legal acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the legal norms formulated in them and the practice of their implementation, program documents. The objectives of the work are to identify problems in the system of relations between the President and local authorities. In the course of the study, the author examines the processes of centralization and decentralization. Thus, within the framework of the constitutional reform of the development of local authorities and self-government, the introduction of direct elections of the leadership of administrative-territorial units of some types, the system of vertical power and subordination is maintained. Moreover, the article shows some inconsistency in the ongoing reforms of local government, leveling the increase in the status of local authorities at the expense of other norms and rules. The paper shows that after the constitutional reform of 2022, the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan retains full authority over local governments (taking into account the presence of some elements of independence of territorial governments). The article and in conclusion assesses some provisions of the legal acts of Kazakhstan.

Оценка и направления повышения инвестиционной привлекательности сельского хозяйства

Abstract. In modern conditions of high sanctions pressure, systemic problems that hinder the effective development of agricultural production have worsened. Increasing the investment attractiveness of agriculture is becoming the main vector and a necessary condition for countering negative exogenous factors and ensuring sustainable agricultural growth. The subject of the study is organizational and economic relations that develop in the process of searching for ways to increase the investment attractiveness of agriculture. The purpose of the study is to evaluate and scientifically substantiate the directions of increasing the investment attractiveness of agriculture. Research objectives: 1) to clarify the essential content of the concept of “investment attractiveness of agriculture”; 2) to assess the investment attractiveness of the industry; 3) to determine the directions of growth of investment attractiveness of agriculture. The main research methods are monographic, statistical, graphical. Results. The article provides an analytical assessment of the investment attractiveness of agriculture in Russia. The individual elements (natural resource, production, innovation, financial, economic and labor) of the investment potential of agriculture are analyzed. The investment risks of the industry are justified. It is concluded that the investment attractiveness of agriculture is quite low, despite the existing potential for its growth due to the possibilities of using significant natural resource potential; a high level of adaptation of the industry to external negative factors of impact; favorable natural and climatic conditions; significant export potential of the industry. The scientific novelty. It consists in developing proposals to increase the investment attractiveness of agriculture based on the transformation of key institutional parameters: improving the regulatory framework for land reform; developing mechanisms for public-private partnership and project financing with a state guarantee, changing the industry structure due to the growth of the industry's technology and the use of innovations, changing the terms of lending to agriculture.

Latinization of the Language Under the Leadership of Turkey as a Tool for the Formation of a New Identity for the Turkic Post-Soviet States

The study examines the issue of creating a common Turkic alphabet through the prism of Turkey’s interests in its attempts to form a new identity for the Turkic states. It is noted that the collapse of the Soviet Union and the formation of five new Turkic states were positively received in Turkey and gave impetus to the activation of pan-Turkic ideas. Thus, one of the aspects of Ankara’s humanitarian interaction with the newly formed countries was cooperation within the framework of linguistic reforms, where Turkey actively advocated for the Latinization of the alphabet of the Turkic states. The authors analyze the phenomenon of language in constructing the identity of states. Turkey, which has experience in radical linguistic reforms, recognizes the potential of such transformations in the Turkic space. Ankara seeks to lead this process in order to promote its own logics and narratives, which should ultimately lead to the adoption of the Turkish language as a single language for the Turks. It is noted that with the reformatting of the Organization of Turkic States (OTS), there has been a tendency to return to the agenda of discussions of a single alphabet for the Turkic peoples. Ankara promotes this topic at expert seminars, CTG meetings, etc. It is concluded that Turkey’s strategy is aimed at the long term and the lack of quick results in this area does not indicate its failure. Ankara systematically takes up the entire spectrum of interaction with Turkic partners, creating the foundation for future integration.

Are the Lawyer, the Prosecutor and the Court Subjects of Evidence or Participants in Evidence in Criminal Proceedings?

Relevance. The article examines the issues of participation of a lawyer, prosecutor and court in proving in modern conditions of adversarial proceedings, within the framework of ongoing legal reform. The author comes to the conclusion that the subjects of proof in modern Russian criminal proceedings are only the investigator and the investigator, since they bear the burden of proof. At the same time, the lawyer, the prosecutor and the court are participants in the evidence, whose main task is to examine the evidence collected by the parties. At the same time, the court, being an impartial participant in criminal proceedings, should not take the initiative in collecting evidence and substantiating the accusatory thesis put forward and formulated by the prosecution at the pre-trial stage.Objectives: to continue the consideration of issues arising at the present stage in the theory of evidence in criminal proceedings, and to propose a new gradation of subjects of evidence and participants in evidence, in continuation of the ongoing scientific discussion on the modern development of the theory of evidence in criminal proceedings.The purpose of the study is to identify and discuss problematic issues of the implementation of the mechanism of criminal evidence and propose a new list of subjects of evidence and participants in evidence in criminal proceedings.Methodology. The methodological basis of the research was the universal dialectical method of cognition of socio-legal phenomena, general scientific research methods (analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, system-structural and others). In addition, private scientific methods of cognition were used - logical–formal and system analysis.The results of the study are distinguished by both theoretical and applied nature with elements of scientific novelty. The author considers the emerging difficulties associated with the practical implementation of the provisions of the issues of evidence in criminal proceedings, proposes a new list of subjects of evidence and participants in evidence, as well as a possible change in the established traditional scientific theory of evidence.Conclusions. The discussion of the identified problems will allow drawing the attention of the scientific community and the legislator to the development of solutions to eliminate the identified gaps in criminal procedural evidence, a more detailed definition of the role of the court, prosecutor and lawyer in criminal proceedings. At the same time, it is suggested that the use of the approach proposed by the author, including the introduction of relevant provisions in criminal procedure legislation, will correct the imbalance in the theory of evidence that exists at the present stage.

A Paradigm Shift for the Nursing Education Model: A Scoping Review.

The Nursing Education Model (NEM) introduced a framework for education reform. This study examined the applications of NEM in education to determine whether modifications to NEM were warranted. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Scoping Reviews process for scoping reviews was used. Online databases and searches identified peer-reviewed articles published from 2010-to June 2023, and 71 articles were identified that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Six themes were derived from the findings: (1) learner-centered curricula; (2) instructional methods; (3) inclusive classrooms; (4) pedagogical creativity; (5) bridge theory-clinical divide; and (6) multiple units of analysis. The findings support the application of the NEM to promote a paradigm shift in instructional content, methods, and evaluation of outcomes. Based on use of the model identified in the literature, future modifications to NEM may be indicated, based on continued evidence. [J Nurs Educ. 2024;63(3):141-147.].

Implementation of STEM education in the framework of the New Ukrainian School reform

Relevance. The research relevance is determined by the need to develop STEM education, which is envisaged by the Ukrainian government for the period up to 2027. STEM approaches are only partially implemented in Ukrainian educational institutions, mainly in out-of-school educational institutions.Purpose. The study aims to examine the problems and the need to consider the role of STEM education technology in the process of implementing the New Ukrainian School reform at the stages of primary and senior specialised schools.Methodology. Theoretical methods were used in the study, including analysis and synthesis, methods of generalisation, comparison and forecasting of the innovative educational process. As empirical research methods, a survey of schoolteachers in the field of STEM education was conducted.Results. The study examines the promising areas of STEM education in the system of basic and senior specialised educational institutions. The advantages of using STEM-oriented educational programmes are outlined and the prevailing competencies for the teaching staff of the educational process are identified. The interdisciplinary connections in the implementation of STEM tasks and projects by students in various subjects were investigated. In the context of scientific work, the state of scientific and methodological support for the implementation of this technology in modern educational institutions was identified, the directions of implementation were investigated, and methods for designing STEM education into the general secondary education system were substantiated.Conclusions. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using the obtained results in writing manuals and publishing textbooks in the direction of developing the STEM education ecosystem, and training specialists in the field of robotics in the process of teaching STEM subjects.

Construction of evaluation Framework for classroom Teaching Reform of students Empowered by Digitalization

The pervasive infiltration of digital technologies into education has brought both opportunities and challenges for empowering students through classroom teaching reforms. However, research evaluating the impacts of such reforms on multidimensional student empowerment remains limited. This mixed methods study aimed to develop a comprehensive evaluation framework to assess the outcomes of digital classroom reforms across five empowerment dimensions: engagement, motivation, autonomy, collaboration, and digital literacy. The sample included 300 college students and 20 teachers from three schools that have implemented technology-driven instructional reforms in the past two years. Quantitative survey data and qualitative insights from interviews and observations were integrated to evaluate the reforms. Results revealed increased student interest, confidence, self-direction and teamwork abilities. However, some forms of technology integration decreased quality student-teacher interactions. Over-reliance on educational technologies was linked to distractions and diminished personalized guidance. The evaluation framework provides a robust tool to systematically identify strengths and weaknesses of reforms from multiple stakeholder perspectives. It enables educators to refine digitally-enhanced pedagogies to optimize empowering effects. Insights gained showcase the importance of balancing student-driven active learning with teacher facilitation and mentorship. Implementation factors such as digital citizenship modeling and scaffolding self-directed learning skills are also key to ensuring technologies empower rather than distract. The study contributes an evidence-based framework to inform the design of classroom teaching reforms that leverage digitalization to fully develop motivated, engaged learners equipped to thrive in the century.

Higher Education Internationalisation in Kazakhstan (2022-2023): Course Continuity or Change in the Focus?

The research aim is to evaluate the changes in Kazakhstan policy of higher education internationalisation due to the international relations transformation since February 2022. The research tasks are to identify the peculiarities of higher education internationalisation in Kazakhstan and to detect its main trends before and after 2022. Based on the definitions of higher education internationalisation formulated by J. Knight, P.G. Altbach et al., authors outline relatively successful attempts of Kazakhstan to follow world trends in higher education. However, research literature analysis suggests that there are still many problems in Kazakhstan higher education the Government is still unable to overcome due to the lack of resources.The authors confidently analyse the legal framework of higher education reform in Kazakhstan and decisively use event-analysis to identify the key characteristics of higher education internationalisation in Kazakhstan since its independence, during 1991-2023. The conclusion was that the country has been on a course of internationalisation since the 1990s, but that until 2010 it had been a point-by-point process. At the same time, a model of importing higher education services, mainly from Russia, was spontaneously formed. Since 2010, the second stage of internationalisation has begun, characterised by a large borrowing of Western models and practices, although the Western direction of interaction in higher education complemented, but did not replace, the Russian one. In 2022, Kazakhstan made an accelerated transition to the third stage of internationalisation of higher education, characterised by distancing itself from Russia, combining imports and ambitions to export higher education, and increasing competition with Russia for applicants.

International Laws and The Reality: The Complexity of Corporate Law in Empowering Human Rights

Corporations inevitably violate human rights in a variety of ways. As corporations evolved into massive multinational businesses, corporate violence—which is a legacy of colonialism and corporate power—continues to exist today. Corporate players maintain their freedom in pursuing their objectives using convoluted and obscure multinational organizations and supply networks, through the utilization of corporate law principles like the veil of corporate ownership, and also through other practices like tax evasion and lobbying of political bodies. The objective of this article is to explore the legal aspects of the problem of corporate violence, and suggesting reforms to ensure justice for the affected parties. This article uses the doctrinal research method along with the comparative method, focusing on both primary and secondary data. This article makes the case that the issue stems from the structural and systemic flaws in the framework of international law as well as in corporate laws that continually preserve corporate institutions in frustrating the advancement of the cause for human rights. To effectively enhance the corporate and human rights environment, a framework of hard law, soft law, and non-law reforms and actions is needed.