Reform Era Research Articles

Freedom of Speech Without a Direction: Criticism of Promotion of Freedom of Speech in Indonesia

Attempts to equate freedom of speech with other rights, such as freedom of expression or freedom of opinion, are wrong. Because these rights already have their respective territories, both in efforts to promote them and in terms of settling legal violations. However, in practice in Indonesia, this error still occurs, the indications are that there is still no law that specifically regulates freedom of speech. On that basis, this article wants to look at the factors that lead to a legal vacuum for freedom of speech, and solutions to overcome this vacuum. This article uses a normative juridical approach to inventory various legal products and practices for making decisions or policies regarding the promotion of freedom of speech after the 1998 Reform Era in Indonesia. In the end, this article finds that the legal vacuum in efforts to promote the right to freedom of speech is caused still there the tug-of-war between the importance of promoting human rights, and the ambiguity of the understanding of freedom of expression. Therefore, it is important to synchronize laws and regulations regarding the rights belonging to freedom of expression, and strengthen regulations on freedom of speech that specifically contain definitions, limitations, and ways of resolving violations of the law. Specifically strengthening regulations, is formed in the form of statutory regulations which are under the constitution, so that there is a detailed legal direction or umbrella for efforts to promote freedom of speech.

The Values of Pancasila as the First Reforming the Law

Reforms are corrective steps in all aspects of life to create a better order based on the values of Pancasila. The reform movement that began in 1988 in Indonesia was launched by students and intellectual groups who saw that there had been deviations from Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution, resulting in the fall of the President who was in power then. This reform movement can be said to be the second movement after the first movement, namely in 1966 whose goal was to overthrow the President who was seen as having deviated from the values of Pancasila and the mechanisms of the 1945 Constitution. This discussion aims to prevent the reality of the fading understanding, appreciation, and practice of Pancasila values in people's lives. For this reason, the will of the reform era needs to be maintained, rearranged, and given clear and firm legal guidelines so that the administration of government will no longer deviate from the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution with all its changes based on substance, structure and legal culture.

Secure from the World’s Contagions: Settlement House Summer Camping in the Progressive Era

AbstractThroughout the Progressive Era, settlement houses in the urban Northeast and Midwest operated robust summer camp programs for the children of their neighborhoods. Each summer, campers enjoyed two weeks of hiking, swimming, nature study, and relaxation. This article argues that summer camps exemplified the environmental agenda of settlement-house workers during the Progressive Era. Unlike smoke abatement, sanitation reform, or playground construction, which addressed isolated components of the urban environment, camps allowed them to articulate a deeply ecological critique of the industrial city. Settlement-house workers constructed camp landscapes and daily programming in response to problems endemic to atmosphere, city streets, and immigrants’ homes, providing children with a total environmental change while meanwhile pursuing slower and more piecemeal reforms back in the city. Settlement house leaders and other Progressive Era reformers discerned an intimate connection between landscapes and morality, which summer camps allowed them to address since they could reform individual behavior in addition to combatting structural inequities. Summer camps demonstrate that settlement-house workers’ environmental philosophy permeated their reform agendas, influencing social work and recreation in addition to politics and public health.

Oysterman and Refugee

Abstract This article examines the Hong Kong–China maritime border since 1949, when the establishment of the People’s Republic of China and the onset of the Cold War turned the 1898 imperial boundary into an ideological line, one that nonetheless remained porous to ties of trade and kinship. It focuses on the oyster-producing communities in the tidelands of the Pearl River estuary, showing how oystermen—some of them also refugees—faced security threats exacerbated by the Cultural Revolution while they also leveraged the borderland’s opportunities. The oyster industries are a case study in two forms of agricultural production: traditional land and labor relations on the Hong Kong coast, and collective agriculture in China’s socialist period, followed by decollectivization in the reform era. By the end of the Mao years in 1976, China’s oyster industry well exceeded that of Hong Kong’s, but both systems were vulnerable to industrial pollution. In the reform era and after, China’s oystermen built upon persistent networks to navigate their position between Hong Kong, Shenzhen, and the Pearl River Delta. The prosperity of the China oysterman, rather than the Hong Kong refugee, illustrates the inversion of the border’s valence from a colonial past to a postsocialist future.

THE MODERNITY IN COLONIAL INDIA: A CASE STUDY OF AKBAR ALLAHABADI’S POETRY

Akbar Allahabadi is a poet in the Urdu poetic tradition who, through his creative consciousness, revealed the inner layers of colonialism. The environment in which Akbar's poetry thrives is in colonial India, where he and other political and social leaders of his time are loyal to the British government. The historical context in which his poetry presents its meaning is the scenario of the beginning of the nineteenth century in India when it was a time of flux for the Muslim community. After the Revolt of 1857, Muslims, in particular, had been the subject of attack by British rulers. Many were forced to abandon Delhi and others were not allowed to enter the city. In the wake of this crisis, the community adopted two opposing ideologies. While one group was staunchly hostile towards the British, the other saw a benefit in collaborating with the benefactors. The latter—called supporters of the ‘new light’—believed in adopting British culture as modern. This bothered Urdu poet and satirist Akbar Allahabadi (1846–1921), as he lamented the loss of culture that would come with imitation of the British way of life. He took to his trusted weapon—satirical poetry—to critique this trend. the post-1857 era of peace and reform and the beginning and the end of the First World War. Although the concept of history is not very clear in his poetry, the external conditions which influenced his poetic temperament cannot be understood without being detached from history. Akbar interprets the cultural conditions of the age with his poetic consciousness. This article seeks to study Akbar’s poetry from a Postcolonial perspective

Kuttab in Indonesia: Its Existence and Development during the Reform Era

Kuttab in Indonesia: Its Existence and Development during the Reform Era

ANALISIS KEBIJAKAN PENDIDIKAN ISLAM INDONESIA DI ERA REFORMASI

In national education, Islamic religious education occupies a very important position in building human capabilities, having morals, being responsible and exploring all the potential that exists in humans. As a Muslim-majority country, the issuance of National Education System Law Number 20 of 2003 was a turning point in the continuation of Islamic education in Indonesia. Three important points are contained in the 2003 National Education System Law relating to Islamic education, which include: recognition of Islamic educational institutions such as madrasas and Islamic boarding schools, recognition of Islamic education as a subject in public schools and madrasas, and recognition of Islamic education as a value in national education system. The purpose of this study is to describe and explore how educational policy is in the reform era. This study uses a qualitative method which emphasizes ''Analysis of Islamic Education Policy in the Reform Era''. While for the preparation of this study using the method of study literature in search of data sources. Data is generated from several sources, in the form of books, journals and several research results related to research discussion.

CONTEMPORARY CHINESE SCULPTURE OVERVIEW

In the past century, China has experienced significant cultural and societal transformations, transitioning from a culturally isolated and largely illiterate nation to one that is actively developing alongside the rest of the world and presents a unique blend of cultural tradition and modern civilization. Over the years China has seen several generations of sculptors who have been both actively and passively influenced by various schools of sculpture and ideas from France, the Soviet Union, Europe, and the US. In other words, the development of contemporary Chinese sculpture is closely tied to the ideological and cultural progress of China in the 20th century, resulting in a unique and distinctive presence within the global art scene in the 21st century. Unlike other cultural fields, Chinese contemporary sculpture has expanded beyond the boundaries of the art world and the academy. It not only focuses on developing a realistic sculpture system but also incorporates Western contemporary art concepts into its creative process while preserving traditional Chinese sculpture. Contemporary sculpture is currently being developed in a balanced manner through various mainstream routes, including the realistic art tradition of the West, the contemporary art concepts of Europe and America, and the Chinese cultural codes. The formation of this situation has complex reasons, which can be attributed to the multiple changes in the development route of Chinese sculpture throughout the 20th century. This has resulted in several trends of contemporary Chinese sculpture and culture. Additionally, the development trends of Chinese culture throughout the 20th century, as well as the semi-planned and semi-market-oriented economic system implemented in China after the Reform era, have also contributed to this situation. This article provides an overview of the overall development context, explores the issue of the delayed development of contemporary Chinese sculpture, and reviews sculpture genres and styles, offering insights into the formation and genesis of contemporary Chinese sculpture.

Post-Islamism and the Rise of Sharia Laws in Contemporary Indonesia: Aspirations of Implementing Islamic Laws in a Democratic Era

Islamism is an ideology and a movement that seeks to build an Islamic order in the form of an Islamic state and the enforcement of sharia law. However, in Indonesia during the democratization period in the early 2000s, many Islamic organizations, including Islamic parties and Islamic movements, liberated themselves from hiding and even opened their organizational philosophies to accommodate wider issues and concerns. While retaining their Islamic identity, some Islamic groups are turning towards the secularization of their goals and objectives as a means of adapting to the changing political environment. Political analysts refer to this development as post-Islamism. This change in attitude is to some extent due to the fact that Islamic legal institutions have become more prominent since the reform era. While retaining their Islamic identity, Islamic groups are turning towards the secularization of their goals and objectives as a means of adapting to the new political environment and changing the agenda of most Islamic political movements by way of Islamizing Indonesian values. That's why the color of legislation in Indonesia is more Islamic.

Ethics Of State Civil Apparatus In Public Services In The Era Of Bureaucratic Reform

Abstract
 The state civil apparatus, in its duties, serves the community and is a good liaison between the community and the government. Many service problems are known from complaints and reports from the public, which have caused a decrease in satisfaction with the community. Ethical issues in the interaction between public servants and the community are a factor influencing quality, as well as a measure of the government's success in fulfilling optimal public services. In practice, there are still obstacles to the effectiveness of public services, such as the inadequate implementation of ethics following applicable regulations. The reason for conducting this research is that public complaints are seen from the low rating of public services in the Mojo Village, Gubeng District, Surabaya, on the official website of the Mojo Village. The aims of the research are 1) to find out the ethics of the state civil apparatus in public service in the Mojo sub-district, Gubeng sub-district, Gubeng Surabaya, in serving the community; 2) to determine the level of community satisfaction with the services of the state civil apparatus in the Mojo Village, Gubeng District, Surabaya. This study used quantitative methods through a descriptive research approach to collect questionnaire data, documentation methods, and data analysis. The conclusions of the study: 1) the ethics of the state civil apparatus in public service in Kelurahan Mojo, Gubeng Sub-District, Surabaya, in serving the community is considered poor because 64.2% of respondents stated that the attitude they used did not apply the ethics of the state civil apparatus following the professional standards of public service
 
 Keywords: ethics, state civil apparatus, public service
 
 
 Abstrak
 
 Aparatur sipil negara dalam tugasnya melayani masyarakat dan menjadi penghubung yang baik antara masyarakat dan pemerintah. Banyak persoalan layanan yang diketahui dari aduan dan laporan masyarakat yang menyebabkan menurunnya kepuasan pada masyarakat. Persoalan etika dalam berinteraksi saat pelayan publik dengan masyarakat menjadi faktor pengaruh kualitas, serta tolak ukur keberhasilan pemerintah dalam memenuhi mengoptimalkan pelayanan publik. Pada praktiknya masih terdapat kendala penghambat efektivitas pelayanan publik, seperti belum memadainya implementasi etika yang sesuai dengan peraturan yang berlaku. Alasan melakukan penelitian ini, terdapat keluhan masyarakat dilihat dari rendahnya rating terhadap pelayanan publik di Kelurahan Mojo Kecamatan Gubeng Surabaya dalam laman web resmi Kelurahan Mojo. Tujuan penelitian 1) mengetahui etika aparatur sipil negara dalam pelayanan publik di kelurahan Mojo kecamatan Gubeng Surabaya Gubeng Surabaya dalam melayani masyarakat; 2) mengetahui tingkat kepuasan masyarakat terhadap pelayanan aparatur sipil negara di Kelurahan Mojo Kecamatan Gubeng Surabaya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif melalui pendekatan penelitian deskriptif mengumpulkan data kuesioner, metode dokumentasi, dan analisis data. Kesimpulan penelitian : 1) etika aparatur sipil negara pada pelayanan publik di Kelurahan Mojo Kecamatan Gubeng Surabaya dalam melayani masyarakat terhitung kurang baik karena 64,2% responden menyatakan bahwa sikap yang mereka gunakan tidak menerapkan etika aparatur sipil negara yang sesuai dengan profesional standard pelayan publik; 2) kepuasan masyarakat terhadap etika aparatur sipil negara pada pelayanan publik di Kelurahan Mojo Kecamatan Gubeng Surabaya terhitung kurang puas karena 64% responden menyatakan bahwa kinerja pelayan Kelurahan Mojo tidak sesuai dengan nilai moral atau etika birokrat.
 
 Kata kunci: etika, aparatur sipil negara, pelayanan publik.
 

THE SEMINAR AS A NEW PHENOMENON AT THE FACULTY OF HISTORY AND PHILOLOGY OF MOSCOW UNIVERSITY IN THE 1860s — EARLY 1870s

Th e emergence of seminars at the Faculty of History and Philology at Moscow University was a response to discussions of higher education reform in the era of the Great Reforms, when the education of students at universities was found too passive. At this time, ideologues of higher education reform de-manded that monologue lectures be supplemented with written students’ papers, which should develop their research skills and serve as a basis for communica-tion with their professors. Aft er 1862, when over a hundred young scholars were sent abroad for several years under the program of Minister of Public Instruction A.V. Golovnin, a new generation of researchers and teachers was introduced to practical studies at German universities. Th ose who had been abroad started to actively use the term seminar to refer to a new kind of practical training. By the mid-1860s, seminars appeared at Moscow University as teaching units for phi-lologists to train grammar school teachers of classical languages, and as a type of practical classes for historians, the purpose of which was to write research papers. Philologist P.M. Leontiev was one of the originators of philological seminars at Moscow University. He developed such forms of classes at the faculty as were practiced by S.P. Shevyrev in the 1850s, while V.I. Guerrier established the semi-nar as a new form of research activity for historians. It was important for him that students who chose to major in history should write papers on this discipline. While students received scholarships for their work in the philological seminars, participation in historical seminars was their personal initiative. Further develop-ment of the new form of classes was associated with attempts to divide the Faculty of History and Philology into two specializations. Offi cially, historians’ seminars became part of the faculty’s curriculum only aft er implementation of the charter of 1884.

School and teacher level predictors of organizational loyalty in an era of school reform

Teachers’ organizational loyalty plays a critical role in the success of reforms in periods when educational reforms gain momentum. This study examined the effects of charismatic leadership, trust in leader, and teacher engagement on teachers’ organizational loyalty based on data collected from 872 teachers in 77 public schools in Türkiye. We examined the predictors of organizational loyalty at the school and teacher levels via multilevel analysis. Using structural equation modeling and bootstrapping test, we also investigated the mediating role of teacher engagement and trust in leader in the relationship between charismatic leadership and organizational loyalty. The results of multilevel analysis demonstrated that school- and teacher-level variables were significant predictors of organizational loyalty. The mediation test results revealed that the relationship between charismatic leadership and organizational loyalty is realized through teacher engagement and trust in leader. Based on the findings, we discussed the effects of charismatic leadership, engagement, and trust in leader on teachers’ loyalty.

Other Worlds: A Genealogy from Lu Yao’s Capitalist Realism to Maoni’s Internet Literature

This article elaborates on a genealogy linking the internet literature writer Maoni’s work to the Reform-era writer Lu Yao’s realist epic Ordinary World ( Pingfan de shijie). Most of the works on the popular Qidian platform on which Maoni publishes are shaped by fan-culture-derived (“fannish”) technologies aimed at maximizing reader engagement, which results in a textual community that blurs the lines between writer and reader. The aesthetic that emerges from this community, as illustrated by Maoni’s novel Joy of Life ( Qing yu nian), is one that emphasizes characters over narrative, stresses the delineation of an expansive fictional universe (“world-building”), and frequently cites tropes and intertexts familiar to the novel’s readers. Maoni’s textual community borrows not only from Western fantasy, Japanese ACGN (Anime, Comics, Games, Novels) culture, and pre-modern Chinese literature but also from Lu Yao and the socialist literature that shaped Lu Yao — an influence on Maoni’s internet fiction that remains understudied. Following Maoni’s lead, this article revisits Ordinary World and the institutions that produced it to identify the elements that could be reinscribed as fannish. This genealogy illustrates how configurations of writer, reader, and text with roots in the socialist and early Reform eras are reappropriated by internet literature for radically different ends. It suggests that scholars of internet literature, rather than placing undue stress on a technology-powered rupture with the past, should consider the points of congruence between socialist and postsocialist media ecologies.

Travel Demand Management in an Auto Dominated City: Can Travel Behaviour Be Nudged in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia?

Car ownership and use in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) are very high due to the high income, the low fuel prices and the near absence of public transportation in the Kingdom. Currently, the Kingdom is going through a massive transformation and entering a new era of national reforms. One of the main aims of the national reforms is to reduce car dependency and enhance more sustainable options of travel such as public transportation in the KSA. In order to achieve such an aim, there are two hurdles: Firstly, there must be a provision of decent public transportation options, and secondly, there is a need to influence travel behaviour and encourage the shift from private cars to public transportation. For example, in Riyadh city, an impressive metro system is being constructed and will start operation in 2023. To influence travel behaviour, travel demand management measures (TDM), in particular pricing measures, can be adopted and implemented, in order to help and support achieving the target. The main aim of this paper, therefore, is to assess the attitudes of Saudi nationals towards—and willingness to accept—pricing measures and their possible impacts on their travel behaviour in the city of Riyadh. The methodology includes collecting data using an online survey on travel behaviour and attitudes in Riyadh and calibrating multinomial logit modal choice models. The participants in the survey were asked to report their support of the pricing measures for the objective of reducing congestion in the city, improving road safety or reducing travel time. The results show the highest support towards pricing measures for improving road safety, reducing travel times and, lastly, reducing congestion in the city.

The Reformation Era in Indonesia: Santri's Polarization and the Developmental Dynamics of Pesantren

Since the fall of Suharto's regime in 1998, Indonesia has entered a new era of democracy dubbed the Reformation era. Religious ideology grew throughout this period, both locally and as a result of globalization. As a result, the polarization of students can no longer be read through classical or conventional typologies. The classic typology of students in the style of Clifford Geertz, followed by Yon Machmudi and Ahmad Najib Burhani's typology of students, also needs to represent the reality of students in the reform era fully. So, the literature study supported by interview data offers a new typology of santri divided into four forms, namely ideological, sociological, academic, and political santri. These four typologies color students’ polarization and impact the dynamics of Islamic boarding schools in Indonesia. However, this polarization in many cases experienced a "mess of polarization", so it was difficult to read the direction of the dynamics of Islamic boarding schools in Indonesia during the reform era except with high monitoring intensity. Generally, the dynamics of the rapid trend are split into two big poles, moderatism and fundamentalism or radicalism, but they are still very flexible.

Islamic Law Legislation in Indonesia: Anomalies of the Relationship between Political Configuration and Zakat Legal Product during the Reform Era

This article discusses the anomaly of democratic political configuration relation that produces conservative zakat law product in Law Number 23 Year 2011 on Zakat Management. Zakat law has experienced the positivation of Islamic law through what is called the legislative process in the House of Representatives. Through its stipulation, it actually led to rejection from Muslim civil society groups. This rejection is an indication that the law is not responsive to civil society. This research is normative juridical with a political approach to law that places legislation as a political product. Edward W. Soja’s spatial justice theory is used to analyze this issue. The findings of this research are, first, the anomaly of political configuration relations towards zakat law products occurs because of the still entrenched character of executive dominance in making zakat law in the DPR. Second, to produce a responsive law, it must provide space for spatial justice through the participation of Islamic civil society in making zakat law.

Upskilling the workforce? A critical analysis of national skills policies in China’s Reform Era

Government reports and documents claim that building a high skill society is critical for national success in China. In this paper, eight policies in relation to the government’s espoused priorities of upskilling are examined. Applying the principles of critical policy analysis, the paper aims to expose the ideological presuppositions made in these policies. The findings in this paper reveal that the Chinese government may have focused on upgrading the credentials, rather than the actual skills that these credentials signal, thus reinforced forms of consciousness that maintain the academic-focus, credential-driven hegemony. The new policies have vigorously invested in the ‘model schools’, yet further excluding non-model schools and the marginalised learners. This investment, emphasising the ‘supply-side’ of skills provision, has also led to a more fragmented connection between the training system and industry. The promotion of ‘entrepreneurial talent training’, with an intention of enhancing young people’s employability and building a knowledge-based economy, may act as a technique for ‘self-government’ under the influence of a neoliberal ideology. The responsibility of skill acquisition may have shifted to individual students, who will encounter increased precarity on their routes into work. Drawing on Gramsci’s concept of hegemonic power, the paper highlights China’s national skills policies may further facilitate the reproduction of current forms of inequality in training as well as contribute to construct and manage the neoliberal subjects required by the Reform Era.

Does Caning Contribute to Criminal Law Enforcement? A Case Study of Aceh, Indonesia

Since the beginning of the reform era, the Qanun jinayat has been incorporated into the Indonesian constitutional system. However, its application is reaping benefits and drawbacks in policy and practice, where caning is used as a logical result of the Qanun jinayat. This study aimed to reaffirm the background of the legislation of Qanun in Aceh Province and its place within the Indonesian constitutional framework. Additionally, we investigated the applicability of the concept of caning as a substitute for punishment in the context of updating the national criminal code. A normative juridical research methodology was used, comprising a statutory, analytical, and comparative study approach. According to the interpretation of Article 7 of Law Number 12 of 2011 on the Formation of Legislation, the findings of this study showed that the role of Qanun in the Indonesian constitutional system was equivalent to regional laws. In addition, caning is viewed as an alternative to punishment in the context of amending the country’s criminal code by considering the theoretical features of punishment, its intent, the cost-benefit analysis, and its efficacy.
 Keywords: Qanun, Caning, Criminal Law Reform

Conceptual Problems of Political Parties Cadre Management in the Reform Era in Indonesia

This study describes the dynamics and practices of political party management in Indonesia after entering the reform era. The hopes for the welfare of the Indonesian people towards the existence of political parties in Indonesia have not shown significant results. Political parties are still trapped by internal interests compared to the big goal of improving the welfare of society, even the party's reputation in politics tends to decrease in society because of practices that violate the norms of decency. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive analysis approach From the existing data, factual problems of political parties were found. The political party cadre system is unable to build cadre capacity, there is no capacity standardization in cadre recruitment, cadre capacity shifts to financial capacity, personal motivation is still unstable and always changes when cadres have occupied legislative positions and regional heads. The organizational climate of political parties is periodic, only before elections, there is no integrated teamwork in political parties, political work in political parties still depends on the interests of cadres. The leadership role in the lower regions is not able to translate the vision, mission and policy directives of the top level leaders, the top level leadership is unable to absorb aspirations and communication from the lower level leadership. This research has a novelty that the management of political parties really needs the implementation of human capital. The human capital approach is currently still being applied to profit institutions and has never been tested in non-profit institutions, namely political party organizations. Keywords: political parties, cadre governance, reformation era, human capital, leadership

Министр м.и. хилков в истории российской провинции рубежа XIX-XX веков: по материалам Вятской губернии

The paper examines the biographical aspects and official activities of the Minister of Railways of Russia Mikhail Ivanovich Khilkov (1834-1909). Being a representative of a well-known princely family and having completed military service, he became an active figure in the era of the great reforms of Alexander II - participated in the peasant reform in the Tver Province. Later, he gained experience in railway construction and work in America and Europe, served in the Anglo-American company for the construction of the Transatlantic Railway. After returning to Russia, he held high state positions, was involved in railway construction and finally appointed Minister of Railways in April 1895. In the paper, special attention is paid to the construction of the Perm-Kotlas railway through the Vyatka Province, the arrival of M.I. Khilkov in the Vyatka Province in June 1898. The author concludes that the railway construction associated with the activities of Minister Khilkov was a landmark event in the economic transformations of the Russian Provinces.