Reform Era Research Articles

SEJARAH DAN PERKEMBANGAN PERADILAN ISLAM MASA KEMERDEKAAN SAMPAI REFORMASI

This study examines the history and development of Islamic judiciary in Indonesia from the independence period to the reform era. The main focus is to identify structural, legal, and role changes of the Islamic judiciary in the context of political and social dynamics during this period. In the early days of independence, the Islamic judiciary was part of the national legal system and faced various challenges in enforcing Sharia law. Significant changes occurred throughout the Old Order, New Order, and especially during the reform era, marked by decentralization and democratization that strengthened the position of the Islamic judiciary. This study employs a historical approach and policy analysis to explore the transformation of the Islamic judiciary in response to various political and social changes in Indonesia. The results of the research indicate that the Islamic judiciary has developed significantly, adapting to constitutional and legal changes, and plays an important role in law enforcement in Indonesia. However, there are still challenges in the full integration of the Islamic judiciary into the national legal system that need to be addressed.

Analyzing The Effectiveness of 30% Gender Affirmative Action Policy in Indonesia

The Indonesian government’s 30% Affirmative Action Policy addresses gender inequalities by bolstering women’s representation in strategic positions. This research investigated the policy’s effectiveness in achieving this goal and uncovered constraints hindering women’s active participation in politics. Grounded in both gender equality and affectivity theories, the study pinpoints key issues of gender imbalance and investigates the policy’s impact on organizational dynamics within the political sphere. A qualitative analysis, informed by a comprehensive literature review, suggested that the implementation of the 30% Affirmative Action Policy since the reform era has demonstrably contributed to an increase in female representation within the political sphere. However, the policy’s effectiveness remains contingent upon addressing various challenges, including the persistent underrepresentation of women across both legislative and executive positions, where the 30% target has yet to be consistently achieved. Key influential factors in the implementation of this policy include the roles of the government, political parties, and society. Nevertheless, the policy is crucial in reshaping social norms regarding gender roles in politics. Overall, this article provided a comprehensive overview of the effectiveness of the 30% Affirmative Action Policy in achieving optimal gender representation in Indonesia. Policy implications and recommendations for enhancing the sustainability and effectiveness of this policy were also discussed to advance women’s participation in various social and professional aspects of life in Indonesia. Keywords: effectiveness; affirmative action; women’s representation

Chinese Soap Operas in the Reform Era

This article aims to investigate the impact of the emergence of television soap operas during the 1980s and 1990s in the People’s Republic of China, with an emphasis on Yearnings (渴望, 1990) and Year after Year (一年又一年, 1998). This period comprises the first two decades of “reform and opening up” (Gaige kaifang 改革开放), when the country underwent a series of radical changes leading to market economy. As I will discuss, both soap operas employ a similar structure by presenting family sagas as a vehicle for the articulation of China’s transformations through decades of history – including the introduction of television and other media.

Framing Chinese Youth in the Aftermath of the Cultural Revolution

Abstract The launching of the reform program in 1978 went hand in hand with praising Chinese youth as the vanguard of the new struggle for modernising China. Yet, the official rhetoric projected the ideal youth, while being at odds with the complex reality of the early post-Mao era, when the experience of the Cultural Revolution (CR) turned out to be the main reason for the so-called ‘youth problem’. Both international and Chinese literature have highlighted that in the reform era, youth, intended as a social and cultural category or construct, came to be associated with less positive values, and the traditional discourse of ‘youth as hope’ proliferated along and intertwined with a negative discourse of ‘youth as trouble’. This paper looks at the re-emergence of the Communist Youth League (CYL) as a key institutional actor in setting the stage for the construction of a new social discourse on youth in the transitional period 1978–1981, when the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) leadership confronted with the need to deal with the tumultuous upheaval of the CR and its impact on youth on the one hand, and to push forward the reformist agenda on the other. By mainly relying on CYL sources (documents, internal publications and the official youth press), a part of which has been largely unexplored so far, it shows how the discourse on youth became complex and multifaceted in those historical circumstances, reflecting not just different views within the élite but also and most importantly the very tensions involved in the reform project. While the existence of the ‘youth problem’ led to establishing a causal nexus with the now condemned ultra-leftist tendencies associated with Lin Biao and the Gang of Four, the need to make sense of the complexity of youth boosted a heated debate on youth characteristics, with a number of cadres and adult experts affiliated to the CYL defining, describing and prescribing what Chinese youth were in ways that, by ensuring they had not been guilty as former Red Guards and recognising them as both victims and increasingly emancipated actors, eventually pushed forward a new idea of youth that conformed to the new modernization aims of the Party. Providing an assessment of the young generation and its inclinations in the aftermath of the CR eventually became the premise for facilitating the emergence of a new youth subjectivity, while envisioning the integration of the self within the broader collective and the coexistence of liberal values with traditional socialist ethics. The debate on youth characteristics reflected the complex changes taking place in China and was constitutive of a broader process that set the stage for rethinking the socialisation of youth in the post-Mao era.

Politik Hukum Batas Minimum Usia Perkawinan Pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 22/PUU-XV/2017

Abstract Regulations regarding the minimum age for marriage in Indonesia have basically gone through a long history and dynamics starting from the pre-Dutch Colonial government until the New Order era when Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage was born and was most recently revised into Law Number 16 of 2019 concerning Amendments. Based on Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage. This research discusses two problem formulations, First, how is the minimum age limit for marriage regulated before the Constitutional Court Decision Number 22/PUU-XV/2017?, Second, what are the legal politics of the minimum age limit for marriage after the Constitutional Court Decision Number 22/PUU-XV/2017 ? To be able to discuss this problem, a normative juridical research method with a historical and statutory approach is used, where the data source used is a secondary data source. From the research and discussions that have been carried out, the following results were obtained: First, the history of setting the minimum age limit for marriage in Indonesia has started since pre-Dutch Colonial times where at that time the applicable marriage law was the respective religious law which was then enforced during the Dutch occupation. Classification is based on ethnicity and each group has its own rules. In the old order era, Law Number 22 of 1946 concerning Marriage Registration, Divorce and Reconciliation (hereinafter referred to as NTR) was born, in the new order era Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage was born, which was followed by its first revision in the reform era to become Law. Number 16 of 2019 concerning Amendments to Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage. Second, the will (political will) of the state authorities is a determining factor in where the law will be directed, including in the issue of determining the minimum age limit for marriage. This can be seen from the development of marriage law in Indonesia starting from the Dutch colonial period, the post-independence period, and the New Order period where marriage law experienced a very strong influence from the interests of the authorities.

The revival of Wudang Daoist martial arts

This paper writes the recent history of the revival of Wudang Taiji Boxing. In 20th-century China, first reformers, then communists stigmatized traditional martial arts. But after China's leaders, under Deng Xiaoping, initiated a new era of reform and opening up in 1978, all that changed. In 1980, a member of the Qing royal family who had spent seven months at Wudang Mountain in 1929 performed the style he had learned at Wudang at a national sports event. In so doing, he sparked a revival leading to the formation of the Wudang Taoist Martial Arts Academy and other academies and groups. The modern history of Taiji Boxing is not only the history of a martial arts form, but also of the secularization of Chinese ideology, suppression of religion, the reworking of traditional practices of self-cultivation as exercise and sport, and the commercialization and commodification of martial arts for a global audience.

Digital Transformation of Public Services: An Analysis of the Effectiveness of Online Services at the Local Government Level

This study examines the effectiveness of online services at the local level (District) Office which sees the existence of E-Gov encouraging the government to create good governance in providing information needs and transparency to the community. The renewal of public services in the reform era is the main focus of the government as an effort to realize good governance. The research method used is qualitative. This research uses the concept proposed by Pedrosa et al (2022) which uses eight indicators of the effectiveness of digital public services: ease of use, usefulness, simplicity, reliability, availability, understandable, consistent, and fast. The results showed that online-based services at the agency were effective in several aspects, such as trust and availability, but there were still shortcomings in the aspects of simplicity and consistency. Online services are considered easy to find through familiar channels and have a fast response, less than an hour. Nevertheless, the implementation of online service SOPs still needs to be improved. This study concludes that online services have become an attractive asset in the effort to transform the digitalization of public services.

Legal, illegal, either way informal: examining continuities of small-scale entrepreneurship between late socialism and postsocialism in Czechia

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to capture the continuities and transformations of everyday small-scale business practice in the period of “long change” between late socialism and postsocialism in Czechoslovakia/Czech Republic. Both of these periods are characterized by the employment of informal and purely illegal practices, although they took on different meanings in both periods. To capture continuities and differences, we employ the concepts of field, capital and habitus developed by Pierre Bourdieu. Based on interviews with small-scale entrepreneurs active in both periods under review, we argue that informality and illicit practices in the late socialist period primarily enabled entrepreneurs to fulfil consumption needs in a dysfunctional planned economy. In this regard, small entrepreneurs were willing to use a large amount of different informal practices to achieve material goals. The article demonstrates that in the post-1989 era of neoliberal reform, small-scale entrepreneurs continued to employ informal and illegal practices as a means of “playing the system”, integrating them into their formal business efforts in order, among other things, to sustain their businesses in the face of new conditions of liberalization, increasing competition and criminality. The article thus analyses economic transformation through the tension between institutional change and continuity of social practices.

Analysis of the Quota of Women’s Representation as Candidates for Legislative Institutions in PKPU Number 10 of 2023

The era of reform and democratisation, as well as the implementation of regional autonomy, is an important moment for women, especially in the regions, to actively participate in determining the direction of democracy in the life of the nation and state, but until now, politicians have more often shown interests that are not related to maintaining and implementing the sacred principles of democracy and the aspirations of the people. This situation occurs in the General Election Commission Regulation number 10 of 2023 Article 8 which is deemed not to represent women’s representation. For this reason, this paper discussed women’s representation in PKPU Number 10 of 2023 in the perspective of the theory of legal norms. The research method used was a normative juridical research approach. This approach involved legal research conducted by studying statutory materials and supporting literature to answer the problems being discussed. The result of this research was that PKPU Number 10 of 2023 not only contradicted the provisions of Article 245 of Law No.7 of 2017, but also did not provide certainty for the implementation of the zipper system as stipulated in the provisions of Article 246 (2) of Law No. 7 of 2017. Empirically, women’s representation was still a problem, both in political parties and when they became legislative members.

Meningkatkan Keaktifan Siswa Kelas IX Pada Mata Pelajaran Fiqih Melalui Metode Resitasi di MTs Al Jam'iyatul Washliyah

Quality education is really needed by a nation to achieve the educational goals that have been set. Teachers as the main actors in the world of education really determine the quality of learning in schools. The reform era demands a Student Center Learning (SCL) learning pattern , where students are required to be more active and effective in participating in learning. Good quality teachers will be able to choose the right methods so that active student learning can be achieved. One of them is the application of the recitation method which is believed to increase students' active learning at school. The aim of this research is to increase students' active learning in Fiqh subjects in class IX. The method used in this research is classroom action research, by conducting two tests in cycle I and cycle II until satisfactory results. The data collection technique used in this research is observation technique. The results of this research are that the recitation method is proven to be able to increase students' active learning in the Fiqh class IX subject at MTS Al Jam'iyatul Washliyah Completed by 26.19%. From 69.64% in cycle I to 95.83% in cycle II.

Indonesia's Role in the Israeli Occupation of Palestinian Territories: New Order Era to The Reformation

This research examines Indonesia's involvement in the Israeli occupation of Palestine during the New Order and Reform eras. It employs a qualitative approach, utilising a literature review to analyse the role of Indonesian diplomacy in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The results demonstrate that Indonesia played a significant role in resolving the conflict through diplomacy. Indonesia demonstrated a firm stance of neutrality and freedom. Indonesia prioritised diplomatic efforts over those undertaken through the use of military force. In terms of international relations, Indonesia employs a multi-track diplomatic approach towards Palestine with the objective of achieving peace. Indonesia's multi-track diplomacy towards Palestine represents a form of diplomacy conducted by Indonesia with the aim of achieving world peace. The prolonged conflict that occurred when Israel occupied the Palestinian territories attracted the attention of various parties, including countries, governments, non-governmental organisations and individuals. It is crucial to acknowledge that the Indonesian government is not the sole entity engaged in conflict resolution on a global scale. This underscores the significance of Indonesia's multilateral diplomacy as a model for other countries to emulate.

The Existence of Islamic Education in the National Education System in Indonesia

Islamic education as a formal teaching material in Indonesia has experienced at least three phases, namely the first phase since the entry of Islam into Indonesia until the era of Islamic education reform in Indonesia, the second since the emergence of ideas for Islamic education reform, and the third since the creation of the National Education System Law (in 1989). This research aims to analyze the existence of Islamic education in the national education system in Indonesia. This type of research uses a qualitative approach with a literature study method. Data sources are quoted from credible pages such as Google Scholar and SINTA. Next, the data was analyzed and checked for validity through data triangulation. The results of this research conclude that Islamic education is recognized for its existence in the national education system, which is divided into three things. First, Islamic education as an institution, second, Islamic education as a subject, and third, Islamic education as a value.

Revitalization of Group Envoys in the Indonesian Representative System

The removal of faction envoys from the Indonesian representative system, a legacy of the founding fathers reflecting the character of the Indonesian nation, occurred during the reform era driven by a desire for direct elections and negative perceptions of the New Order regime. This study analyzes the implications of this removal and explores potential solutions to the arising issues. Using a historical and analytical approach, the study examines the evolution of the Indonesian representative system and the founding fathers' rationale for including faction envoys, assessing the impacts of their removal. Findings indicate that this removal has created a gap in representing diverse societal groups within the MPR, potentially obstructing the aspirations of people outside political and regional interests. The study concludes that excluding faction envoys introduces challenges in accommodating the diverse aspirations of the Indonesian people, necessitating thoughtful solutions and mitigation efforts to ensure comprehensive representation until a permanent solution is found.

ASAS-ASAS PENYELENGGARAAN NEGARA PESPEKTIF UNDANG-UNDANG DAN HUKUM ISLAM

In this era of ongoing reform, governance still leaves various problems. Especially those related to efforts to improve the quality of good and clean governance are still far from what is expected. This research is a descriptive-analytical normative legal research (legal research) with a statutory approach and is sourced from primary sources, namely laws, books and other supporting literature. The research shows that based on the principles of state administration, there are deviations made by state administrators with what is expected. State organizers go out of the line that has been set by the law and (rules) of religion that should be used as guidelines in the implementation of good governance as a form of responsibility in the world and the hereafter.

The Development of Sport Culture Indicators for Sports Avenue

Background and Aim: China has officially entered a new era of reform, marking that the construction of university sports culture has also ushered in a new era and new challenges. Therefore, this research aims to develop the sports culture indicators for sports avenues. Materials and Methods: The expert group members of this study are mainly university physical education teachers in Xi’an, leaders of Xi' a Sports Bureau, and grass-roots front-line teachers. All the selected experts have a rich theoretical basis and practical experience in constructing campus sports culture. Five people were selected by IOC, 25 people were selected by Cronbach reliability test, 19 experts by Delphi method, and 122 people for empirical research. Hierarchical Analysis YAAHP6.0 software is used to calculate the weight and consistency of each index and data processing of Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Method Matlab software is used to analyze the data. Results: The evaluation index system of university sports culture construction in Xi'an is constructed. The first-level indicators include sports spirit and culture, sports material culture, sports system culture, and sports behavior culture. The secondary index includes 9 aspects. There are 24 three-level indicators, covering all key aspects of the construction of campus sports culture. Conclusion: The evaluation index system proposed in this study is comprehensive, systematic, and scientific, which can provide effective tools for the evaluation and decision-making of the sports culture construction in Xi'an universities. The evaluation index system is scientific, systematic, and practical.

Literature review on the history of Indonesia's universal defense system

The debate over the concept of Indonesia's national defense and security system has been a significant topic since independence until the reform era. This article aims to discuss the dynamics of the Universal People's Defense System within the National Defense and Security System from the independence period to the reform era. A documentation study method is used to collect and analyze important documents such as laws, government policies, official reports, and relevant literature. Data analysis is conducted to identify significant changes in the concept and implementation of the National Defense System and its impact on the system's sustainability. Findings indicate that the national defense concept remains relevant and should be maintained. The Universal People's System involves all societal components, territorial integrity, natural resources, and other means, strengthening military and non-military defense integration, increasing respect, and enhancing deterrence. This concept is still valid in the reform era and remains upheld after the 1945 Constitution amendment. The debate on Indonesia's national protection and security system has been a fundamental issue from independence to the reform era, covering national security, protection, safety functions, and policies. Implications for education include integrating national defense topics in schools to foster public awareness and participation, contributing to a well-informed, participatory society.

DESAIN INFOGRAFIS PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS MICROSOFT EXCEL PADA DINAS KOMINFO PROPINSI JAMBI

The digital era demands that all forms of activities be carried out quickly, effectively and efficiently, using the latest technology. In the current era of technological reform 4.0, various information can be obtained in a short time via smart devices with certain applications, one of which is an application for calculating learning values and infographic processing. Solving the problem of spending value and infographics on goods and services data requires effort and a calculation process. thorough and complex. In this article the author describes an application for solving the problem of calculating learning values and infographics at the Dinas Kominfo Propinsi Jambi Service effectively, quickly and accurately using Microsoft Excel software.

Kritik efter postkolonialiteten

How can we best forge a theoretical practice that directly addresses the struggles of once-colonized countries, many of which face the collapse of both state and society in today’s era of economic reform? David Scott argues that recent cultural theories aimed at “deconstructing” Western representations of the non-West have been successful to a point, but that changing realities in these countries require a new approach. In Refashioning Futures, he proposes a strategic practice of criticism that brings the political more clearly into view in areas of the world where the very coherence of a secular-modern project can no longer be taken for granted.

Improvement and Strengthening of State Finances in the Reform Era

Regulation of state finances. The government has issued Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 17 of 2003 Article 6, stating that: (1) The President as Head of Government holds the power to manage state finances as part of government power. (2) Powers as intended in paragraph (1): a). authorized to the Minister of Finance, as fiscal manager and Government Representative in the ownership of separated state assets; b). authorized to the minister/institution head as Budget User/Property User of the state ministry/institution he leads; c). handed over to the governor/regent/mayor as head of regional government to manage regional finances and represent the regional government in the ownership of separated regional assets. d). does not include authority in the monetary sector, which includes, among other things, issuing and circulating money, which is regulated by law. The aim of this research is to improve and strengthen state finances in a better era of reform. The research method is a normative juridical approach sourced from library data. The results of the research show that the government is taking various ways to strengthen and improve state finances by drafting the Bill and PNBP even though the mechanism for determining it is deemed inappropriate. In conclusion, the government must take a firm stance in making state financial revenues autonomous to avoid abuses committed by related institutions.

ЖЕНА И ПОМОЩНИЦА ГУБЕРНАТОРА: А.М. АРЦИМОВИЧ В СИБИРИ (1854–1858 гг.)

The paper examines the problem of the significance and possibility of studying the biographies of the wives of high-ranking officials of the Russian Empire. The wives of high-ranking officials, including figures of the Siberian administration, did not officially work, but played an important role in public life and management practices. Sometimes they did not abandon traditions, but adopted the norms of the new era. A review of the research literature allowed the author to note that, despite the impressive number of works by domestic and foreign historians on gender issues, the issue has not been sufficiently studied. The use of memoir-epistolary sources created by the wife of the Tobolsk governor V.A. Artsimovich, her relatives and acquaintances, made it possible to fill this gap using the example of one of these ladies. For the first time, letters from A.M. Artsimovich and V.A. Artsimovich to her are being introduced into scientific circulation from the funds of V.A. Artsimovich in the State Archives of the Russian Federation and the Manuscript Department of the Institute of Russian Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The main stages of the biography of Anna Mikhailovna Artsimovich (nee Zhemchuzhnikova) are reconstructed, the daily life of the governor’s family, its complexities and specifics in Siberian conditions are characterized. The main directions and features of the activities of the governor’s wife and assistant, participation as a trustee in the management of the Mariinsky Girls’ School are shown. The significance of the Siberian years for the development of the personality of an extraordinary woman was revealed. The evolution of her views, her transformation into a like-minded person and ideological ally of the famous statesman of the era of the Great Reforms is covered. An important result of the study was the filling of the gap in characterizing the role in public life of the wives of prominent figures in the Siberian administration.