Reflux Process Research Articles

Controllable synthesis of SnS2 nanostructures with high adsorption and photocatalytic activities

Series of SnS2 nanostructures were synthesized by a facile refluxing process. Influencing factors on the microstructures and properties of SnS2 were investigated, including the reaction temperature, adding sequence of reagent and the solvent. The results indicated the as-prepared SnS2 products in lower temperature had larger surface areas and superior adsorption capability than that in higher temperature. SnS2 nanoflowers prepared at 120°C in ethylene glycol exhibited remarkable adsorption capability for cationic dyes and heavy metal of Pb2+, Cd2+. Intriguingly, the products also showed prominent visible light photocatalystic activity for Methyl Orange (MO). The formation mechanisms of different SnS2 nanostructures were proposed; the release of S2- played a crucial role on controlling the morphology of SnS2. The simple shape-controlled method can be extended to the synthesis of other metal sulfides and the high adsorption property is favorable to it coupling with other semiconductors or noble metals to far improve photocatalytic activity.

Enhanced magnetic properties of cobalt-doped graphene nanoribbons

We have studied structural and magnetic properties of reduced graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) and cobalt (Co)-doped GNRs. The effect of Co was also investigated on the magnetic properties of pristine GNRs, which play vital role in contribution of calculated magnetic moment. Herein, we have synthesized the pristine GNRs and Co-doped GNRs via a simple chemical refluxing process. The analysis of synthesised materials were carried out using different techniques such as Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) with EDAX analysis and X-ray diffraction pattern were confirmed the doping of Co into the GNRs. Moreover, from morphological analysis (FESEM), impurity or dopant (Co) shows as adsorbed at the surface of GNRs. Raman analysis has proved that the incorporation of Co into graphitic structure creates more defective sites. The results obtained from VSM analysis is clearly revealed that enhanced saturation magnetization (Ms) from ~13.08 × 10−2 emu/g to ~37.35 × 10−2 emu/g, due to the presence of unbalanced electron spins in Co which may be responsible for higher saturation magnetization in case of Co-doped GNRs as comparison of pristine GNRs. The obtained interesting magnetic properties of Co-doped GNRs create much attention towards various applications including spintronics devices and some related fields.

Hierarchical porous Bi24O31Br10 microarchitectures assembled by ultrathin nanosheets with strong adsorption and excellent photocatalytic performances

Construction of hierarchical structure assembled by ultrathin nanosheet is one of the important challenges in material chemistry and photocatalytic field, because this kind of material can combine the advantages of hierarchical structure and ultrathin material. Herein, we propose an ion-exchange approach to the fabrication of novel hierarchical porous Bi24O31Br10 microstructures assembled by ultrathin nanosheets with thicknesses of 3–5nm through a facile reflux process, employing previously-prepared Bi25VO40 micro-cubes as precursors of Bi3+ ions. Experiments revealed that the Bi24O31Br10 hierarchical structures possessed a high surface area (~67.16m2/g) and abundant mesopores, leading to the strong adsorption capacity for rhodamine B (RhB) with high concentration. The maximal adsorption quantity of the product was calculated to be 24.4mg/g. Photocatalytic results demonstrated that the as-prepared Bi24O31Br10 sample exhibited a significant structure-induced enhancement of photocatalytic performance. After 12min of UV–visible-light irradiation, 96% of RhB solution (40mg/L) could be completely decomposed. In addition, the trapping experiments confirmed that photo-generated hole was believed as the chief active specie in the degradation process of RhB molecule. Novelty statementConstruction of hierarchical structure assembled by ultrathin nanosheet is one of the important challenges in material chemistry, because this kind material can combine the advantages of hierarchical structure and ultrathin material. Unfortunately, controllable fabrication about hierarchical porous Bi24O31Br10 microstructures is still a huge challenge until today. Therefore, we afford a facile ion-exchange approach to the fabrication of novel hierarchical porous Bi24O31Br10 microstructures built up by ultrathin nanosheets. Moreover, benefiting from the unique hierarchical and ultrathin structural features, the as-obtained Bi24O31Br10 hierarchical structures exhibited strong adsorption abilities towards RhB with high concentration, as well as superior photocatalytic performance.

Utilization of cotton as carbon nanostructure precursor by pyrolysis method

In this study, cotton-based cellulose was used as precursor to developed carbon nanotube–like structures through modified-pyrolysis method with iron (III) chloride hexahydrate as a catalyst. Reflux process with nitric acid was conducted to purify the resultant of carbon material. The resultant of carbon-based nanostructure were characterized systematically. X-ray diffraction spectra shows the presence of C peaks at 2θ of 26.53°, 42.26°, 44.49°, 54.63° and 77.35° and Fe peaks at 2θ of 44.1° and 64.25°. Scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope observation revealed that the resultant of graphitic carbon nanostructures displayed the tube-like structure. Raman spectroscopy results show the presence of D-band and G-band peaks, which confirmed the typical spectrum of carbon-based structures. The D-band peak around 1310-1330 cm-1 was assigned to the presence of disorder in graphitic materials whereas the G-band peak around 1580-1590 cm-1 was corresponded to the tangential vibrational of the carbon atoms. These condition is a typical spectrum of carbon nanotube-like structures. Eventually, these pyrolysis method could be anticipated as a promising strategy in order to develop the novel carbon nanostructures based on cellulosic material.

Multicolor Functional Carbon Dots via One-Step Refluxing Synthesis.

Carbon dots are admirable fluorescent nanomaterials due to their low cost, high photostability, excellent biocompatibility, and environmental friendliness. Most conventional carbon dot fabrication approaches produce single-colored fluorescent material in the preparation process; different methods are therefore required to synthesize distinct carbon dots for specific optical applications. In this study, carbon dots carrying different emission colors are prepared through a one-step refluxing process. The emission of these materials can be well-tuned by sodium hydroxide content in the precursor solution. The carbon dots produced are used as sensing probes based on the spectrofluorometric inner filter effect for target molecule detection. Three sensing categories that combine carbon dots and inner filter effect are demonstrated, including direct, metal nanoparticle-assisted, and enzymatic reaction-supported detection. Caffeine, melamine, and fenitrothion are selected as targets to demonstrate the strategies, respectively. These multifunctional carbon dot-based sensors achieve comparable sensitivity toward analytes with a much more convenient preparation route.

Fe3+ /SeO42- dual doped nano hydroxyapatite: A novel material for biomedical applications.

Dual ions substituted hydroxyapatite (HA) received attention from scientists and researchers in the biomedical field owing to their excellent biological properties. This paper presents a novel biomaterial, which holds potential for bone tissue applications. Herein, we have successfully incorporated ferric (Fe3+ )/selenate ( SeO42-) ions into the HA structure (Ca10-x-y Fey (PO4 )6-x (SeO4 )x (OH)2-x-y Oy ) (Fe-SeHA) through a microwave refluxing process. The Fe-SeHA materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). XRD and FTIR analyses revealed that Fe-SeHA samples were phase pure at 900°C. FESEM images showed that formation of rod-like shaped particles was inhibited dramatically with increasing Fe3+ amount. The Vickers hardness (HV) test showed that hardness values increased with increasing Fe3+ concentrations. Optical spectra of Fe-SeHA materials contained broadband over (200-600) nm. In vitro degradation and bioactivity tests were conducted in simulated body fluid (SBF). The incorporation of Fe3+ / SeO42- ions into the HA structure resulted in a remarkably higher degradation rate along with intense growth of apatite granules on the surface of the Fe-SeHA discs with Ca/P ratio of 1.35-1.47. In vitro protein adsorption assay was conducted in fetal bovine serum (FBS) and it was observed that the adsorption of serum proteins on Fe-SeHA samples significantly increased with increasing Fe3+ concentration. In vitro cytotoxicity tests were performed with human fetal osteoblast (hFOB) cell line and the results demonstrated that hFOB cells attached and proliferated faster on the Fe-SeHA materials compared to pure HA showing that Fe-SeHA materials were cytocompatible. ALP activity and intracellular calcium of hFOB cells on 1Fe-SeHA discs were statistically higher than pure HA, suggesting that presence of Fe3+ ion supported osteogenic differentiation of hFOB cells. Our results suggest that 1Fe-SeHA (0.2M Fe3+ /0.5M SeO42- co-doped HA) material could be considered as a promising candidate material for orthopedic applications. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 340-352, 2018.

Perbandingan Total Rendemen dan Skrining Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sirih Hijau (Piper Betle L.) secara Mikrodilusi

The optimization of extraction procces for Sirih Hijau leaves (Piper betle L.) have been attempted. The aim of the research was to knowing the influence and the ratio of total yield on two different methods, that was using maceration and reflux method and followed by microbial antibacterial by microdilution test to show the qualitative value of MIC percentage of Sirih Hijau leaves extract against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The analysis was conducted descriptively for subsequent use as a basis to determined MIC percentage quantitatively. The result of extraction with two methods showed that the highest yield was yielded in reflux process with 18.5% rendement value with the weight ratio of 1: 5 to the maceration process. Phytochemical screening shows the ethanol extract of Sirih Hijau leaves contains flavonoid, saponins, and tannins compounds that have activated as antibacterial. The results of microbial antibacterial testing showed MIC percentage in Staphylococcus aureus at 5% and Eschericia coli at 3%. The test results indicate that Sirih HIjau leaves (Piper betle L.) have potential as an antibacterial candidate.   Keyword : Sirih Hijau, reflux, maceration, antibacterial, microdilution

Gas sensing study of hydrothermal reflux synthesized NiO/graphene foam electrode for CO sensing

Nickel oxide nanosheets have been successfully synthesized on the graphene foam (GF) using hydrothermal reflux process for their application as carbon monoxide (CO) gas sensor. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and gas sorption analysis were used to characterize the structure and morphology of the samples. The morphology (SEM), crystal structure (XRD and Raman), and elemental composition (EDS) analysis of NiO/GF composite confirmed the cubic crystal structure of NiO and elemental composition (i.e., Ni, O, and C) of NiO/GF composite. The results reveal that the incorporation of graphene into NiO nanosheets not only improved the surface area of NiO/GF composite, but also enhanced the performance of the composite on CO sensing by improving its conductivity. These results indicate that NiO/GF has potential as electrode material for CO gas sensor.

Effect of activated carbon on the enhancement of CO sensing performance of NiO

NiO/activated carbon (AC) composites were successfully synthesized via a hydrothermal reflux process as an electrode material for carbon monoxide (CO) gas sensor application. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was used to investigate the crystallinity of the samples while gas sorption analysis was used to probe the specific surface area of both the pristine NiO and NiO/AC composite. The sensors were subjected to continuous cycles of different CO concentrations and were purged with air after each cycle, followed by variations in a normalized resistance study. The results obtained from the gas sensing analysis disclose that the incorporation of AC into NiO increased the conductivity and surface area of NiO/AC composite and subsequently enhancing the CO sensing performance of NiO/AC based sensor. These results imply that the NiO/AC composite could be an excellent nanomaterial for CO gas sensors.

Binary Oxides with Defined Hierarchy of Pores in the Esterification of Glycerol

Various porous binary oxides with elevated textural properties were obtained in this work. The as-synthesized solids were calcined or modified by reflux and extraction processes. Characterizations through SEM, nitrogen physisorption and TEM techniques demonstrated the formation of porous metal oxide networks over all solids. XRD, thermal analyses and FTIR measurements showed the existence of nanosized rutile TiO2, tetragonal ZrO2, SiO2 and γ-Al2O3 phases on the solids. The structure and texture of the as-synthesized SiAl sol-gel derived solid resulted in the formation of well-dispersed nanoparticles on the support. The removal of the organic compounds by ethanol extraction or reflux from SiAl resulted in the presence of structures with defined hierarchy of pores. Among the solids studied, the catalytic results in the esterification of glycerol with acetic acid indicated that best performances were obtained over SiAl sample when submitted to extraction and reflux treatments. This was due to the creation of accessible pores, which facilitated the reaction occurrence at glycerol to acetic acid molar ratio = 1:3 and T = 80 °C for 20 h using 75 mg of catalyst. The solids can be reused three times without complete loss of their catalytic performance.

Bismuth sulfide nanoflakes and nanorods as high performance photodetectors and photoelectrochemical cells

Flake-like and rod-like bismuth sulfide nanostructures were synthesized via a facile polyol refluxing process. The rigid photodetectors based on both nanomaterials have the features of linear photocurrent characteristics and good sensitivity. Especially, the rigid bismuth sulfide nanoflakes photodetector has fast response time of 0.5 s and recovery time of 0.7 s. The flexible photodetectors were then fabricated on PET substrate, and this caused both the response time and the recovery time to increase by a factor of ∼2.5. Moreover, the photoelectrochemical (PEC) devices exhibited photosensitivity with the features of rapid response and recovery time, high on/off ratio and stable switching cycle performance. Our results imply that the two types of bismuth sulfide nanomaterials are prospective candidates for next generation photodetectors and optoelectronic switches.

Novel Approach to Synthetic Mg(II)Fe(III) Layered Double Hydroxide Using Waste Serpentine Tailings

AbstractLayered double hydroxides (LDHs) are usually synthesized by a conventional coprecipitation using inorganic salts. In this study, waste serpentine tailings (WSTs), including MgO and Fe2O3 with contents of 34 and 4.27%, were used to prepare Mg(II)Fe(III) LDHs. Firstly, WSTs were leached in a nitric acid solution at 90°C using a refluxing process in the presence of a solid∶liquid ratio of 1∶4. By a countercurrent leaching process, the acidity of the leaching solution not only was decreased but Mg and Fe were also enriched. Subsequently, waste iron was put into the leaching solution, which was used to adjust molar ratio of magnesium to ferrum. Finally, 30% NaOH solution was slowly put into the described solution to synthesize Mg(II)Fe(III)LDHs. The structure and surface morphology of the LDHs were characterized by an X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed typical structure of Mg(II)Fe(III) brucitelike sheets with exchangeable capability in an interlayer spac...

Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles Anchored on Functionalized Graphene Oxide for High Performance Lithium Ion Battery

Today, owing to long-term stability, high-energy density and safety, rechargeable lithium ion batteries have been used in many portable electronic devices. Unfortunately, the commercial graphite anode materials cannot meet the rapidly increasing demand of electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicle and advanced energy storage devices. Attractively, due to the superior theoretical specific capacities, wide abundance and low cost, spinel structured ferrites (MFe2O4) stand out from various novel anode materials for next-generation LIBs. However, the application of MFe2O4electrodes was restricted by the enormous volume changes during the process of lithium insertion/extraction and low intrinsic electronic conductivity, which resulting in poor cycling stability and rate capability. Enormous efforts has been done to enhanced the stability and electronic conductivity, supporting on the graphene oxide as one of the most effective methods draws large attention, compared with carbon nanotubes, carbon black and carbon coating. In this present work, graphene oxide was functionalized by piperazine (PG) to enhance the surface properties and the wettability. The ternary nanocomposites was synthesized through reflux process and subsequent hydrothermal treatment. The as-obtained CoFe2O4/PG nanocomposites delivered an excellent reversible capacity of 1050 mAh g-1 at the current density of 100 mA g-1 after 50 cycles. Even at a large current density of 1000 mA g−1, a reversible capacity of 720.8 mA h g−1 can still be retained. The outstanding cycling performance and rate capability can be contributed to the stability, predominant electroconductibility and favourable surface wettability of the functionalized graphene oxide, and the remarkable synergistic effect between CoFe2O4 nanoparticles and functionalized graphene oxide sheets.

Electrochemical Degradation of Nafion Ionomer to Functionalize Graphene as a Support for Core-Shell Palladium-Ruthenium Alloy @ Platinum Electrocatalysts

A simple but effective electrochemical route to functionalize graphene is demonstrated. Cyclic voltammetric sweeps are performed in 0.5 M H2SO4 aqueous solution on electrodes containing carbon cloth, graphene, and Nafion ionomer. With supply of ambient oxygen, the formation of hydroxyl radicals from the oxygen reduction reaction during CV cycles initiates the decomposition of Nafion ionomer that engenders oxygenated functional groups on the graphene surface. Raman analysis suggests a minor change for the graphene structure. Exploring various amounts of Nafion ionomer, we determine the optimized conditions for graphene functionalization. Contact angle is used to evaluate the effect of Nafion ionomer decomposition. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is employed to study relevant functional groups. Afterwards, nanoparticles of Pd9Ru are synthesized and impregnated on those functionalized graphene (FGN) via a wet chemical reflux process. X-ray diffraction patterns of the as-synthesized samples suggest successful formation of alloy without presence of individual Pd and Ru nanoparticles. Images from transmission electron microscope confirm the average size of 3-4 nm. Subsequently, the Pd9Ru/FGN undergoes Cu under potential deposition, followed by a galvanic displacement reaction to deposit a Pt monolayer on the Pd9Ru surface (Pd9Ru@Pt). Intensive experimental work is ongoing to investigate the electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) and electrocatalytic activities of Pd9Ru@Pt/FGN.

Electrochemical Degradation of Nafion Ionomer to Functionalize Graphene as a Support for Core-Shell Palladium-Ruthenium Alloy @ Platinum Electrocatalysts

A simple but effective electrochemical route to functionalize graphene is demonstrated. Cyclic voltammetric sweeps are performed in H2SO4 aqueous solution on electrodes containing carbon cloth, graphene, and Nafion ionomer. With supply of ambient oxygen, the formation of hydroxyl radicals from the oxygen reduction reaction during CV cycles initiates the decomposition of Nafion ionomer that engenders oxygenated functional groups on the graphene surface. Raman analysis suggests a minor change for the graphene structure. Exploring various amounts of Nafion ionomer, we determine the optimized conditions for graphene functionalization. Contact angle is used to evaluate the effect of Nafion ionomer decomposition. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is employed to study relevant functional groups. Afterwards, nanoparticles of Pd9Ru are synthesized and impregnated on those functionalized graphene (FGN) via a wet chemical reflux process. X-ray diffraction patterns of the as-synthesized samples suggest successful formation of alloy. Images from transmission electron microscope confirm the average size of 3-4 nm. As expected, the Pd9Ru alloy are much more dispersive in FGN rather than in the one without functionalization.

Synthesis of Mono-Dispersed Olive-Shaped LiFePO4 Nanoparticles By Polyol Method

Since the use of olivine-structured lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4, LFP) as a cathode material for rechargeable lithium batteries was first reported by Goodenough and co-workers in 1997, LFP has been extensively and intensively studied, owing to its significant advantages including high theoretical capacity (170 mAhg-1), long cycle life(≥2000), acceptable operating voltage (3.4V vs. Li+/Li), environmental benignity, high safety, and low cost. Unfortunately, LFP possesses a major drawback in its sluggish kinetics of electron and lithium-ion transport, which restricts its rate performance. To date, many studies have been made to reduce the particle size and incorporate carbon additives of LFP, so as to improve the electronic conductivity and thus enhance the diffusion of Li ions across the LFP/FePO4 interface. Many techniques have been developed to synthesize nanosized LFP with uniform size distributions, which include the hydrothermal method, polyol and solvothermal methods, sol-gel methods, reverse micelle process and spray pyrolysis. Among them, the polyol method is considered one of the most facile and efficient methods to synthesize nanosize LFP with high crystallinity. Therefore, in this study, we would like to control the size, crystallization degree, morphology of LFP particles via a facile, low temperature polyol method to improve its ionic and electric transport properties. In this method, the polyol solvent (ethylene glycol) could generate a reductive atmosphere even in the absence of any reductive agent. Highly-dispersed LFP cathode nanospheres with olive-shape was synthesized by a simple polyol refluxing process without any post heat treatments. As-obtained samples were characterized by XRD, FE-SEM, TEM, BET etc. As confirmed by these characterization results that olive-like LFP nanoparticles with high crystallization degree were successfully prepared in this study. And the sizes of these nano/micro-particles are ranged from 50 nm to 800 nm. The various processing parameters, namely, reaction temperature and material ratio, have been varied, and the effects on the growth of LFP particles have been analyzed systematically to optimize the preparation condition. Finally, the electrochemical properties especially the rate performance of as-resulted LFP nanoparticles, employing the reported as comparison, were discussed, which is the key point of their application in Li ion batteries. Figure 1

Analisis Sifat Fisika dan Kimia Lignin Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit asal Desa Sape, Kabupaten Sanggau, Kalimantan Barat

Analysis of the physical and chemical properties of palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) lignin from Sape village in Sanggau, West Borneo has been done. This research was aimed to find extract and isolate the EFB lignin, to determine density, and viscosity of black liquor containing EFB lignin and to find the purity, moisture content and ash content of isolated EFB lignin. Black liquor was extracted by using reflux process and the lignin was isolated by using organosolv process. The result showed that the density and viscosity of the black liquor was 0.9658 g/mL and 1.4565 Ns/m2, respectively. The isolated lignin isolated has purity about 64.64% with moisture content about 3.07% and the ash content about 30.34%. The data from this analysis became the basis of utilization of lignin TKKS in some lignin-based industries. Key words: Analysis of physical and chemical properties, lignin, EFB DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jkv.v2i1.3102

Preparation, characterization and visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity of a novel Fe(III) porphyrin-sensitized TiO2 nanotube photocatalyst

Iron(III) meso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (FeTCPP) loaded on the surface of TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs) has been successfully prepared through improved hydrothermal and heating reflux process. The new photocatalyst has been characterized and analyzed by TEM/EDS, BET, XRD, FT-IR, DRS, PL, XPS and EPR. The photocatalytic activity of FeTCPP/TNT nanocomposite was evaluated by the photodegradation of MB under visible light irradiation. The degradation results showed a purification of more than 90% MB in simulating wastewater, and confirmed that the prepared FeTCPP/TNT nanocomposite has acquired superior photocatalytic activitiy. The 6 times cycled results suggested the great stability of the photocatalyst. These results confirmed the FeTCPP played an important role in capturing photons and expanding the absorption wavelength to the visible light region, and the FeTCPP/TNT photocatalyst is also beneficial for the electron transfer and long-distance transmission, and could efficiently increase the separation of the electron-hole pairs, and accelerate the decomposition of organic pollutants. In addition, nano-sized structures can increase adsorption capability.

Highly stable colloidal TiO2 nanocrystals with strong violet-blue emission

Improved sol–gel method has been applied to prepare highly stable colloidal TiO2 nanocrystals. The synthesized titania nanocrystals exhibit strong emission in the violet-blue wavelength region. Very long evolution time was obtained by preventing the sol to gel conversion with reflux process. FTIR, XRD, UV–vis absorption, photoluminescence and high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) were used to study the optical properties, crystalline phase, morphology, shape and size of prepared TiO2 colloidal nanocrystals. HRTEM showed that the diameter of TiO2 colloidal nanocrystals is about 5nm. Although the PL spectra show similar spectral features upon excitation wavelengths at 280, 300 and 350nm, but their emission intensities are significantly different from each other. Photoluminescence quantum yield for TiO2 colloidal nanocrystals is estimated to be 49% with 280nm excitation wavelength which is in agreement and better than reported before. Obtained results confirm that the prepared colloidal TiO2 sample has enough potential for optoelectronics applications.

Design and facile synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon decorated LiVPO4F nanocrystals as superior cathode for lithium-ion batteries

In this study, nitrogen-doped carbon is coated on LiVPO4F electrode for the first time via a simple chemical refluxing process, using ethylenediamine (EDA) as the carbon and nitrogen source. The structure, morphology and microstructure of the as-prepared electrode are characterized by XRD, XPS, Raman spectra, SEM and TEM. The uniform coating of nitrogen-doped carbon improves the electronic conductivity of LiVPO4F. As cathode material for lithium-ion batteries, the nitrogen-doped carbon coated LiVPO4F composite exhibits superior rate capability and excellent cycle performance over the carbon coated LiVPO4F. The electrode delivers an initial discharge capacity of 109.6mAhg−1 at high rate of 10C and 103.1mAhg−1 of capacity is retained after 100cycles. Thus, this novel modification method of nitrogen-doped carbon coating is highly effective and could be widely used to optimize the electronic conductivity of other electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries.