Reflexive Interaction Research Articles

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF A TRANSPORT ENTERPRISE: ASSESSMENT, PROJECT, AND MECHANISM OF STRATEGY INTEGRATION

The aim of this study is to improve the methodology for assessing the level of sustainable development of a transport enterprise, as well as to develop a project and mechanism for integrating the strategy of sustainable development as one of the functional strategies of the marketing management concept for harmonizing interests with stakeholders. To achieve the set goal, a number of modern interdisciplinary research methods and techniques were used, including abstract-logical methods such as analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction; generalization - for reviewing information sources, studying domestic and foreign experience; systemic analysis - for a comprehensive understanding of the research object and a complex analysis of relationships between elements within the defined problem as a whole; problem-oriented approach - for scientific justification of the methodology for assessing the level of sustainable development of a transport enterprise. The study discusses widely accepted methodological approaches to assessing sustainable development, one of which was taken as a basis, slightly modified and supplemented with indicators reflecting the content of the marketing management concept, taking into account the interests of stakeholders, and improved in terms of mathematical logic. It was proposed to distinguish a separate component of sustainability – risk sustainability, which generally refers to the internal property of a system that contributes to preserving its integrity in the face of various disruptive influences from the external and internal environment. Furthermore, based on the improved methodology for assessing the level of sustainable development of a transport enterprise, a project "Designing Sustainable Development of a Transport Enterprise" has been launched. Its goal is to integrate the principles of the concept of sustainable development into the enterprise's marketing management system. The implementation of the developed functional strategy for managing the sustainable development of a transport enterprise is based on the Balanced Scorecard toolkit, which allowed presenting goals for each area of sustainable development in the form of a hierarchy and decomposition, aligning general and specific interests, taking into account the interests, goals of the enterprise, and key stakeholders. Measures were also taken, including the use of marketing communication tools, for reflexive interaction with stakeholders, operational controlling to align interests, processes, and goals of marketing management. The theoretical conclusions, approaches, and recommendations proposed in the article can be used to assess the level of sustainable development of a transport enterprise and to implement a mechanism for integrating the strategy of sustainable development and the marketing management system based on the Balanced Scorecard toolkit and controlling to harmonize the goals of market-oriented enterprise management and the goals, interests of key stakeholders.

Negotiating the Messiness of Teaching Linguistic Justice Online:  Reflections of Multilingual Writing Instructors During COVID

This qualitative phenomenological study explores how multilingual writing instructors define linguistic justice and how they incorporate linguistic justice in their online teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic. The global health crisis officially declared in March 2020, pushed educators around the world to become online instructors overnight. This rapid move to an online environment magnified technology, language, race, and socioeconomic inequalities. In higher education, online environments are prone to linguistic inequalities and linguistic racism. For decades, scholars in the field of composition have argued that in order to dismantle elitist monolingual ideologies, writing instructors, multilingual and monolingual alike, should investigate their own positions and pedagogical practices regarding language (teaching) practices. Thus, through the use of reflexivity, the authors served as researcher-participants and collected four different sources of data. The findings demonstrate that while the authors implement linguistic justice in their courses, their translinguistic histories impact their pedagogies differently. Furthermore, the data suggest that reflexivity prompts them to monitor their own attitudes, ideas, and actions by putting them on pause and allowing them to become uncomfortable – even frightened at times – about their experiences at the intersection of teaching and practicing linguistic justice. An implication of this study is that through reflexive interactions, practitioners can begin to make sense of their nuanced positionalities and become more transparent about their teaching roles and responsibilities as well as their identities in other areas of life in relation to linguistic justice.

The Traitor at the Court: A Tale of Moral Categories from the House of Kurds

:This paper focuses on a particular moral category, “betrayal,” that has gained significant purchase on Kurdish public culture in Turkey. It examines the ways Kurds reconfigure the relationship between political conditions and personal guilt by using betrayal as an orienting framework expressive of this relationship. In this sense, this paper frames “betrayal” not as a label or an abstract idea, but a register of political engagement that allows Kurds to recognize the conditions as well as the ethics of their shared membership in a public. It argues that examining Kurds’ reflexive interactions about betrayal—how they debate, define, and describe it—reveals a great deal about the formative significance of moral categories to the work of negotiating group-life, a specific kind of intellectual work thus rendered salient. The goal of the paper is to point to some productive directions in the anthropological study of moral categories by foregrounding the co-indexical relations between these categories and the semiotic operations in which they gain public and ethical recognition.

The Adolescent Concept of Social Participation—A Qualitative Study on the Concept of Social Participation from Adolescents with and without Physical Disabilities

The construct of social participation is still not clearly defined. To reach a better understanding of social participation, the perspectives of adolescents must be taken into account. This study explores the adolescent concept of social participation and expands knowledge of the meaning of subjective components of the term. Thirty-four semi-structured interviews were conducted with adolescents with and without physical disabilities or chronic diseases between the ages of 12 and 17 and analyzed according to grounded theory. Adolescents describe social participation as involving reflexive interaction with their social environment. Furthermore, forming a social environment plays an important role. All components of the concept are embedded in a context that influences the ways adolescents participate. Adolescents differentiate between active and passive forms of social participation. The concept of reflexive interaction is situated within an interdependent structure of components such as the "feeling of belonging" and the feeling of "well-being" among adolescents. The results expand the current state of knowledge regarding the theoretical differentiation of social participation by exploring subjective components of the term. This offers the possibility of supplementing the theoretical frameworks of social participation and supports the understanding of the critical importance of social participation for adolescents.

The ecology of dialogic interactions towards sustainability of school‐based curriculum development

AbstractThe 21st century education requires schools to provide students with better support in their learning. One way to facilitate this change is through school‐based curriculum development (SBCD). Much in the literature talked about SBCD outcomes on respective key stakeholders in schools, but little has been said about the interactions amongst the stakeholders in the process of implementing SBCD. This study examined the interactions amongst school leaders, key personnel and teachers in implementing curriculum innovation in a newly founded government school in Singapore. The findings reveal that the dialogic interactions amongst the stakeholders were reflexively shaping and shaped by the culture of collective sharing and learning in the school. These dynamic, reflexive interactions were coexisting and interplaying with the chains linking one with another, forming an ecology of dialogic interactions amongst the stakeholders. We argue that with an effective enactment of distributed leadership, top‐down visioning could be embraced and practised by teachers, and the ecology of dialogical interactions has great potential to sustain SBCD in schools.

On the haemodynamic consequence of the chemoreflex and muscle mechanoreflex interaction in women and men: two tales, one story.

The cardiovascular response resulting from the individual activation of the muscle mechanoreflex (MMR) or the chemoreflex (CR) is different between men and women. Whether the haemodynamic consequence resulting from the interaction of these sympathoexcitatory reflexes is also sex-dependent remains unknown. MMR and CR were activated by passive leg movement (LM) and exposure to hypoxia (O2 -CR) or hypercapnia (CO2 -CR), respectively. Twelve young men and 12 young women completed two experimental protocols: (1) resting in normoxia (PET O2 : ∼83mmHg, PET CO2 : ∼34mmHg), normocapnic hypoxia (PET O2 : ∼48mmHg, PET CO2 : ∼34mmHg) and hyperoxic hypercapnia (PET O2 : ∼524mmHg, PET CO2 : ∼44mmHg); (2) LM under the same gas conditions. During the MMR:O2 -CR coactivation, in men, the observed mean arterial pressure (MAP) and cardiac output (CO) were not different (additive effect), while the observed leg blood flow (LBF) and vascular conductance (LVC) were significantly lower (hypo-additive), compared with the sum of the responses elicited by each reflex alone. In women, the observed MAP was not different (additive) while the observed CO, LBF and LVC were significantly greater (hyper-additive), compared with the summated responses. During the MMR:CO2 -CR coactivation, in men, the observed MAP, CO and LBF were not different (additive), while the observed LVC was significantly lower (hypo-additive), compared with the summated responses. In women, the observed MAP was significantly higher (hyper-additive), while the observed CO, LBF and LVC were not different (additive), compared with the summated responses. The interaction of the MMR and CR has a pronounced influence on the autonomic cardiovascular control, with the haemodynamic consequences differing between men and women. KEY POINTS: The cardiovascular response resulting from the activation of the muscle mechanoreflex (MMR) or the chemoreflex (CR) was previously shown to be different between women and men; this study focused on the haemodynamic consequence of the interaction of these two sympathoexcitatory reflexes. MMR and CR were activated by passive leg movement and exposure to hypoxia (O2 -CR) or hypercapnia (CO2 -CR), respectively. Individual and interactive reflex effects on central and peripheral haemodynamics were quantified in healthy young women and men. In men, the MMR:O2 -CR and MMR:CO2 -CR interactions restricted peripheral haemodynamics, likely by potentiating sympathetic vasoconstriction. In women, the MMR:O2 -CR interaction facilitated central and peripheral haemodynamics, likely by potentiating sympathetic vasodilatation; however, the MMR:CO2 -CR interaction was simply additive for the central and peripheral haemodynamics. The interaction between the MMR and the CR exerts a profound influence on the autonomic control of cardiovascular function in humans, with the haemodynamic consequences differing between women and men.

Impact of esophageal mucosal permeability markers on provocation-induced esophageal reflexes in high-risk infants.

Esophageal distal baseline impedance (DBI) is an indicator of mucosal integrity; lower values suggest increased permeability. Aims were to characterize the (1) effect of DBI category (<900 Ω, 900–2000 Ω, and >2000 Ω) on sensory‐motor characteristics of mid‐esophageal provocation‐induced motility reflexes, and (2) clinical outcomes among high‐risk human infants evaluated for gastroesophageal reflux disease. Symptomatic infants (N = 49, 41 ± 3 weeks postmenstrual age) underwent pH‐impedance testing to characterize acid reflux index (ARI) and DBI, and pharyngo‐esophageal manometry to examine upper esophageal sphincter (UES), peristaltic, and lower esophageal sphincter (LES) functions. Sensory‐motor response characteristics included response threshold (ml), occurrence (%), latency (s), duration (s), and magnitude (mmHg) upon mid‐esophageal stimulations (0.1–2.0 ml of air, water, and apple juice). Motility and clinical outcomes were compared among DBI groups. In infants with DBI <900 Ω and 900–2000 Ω (vs. >2000 Ω): (a) Long‐term feeding milestones did not differ (p > 0.05); (b) complete peristaltic propagation decreased in 900–2000 Ω (p < 0.05), polymorphic waveforms increased in <900 Ω and 900–2000 Ω (p < 0.05); (c) media effects were noted with liquids (vs. air) wherein UES and esophageal contractility were prolonged in <900 Ω and 900–2000 Ω (p < 0.05), and esophageal sensitivity heightened for <900 Ω with water and for 900–2000 Ω with air (both p < 0.05). ARI was not correlated with DBI in infants with chronic lung disease (r = 0.05, p = 0.82). We conclude that pharyngo‐esophageal motility sensory‐motor characteristics in infants are modified by DBI category. These preliminary findings pave‐the‐way for further physiological testing in convalescing high‐risk infants to ascertain potential mechanisms of airway‐digestive reflex interactions and symptom generation, which may lead to targeted therapies.

СТРУКТУРА ТА СКЛАДОВІ МЕХАНІЗМУ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ КОРПОРАТИВНОЇ СОЦІАЛЬНОЇ ВІДПОВІДАЛЬНОСТІ АКЦІОНЕРНОГО ТОВАРИСТВА

The article defines and summarizes the prerequisites for the growth of the corporate business social responsibility scale. Corporate features of business social responsibility ensuring in joint-stock companies have been established. The structure and components interaction features of the joint-stock company's corporate social responsibility ensuring mechanism have been identified. The prerequisites for the corporation (an enterprise formed and operated in the organizational and legal form of a joint-stock company) subjectness achievement while establishing a set of business corporate social responsibility obligations has been determined. The connection nature between the target orientations of the joint-stock company stakeholder's involvement in corporate relations participation and corporate social responsibility obligations formation has been identified and systematized. The fundamental regularities of the joint-stock company stakeholder's reflexive interaction mental space formation have been considered through ensuring corporate social responsibility. The complex subject nature of the business's corporate social responsibility formation has been established as a consequence of achieving balance while satisfying both the equity investment specific contractual conditions and a joint-stock company's wide range of public obligations. The coalition nature of determining the joint-stock company's obligations and agreements regarding establishing the scope of corporate social responsibility has been revealed. The priority of the institutional toolkit usage to form and support the mechanism of ensuring a joint-stock company's corporate social responsibility has been proven. The unique reflexive nature of the requirements for the corporate culture mechanism forming within the joint-stock company's corporate social responsibility ensuring mechanism has been revealed. The crucial means for institutionalising a joint-stock company's requirements and obligations have been determined within the business's corporate social responsibility framework. The strategic aspects of a joint-stock company's corporate development management in the context of business's social responsibility ensuring have been summarized.

Environmental governance and social learning: towards more reflexive interactions

Facing the increasing complexity of social and environmental issues, environmental governance configurations are required to adopt increasingly collaborative strategies and reflexive learning oriented practices. The goal of this paper is to present a theoretical discussion about environmental governance and the contribution of the social learning approach to expand the reflexivity potential of multi-stakeholder interaction spaces in governance processes. We argue that social learning practices, understood as interactive and reflective, can broaden the critical responsiveness of participating in environmental governance systems. Social learning-oriented processes are based on the promotion of dialogic spaces in which participants can learn from the diverse views present in the group and critically reflect on the assumptions that underlie decision making, thus creating possibilities for the emergence of innovative practices and new social configurations. We conclude that social learning processes driven by the stakeholders interactions in environmental governance spaces tend to broaden the ability of participants to critically evaluate the governance structure itself, in order to foster arrangements that can effectively promote practices for sustainability.

Soleus responses to Achilles tendon stimuli are suppressed by heel and enhanced by metatarsal cutaneous stimuli during standing.

We examined the influence of cutaneous feedback from the heel and metatarsal regions of the foot sole on the soleus stretch reflex pathway during standing. We found that heel electrical stimuli suppressed and metatarsal stimuli enhanced the soleus vibration response. Follow-up experiments indicated that the interaction between foot sole cutaneous feedback and the soleus vibration response was likely not mediated by presynaptic inhibition and was contingent upon a modulation at the ⍺-motoneuron pool level. The spatially organized interaction between cutaneous feedback from the foot sole and the soleus vibration response provides information about how somatosensory information is combined to appropriately respond to perturbations during standing. Cutaneous feedback from the foot sole provides balance-relevant information and has the potential to interact with spinal reflex pathways. In this study, we examined how cutaneous feedback from the foot sole (heel and metatarsals) influenced the soleus response to proprioceptive stimuli during standing. We delivered noisy vibration (10-115Hz) to the right Achilles tendon while we intermittently applied electrical pulse trains (five 1-ms pulses at 200Hz, every 0.8-1.0 s) to the skin under either the heel or the metatarsals of the ipsilateral foot sole. We analysed time-dependent (referenced to cutaneous stimuli) coherence and cross-correlations between the vibration acceleration and rectified soleus EMG. Vibration-EMG coherence was observed across a bandwidth of ∼10-80Hz, and coherence was suppressed by heel but enhanced by metatarsal cutaneous stimuli. Cross-correlations showed soleus EMG was correlated with the vibration (∼40ms lag) and cross-correlations were also suppressed by heel (from 104-155ms) but enhanced by metatarsal (from 76-128ms) stimuli. To examine the neural mechanisms mediating this reflex interaction, we conducted two further experiments to probe potential contributions from (1) presynaptic inhibition, and (2) modulations at the ⍺- and γ-motoneuron pools. Results suggest the cutaneous interactions with the stretch reflex pathway required a modulation at the ⍺-motoneuron pool and were likely not mediated by presynaptic inhibition. These findings demonstrate that foot sole cutaneous information functionally tunes the stretch reflex pathway during the control of upright posture and balance.

A Device for Children's Instrumental Creativity and Learning: An Overview of the MIROR Platform.

This article presents the pedagogical paradigm of reflexive interaction and its application in the field of technology-enhanced learning and children’s musical creativity. The main feature of reflexive interaction is the repetition-variation mechanism: something is repeated and varied during the interaction, through a continual process of imitation and variation. In the context of the MIROR project (EU-ICT Project), we exploited the educational potential of the reflexive interaction paradigm and implemented the MIROR platform, an educational device consisting of a set of softwares that implement the reflexive paradigm not only in music improvisation (as was the case for the first interactive reflexive system), but also in the field of music composition and dance. The platform was conceived as a tool to stimulate and develop musical and motor creativity in children, although it can also be used to teach a specific musical instrument. The hypothesis of the MIROR project was that reflexive interaction sustains and promotes the learning and creative expression processes of music and movement. This initial hypothesis, which stemmed mainly from the pilot study in which we observed children who were interacting with the first prototype of the interactive reflexive musical system, was subjected to a series of empirical studies conducted within the MIROR project, and was theoretically defined in order to lay down the foundations of the reflexive interaction paradigm and its pedagogical implications. This article summarizes the state-of-the-art of the project and brings together, in a comprehensive overview, the theoretical framework, the pedagogical concepts, the empirical studies, and the description of the MIROR platform, with the aim to reflect on the results achieved so far and point out the contribution of the reflexive perspective to the field of children’s instrumental learning and creativity.

Вплив цифровізації на соціальний розвиток

The article shows the place of digitalization in the natural transition from the industrial-market to the information-network economy. The authors clarify the structure of relations that determine the mechanism of interaction of technical and technological processes of digitalization and socio-economic relations, and note the complexity of the reflexive interaction of the technical, technological and socio-economic components of societal development. The objective foundations and modern features of the processes of dissemination of information, communication and digital technologies, manifested at the societal level, are revealed. The dualistic nature of digitalization development is revealed: the introduction of the latest technologies not only opens up additional opportunities for business, governments and people, but also generates significant problems, challenges and risks, forming the so-called "digital gap". It is emphasized that in the social dimension, the most characteristic of such gaps is the difference in opportunities for access to digital technologies, which potentially leads to unfair distribution of benefits and increased inequality in society. The main social risks caused by the processes of digitalization at the micro and macro levels are identified. The dynamics of digitalization processes and their impact on social development in a global and national context are comprehensively characterized. Shown various national management strategies, formulated as responses to the challenges of digital development and with a focus on minimizing the social risks associated with them. The modern approaches of the European Union to regulating the impact of digitalization on social development and employment are revealed, including those related to the adoption in 2010 of the Digital Agenda for Europe, the construction of the European Digital Single Market and the implementation of the European Gigabit Society Strategy until 2025. Proposed a few corrections in the mechanisms of Ukraine’s national policy regarding the anticipation and regulation of the social consequences of digitalization, in particular, in the context of the Strategy for the digital transformation of the social sphere of Ukraine presented in September 2020.

The muscle reflex and chemoreflex interaction: ventilatory implications for the exercising human.

We examined the interactive influence of the muscle reflex (MR) and the chemoreflex (CR) on the ventilatory response to exercise. Eleven healthy subjects (5 women/6 men) completed three bouts of constant-load single-leg knee-extension exercise in a control trial and an identical trial conducted with lumbar intrathecal fentanyl to attenuate neural feedback from lower-limb group III/IV muscle afferents. The exercise during the two trials was performed while breathing ambient air ([Formula: see text] ~97%, [Formula: see text]~84 mmHg, [Formula: see text] ~32 mmHg, pH ~7.39), or under normocapnic hypoxia ([Formula: see text] ~79%, [Formula: see text] ~43 mmHg, [Formula: see text] ~33 mmHg, pH ~7.39) or normoxic hypercapnia ([Formula: see text] ~98%, [Formula: see text] ~105 mmHg, [Formula: see text] ~50 mmHg, pH ~7.26). During coactivation of the MR and the hypoxia-induced CR (O2-CR), minute ventilation (V̇e) and tidal volume (VT) were significantly greater compared with the sum of the responses to the activation of each reflex alone; there was no difference between the observed and summated responses in terms of breathing frequency (fB; P = 0.4). During coactivation of the MR and the hypercapnia-induced CR (CO2-CR), the observed ventilatory responses were similar to the summated responses of the reflexes (P ≥ 0.1). Therefore, the interaction between the MR and the O2-CR exerts a hyperadditive effect on V̇e and VT and an additive effect on fB, whereas the interaction between the MR and the CO2-CR is simply additive for all ventilatory parameters. These findings reveal that the MR:CR interaction further augments the ventilatory response to exercise in hypoxia.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although the muscle reflex and the chemoreflex are recognized as independent feedback mechanisms regulating breathing during exercise, the ventilatory implications resulting from their interaction remain unclear. We quantified the individual and interactive effects of these reflexes during exercise and revealed differential modes of interaction. Importantly, the reflex interaction further amplifies the ventilatory response to exercise under hypoxemic conditions, highlighting a potential mechanism for optimizing arterial oxygenation in physically active humans at high altitude.

La quimera de una educación sin valores

La escuela es el espacio real y concreto donde se cristalizan aquellos valores trazados en el diseño curricular propio de cada sistema educativo. Es aquí donde debe producirse también una interacción reflexiva que suscite el cuestionamiento de las costumbres culturales vigentes y de aquellos valores sociales y personales más convenientes para promover el bien de la comunidad. Esto conlleva la responsabilidad de plantear adecuaciones para mejorar la convivencia en sociedad sin comprometer la propia raíz cultural. El delicado equilibro entre estas variables devendrá en armonía; de lo contrario, obtendremos una crisis que generará posturas antagónicas y en el lugar de la paz solo encontraremos una brecha social. En este artículo abordaremos la profunda relación existente entre la tríada “educación, valores e ideología”; ya que toda situación escolar, sea cual fuere la postura ideológica asumida, va a estar impregnada de determinados valores que impactan en la educación de las personas por el modo en que son concebidos y plasmados en el currículum.

The enterprise complexity model: An extension of the viable system model for emerging organizational forms

AbstractAn enterprise complexity model (ECM) is offered as a methodological tool for the actors of an enterprise to overcome complex environmental problems. The heuristic for this purpose is the viable system model, which guides an enterprise's self‐organization towards policies creating, regulating and producing sustainable development goals. Self‐organization is grounded in correcting imbalanced interactions between an enterprise's actors and their environmental agents, to increase their requisite variety to achieve sustainability, that is, to overcome environmental problems. The interactions between actors and agents are facilitated by current and emergent digital technologies, which support the structuring of collaborative networks. Reflexive interactions between the enterprise's actors and agents in the problematic environment help their branching into all kinds of innovative organizational forms. The Viplan methodology is used to achieve this branching, which accounts for the enterprise's complexity with the support of the Viplan method. Respect for the environment and quality of interactions are values driving this ecology of enterprises towards a deeper and wider appreciation of the issues besetting future generations.

The interaction between the carotid chemoreflex and the muscle mechanoreflex: differential cardiovascular consequences in men and women

BackgroundAlthough the carotid chemoreflex (CR) and the muscle mechanoreflex (MR) are recognized as sympatho‐excitatory feedback mechanisms, the consequence of their interaction for circulatory control remains unclear in humans.PurposeTo evaluate the cardiovascular consequence of the interaction between the CR and the MR in healthy men and women.MethodWe administered a hypoxic inspirate and passive leg movement (PLM) to activate the CR and the MR, respectively. Thirteen volunteers (7 males, 6 females) completed 2 experimental sessions. In one session, subjects were seated resting in a normoxic control condition (NormRest; SpO2 ~97%, PETO2 ~84 mmHg, PETCO2 ~33 mmHg) and in isocapnic hypoxia (HypoRest; SpO2 ~85%, PETO2 ~48 mmHg, PETCO2 ~33 mmHg). In the other session, PLM was performed for 1 min in the conditions of normoxia (NormPLM) and isocapnic hypoxia (HypoPLM). Thus, while NormRest was considered a condition with no reflexes activated, HypoRest, NormPLM, and HypoPLM activated the CR alone, the MR alone, and both of the CR and the MR, respectively. All sessions and conditions were conducted in randomized order. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), cardiac output (CO), and femoral blood flow (QL) were quantified using finger photoplethysmography and Doppler ultrasound.ResultsThe CR activation alone (i.e., ΔHypoRest‐NormRest) significantly increased CO in both men and women (~0.6 L min−1). The MR activation alone by PLM (i.e., ΔNormPLM‐NormRest) decreased MAP (~−7 mmHg; p &lt; 0.05), but significantly increased CO (~1.1 L min−1), QL (~1.0 L min−1), and leg vascular conductance (LVC, ~11 ml min−1 mmHg−1) in both groups. During co‐activation of the CR and the MR (i.e., ΔHypoPLM‐NormRest) in men, the observed QL and LVC responses were significantly lower when compared with the summated responses evoked by each reflex alone (QL: 1.1 ± 0.1 vs. 1.4 ± 0.2 L min−1; LVC: 11 ± 1 vs. 14 ± 2 ml min−1 mmHg−1); there were no differences between the observed and summated responses of MAP and CO. In contrast, CO, QL, and LVC observed during the reflex co‐activation in women were significantly greater than the summated responses to each reflex alone (CO: 1.5 ± 0.5 vs. 1.0 ± 0.4 L min−1; QL: 0.9 ± 0.1 vs. 0.6 ± 0.1 L min−1; LVC: 9 ± 2 vs. 7 ± 2 ml min−1 mmHg−1), whereas the observed MAP did not differ from the summated response.ConclusionIn men, the interaction of the CR and the MR is additive in terms of MAP and CO, but hypo‐additive in terms of QL and LVC (i.e., impedes peripheral hemodynamics). In women, the interaction of the CR and the MR is additive in terms of MAP, but hyper‐additive in terms of CO, QL, and LVC (i.e., facilitates central and peripheral hemodynamics). The sex‐related discrepancy in the peripheral hemodynamic responses to the reflex interaction is perhaps due to greater β‐adrenoreceptor‐mediated vasodilation in women compared with men. Taken together, despite different cardiovascular consequences, our findings suggest that the interaction between the CR and the MR further augments sympatho‐excitation in healthy men and women.Support or Funding InformationNational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute grants (HL‐116579)

Використання закономірностей спілкування під час слідчого експерименту

The article is devoted to the research of possibility of reflexive interaction between the investigator and the person whose testimony is checked during the investigative experiment. The possibilities of using the methods of reflexive thinking and management are examined.

Arts and childhood: children's musical styles in a "reflexive" environment TÍTULO: Artes e infância: estilos musicais de crianças num ambiente “reflexivo”

In this article the concept of “musical style” is introduced as a tool to study the relationship between children and art, and the paradigm of “reflexive interaction” as a “device” to enhance the child’s musical style. The concept of musical style will be introduced as a representation of the child’s identity, a way of expressing her/his self with sounds and music, and to be in communication with others. We will introduce the paradigm of “reflexive interaction”, a particular tool that proved able to support and reinforce the individual musical style of each child, in both child-machine and child-adult interaction. Some scenarios of reflexive interaction both in everyday life and music lessons will be introduced and discussed.

Dysregulation of mechanosensory circuits coordinating the actions of antagonist motor pools following peripheral nerve injury and muscle reinnervation

Movement disorders observed following peripheral nerve injury and muscle reinnervation suggest discoordination in the activation of antagonist muscles. Although underlying mechanisms remain undecided, dysfunction in spinal reflex circuits is a reasonable candidate. Based on the well known role of reflex inhibition between agonist and antagonist muscles in normal animals, we hypothesized its reduction following muscle reinnervation, similar to that associated with other disorders exhibiting antagonist discoordination, e.g. spinal cord injury and dystonia. Experiments performed on acutely-decerebrated rats examined interactions of mechanosensory reflexes between ipsilateral muscles acting as mechanical antagonists at the ankle joint: ankle extensor, gastrocnemii (G) muscles (agonists) and ankle flexor, tibialis anterior (TA) muscle (antagonist). The force of agonist stretch reflex contraction was measured for its suppression or facilitation by concurrent conditioning stretch of the antagonist muscle. Data were compared between two groups of adult rats, an antagonist reinnervation group with TA muscle reinnervated and a control group with TA normally innervated. Results revealed a three-fold increase in reflex suppression in the antagonist reinnervation group, contrary to our predicted decrease. Reflex facilitation also increased, not only in strength, seven-fold, but also in its frequency of stochastic occurrence across stimulus trials. These observations suggest dysregulation in specific spinal reflex circuits as novel candidate origins of modified antagonist muscle coordination following peripheral nerve injury and muscle reinnervation.

An approach to today’s EU constitutionality control – understanding this EU inter-jurisdictional phenomenon in light of effective judicial protection

Under today’s European constitutional demands, effective judicial protection sets the tone concerning potential jurisdictional instruments able to act as constitutionality control mechanisms. Inter-jurisdictionality stands for different and complementary jurisdictional systems living togetherin the same space and it aims to understand how their reflexive interactions can be maintained to promote effective judicial protection. Both the infringement procedure and the preliminary ruling act as constitutional controls. The first allows the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) to evaluate the incompatibility of national solutions/omissions with EU law but, to meet its full effectiveness, widening legitimate parties needs to be considered as well. Also, validity preliminary rulings act as a constitutional control in proceedings relating to individuals – national judges should be aware of their referring obligations to the CJEU. There are voices amongst European academia that advocate a new constitutional procedure to promote fundamental rights’ protection. However, the main formulas highlighted rely on solutions tested on the national level which can compromise their efficacy. We perceive an inter-jurisdictional paradigm as the proper approach since it will allowthe promotion of effective judicial protection at a constitutional level as a new EU dogmatically thought phenomenon. This is to ensure judicial integration can be perceived as a reality, engaged in pursuing the future of the EU.