Reflex Research Articles

The Agricultural Expansion in Conservation Areas: The Case of Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, West Java

The Indonesian government has expanded the Gunung Halimun Salak National Park (GHSNP) to reduce the impact of global climate change and conserve ecosystem biodiversity. This policy has been resisted by local communities who need access to GHNSP area to support their livelihoods. Qualitative and quantitative approaches have been applied in this study to explain the occurrence of agricultural expansion and its impact on the household economy in the GHSNP area. This study is supported by an analysis of secondary data regarding land cover changes in the GHSNP corridor area. This study found that farmers have been able to take reflexive and rational actions by utilizing power relations and social networks to regain their access in the GHSNP area. It was shown by the formation of concentrated agriculture expansion in areas that were previously stated as the forestry corporation concessions. Agricultural expansion has increased due to the economic needs of the resident, migration, and the resident's need for land. Massive agricultural expansion in the GHSNP corridor has changed land use and corridor landscapes and disrupted conservation goals. This study concludes that agricultural expansion occurred as a response of farmers to government decisions to expand the national park into areas the local communities considered part of their living space. The complexity of changes due to agricultural expansion in conservation areas challenges conservation experts and the forestry profession to develop adaptive management that is more sensitive to change and community needs.

A High-Strength Neuromuscular System That Implements Reflexes as Controlled by a Multiquadrant Artificial Efferent Nerve.

We demonstrate an artificial efferent nerve that distinguishes environment-responsive conditioned and unconditioned reflexes, i.e., hand-retraction reflex and muscle memory, respectively. These reflex modes are immediately switchable by altering the polarity of charge carriers in a parallel-channeled artificial synapse; this ability emulates multiplexed neurotransmission of different neurotransmitters to form glutamine-induced short-term plasticity and acetylcholine-induced long-term plasticity. This is the successful control of high-strength artificial muscle fibers by using an artificial efferent nerve to form a neuromuscular system that can realize curvature and force simultaneously and in which all these aspects far surpass currently available neuromuscular systems. Furthermore, the special four-quadrant information-processing mechanism of our artificial efferent nerve allows complex application extensions, i.e., relative-position tracking of sound sources, immediate switchable learning modes between fast information processing and long-term memory, and high-accuracy pattern cognition. This work is a step toward development of human-compatible artificial neuromuscular systems.

Importance and influence of sensorimotor exercises of the knee joint muscles on body stability

Introduction: The concept of prioprioception, known as a conceived solution, which is formed from prioprioceptors that reach the spinal cord, may give rise to reflex reactions. In all changes to a change that affect the behavior of the data, it should be noted that it is recorded, and that it is appropriate and appropriate. What is dependent reaction to change, reaction to change reaction to change, behavior change, change in orientation is a change? Aim of the study: The aim of the study is to assess the effect of the sensorimotor muscles of the knee joint on the muscles. The improvement point was assessed. Material and methods: 20 patients tested fabrics. Among women and 9 men. In order to improve the company's condition, streamlining the technique of the technique on the Easy Tech balancing platform. A fitting with a radius of 20 cm was used in the tests. You repair the research group on the platform twice. The first test was performed immediately after the warm-up, the next test was performed by the knee joint doctor after the running and independent education. Effect on the improvement of treatment outcomes In tests shown to cut sex for performance. Reaching for the improvement of health and improvement of the client's condition. Conclusions: The technology used, a one-time method of sensorimotor training, to improve the results of users of knee injuries. One-time sensorimotor training, the doctor of the knee joint did not show a differential calculation of statistical statistics in relation to the significance of BMI. Note a weak positive correlation, not statistically significant, showing that the heavier person improved the results.

A fibrous neuromorphic device for multi-level nerve pathways implementing knee jerk reflex and cognitive activities

Here, we present fibrous neuromorphic devices (FNDs) that serves as multi-level nerve pathways to implement a biomimetic knee-jerk reflex and cognitive activities. By the tunable charge-carrier polarity of the fibrous electrolyte, FNDs successfully simulate the competition between glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in a multiplexed transmission process in the human nervous system. To emulate action signals that respond to environmental stimuli in a low-level nerve pathway, a fiber-level neurologically integrated muscular system was constructed by cascading with FNDs and artificial muscle fibers; the system realized unconditioned reflex, even under loads of several Newtons. To emulate the high-level nerve pathway, multiple conductive states of FNDs were used to construct flexible neuromorphic networks; the recognition accuracy for the Fashion MNIST dataset was > 83%, with < 0.1% loss of accuracy even after 100 bending cycles, which represents the most stable recognition result for flexible neuromorphic electronics so far. The presented FNDs provide an excellent basis for the development of human-compatible artificial neurological systems.

Preclinical study of the effects of vitamin-mineral complex use during normal pregnancy in white rats

Vitamin-mineral deficiency is quite common in the world, which negatively affects the growth and development of children, provokes the development of chronic pathologies, allergic conditions. Children and pregnant women are particularly sensitive to this condition. Considering the vitamin and elemental composition of each of the drugs, it becomes necessary to examine the effect of various complexes on the body. The purpose of the study is to examine the morphological state of organs from the use of a vitamin-mineral complex during normal pregnancy in white rats and their offspring and examine the elemental analysis of target organs and whole blood. The experiment was conducted on pregnant female white laboratory rats and their offspring to achieve this goal. Histological, ultramicroscopic, morphometric, atomic-absorptic, functional methods, and statistical analysis are used for the study. A positive effect of the vitamin-mineral complex of the selected composition on both pre- and postnatal development of offspring is identified. The average offspring rate increased by 9.79% (p = 0.0443), while the stillbirth rate decreased by 81.82% (p = 0.0324). The absence of negative side effects of the complex on the development of basic reflex and behavioural reactions, motor activity, and cognitive activity of offspring is proved. A positive effect on the morphological characteristics of the liver, brain, heart, and kidneys is evident: the number of full hepatocytes in mature animals increased by 8.17% (p = 0.0482), and in young animals – by 5.03% (p = 0.0137), in the brain tissue of 7-day-old animals, the number of neurons increased by 7.70% (p = 0.0438), and the number of functionally defective neurons decreased. Microelement analysis of organs identified a tendency to increase the amount of a number of trace elements, which was reflected in the improvement of the antioxidant systems pf the body. A positive effect of the complex on the processes of hematopoiesis is noted. The results obtained can become morphological evidence for the choice of correction of macro-, microelement, and vitamin balance, prevention of its deficiency in pregnant women, and prevention of the development of deficient conditions in infants

Air exposure leads to short term reflex impairment, but does not impact blood physiology, in angled channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus

Catch-and-release angling is an oft-practiced conservation tool whereby fish are, either as a result of harvest regulations or conservation ethic on the part of the angler, released after capture. Central to this practice is the assumption that release fish survive after capture, however a large body of work has shown that post-release physiological disturbances and mortality can occur, particularly for fish subjected to long handling times out of the water. It is also known that different species may respond differently to the process of capture and handling, however many popular gamefish have not been studied in this context. To address this, we conducted a study on channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus angled from a lake in southern Illinois, USA. Fifty-eight channel catfish were angled using conventional techniques and either treated as a control or subjected to one of four different combinations of holding (0.5 or 4 h) and air exposure (0 or 5 min) time. Catfish were assessed for Reflex Action Mortality Predictors (RAMP) with blood biopsy providing measures of glucose, lactate, hematocrit, alkaline phosphatase activity, and lactate dehydrogenase activity. Results showed that catfish subjected to long air exposure were more likely to show reflex impairment within 0.5 h of capture, however recovery typically occurred by 4 h. Air exposure had no impact on any blood metric in this study, and no post-capture mortality occurred. These results indicate that channel catfish are relatively robust to catch-and-release, however the presence of short-term impairment leads us to recommend that air exposure times be minimized in order to achieve best outcomes for this species.

Dynamics of individual biochemical parameters of blood of intact white mice under the action of the drug “Vitosept”

The active substance of the drug “Vitosept” is high-purity sodium hypochlorite (HPSH), obtained by the direct electrochemical reaction on a newly developed diaphragm-free flow cell, bypassing the formation of molecular chlorine. The developers (Altapharm, Dnipro) used an isotonic (0.9 %) sodium chloride solution prepared in water purified by special technology as the starting electrolyte. The study aimed to determine the effect of different concentrations of Vitosept on the dynamics of serum biochemical parameters of intact white mice. During our research, we found that intragastric administration of even the highest concentrations (500 mg/L) of the drug “Vitosept” did not cause the death of animals or visible signs of intoxication. According to the analysis of clinical manifestations, behavioral reactions, assessment of discomfort, reflex reactions, and the course of metabolic processes, the animals of the experimental groups did not differ from the analogs of the control group. Assessing the protein-synthesizing function of the liver, it was found that the total protein content in the serum of white mice depended on the concentrations of the studied hypochlorite-containing drug and the duration of its receipt. In the animals of the first, second, and third experimental groups during the whole period of the experiment (20 days), the level of total protein in the serum was close to that of the animals of the control group. In animals of groups R4 and R5, on the 10th day of the experiment with the highest applied concentrations of Vitosept (400 and 500 mg/L), the content of total protein in the serum of white mice probably decreased by 8.3 and 7.7 %. It is established that such reduction occurs against the background of changes in the fractional composition of proteins. In white mice of group R5 on the 10th day of the experiment revealed a decrease in blood glucose by 5.9 % (P &lt; 0.05), urea – by 7.4 % (P &lt; 0.05), creatinine – by 9.1 % (P &lt; 0.05). The activity of alkaline phosphatase was 32.1 % (P &lt; 0.05) and GGTP – 70 % (P &lt; 0.05) higher than in the blood of animals of the control group. On the 20th day of the experiment, the level of the studied indicators decreased slightly compared to the similar ones on the 10th day. It was within the limit values, although in most cases, it still differed from the indicators of the animals of the control group. It is obvious that when too high concentrations of even a slightly toxic drug are received, the animal's body reacts with a compensatory-adaptive reaction to the arrival of a foreign substance. Thus, we state that the hypochlorite-containing drug “Vitosept” with the long-term intragastric intake of white mice did not cause hepato- and nephrotoxic effects and revealed some deviations in biochemical parameters in animals of the fourth and fifth groups, on the background of 400–500 mg/L, is most likely the result of adaptive-compensatory response to the intake of the test substance.

Max J. Lee. Moral Transformation in Greco-Roman Philosophy of Mind: Mapping the Moral Milieu of the Apostle Paul and His Diaspora Jewish Contemporaries

Max J. Lee. <i>Moral Transformation in Greco-Roman Philosophy of Mind: Mapping the Moral Milieu of the Apostle Paul and His Diaspora Jewish Contemporaries</i>

After the spawn and on the hook: Sea trout Salmo trutta biophysical responses to different components of catch and release in a coastal fishery.

This study investigated the biophysical responses of sea run brown trout Salmo trutta to catch‐and‐release in the coastal fishery around Gotland, Sweden. It used information recorded on individual angled S. trutta (n = 162), including fight time, handling time, total air exposure time, injury, bleeding, fish length, body condition, spawning status, water temperature, hook location and difficulty of hook removal. Reflex action mortality predictors (equilibrium, operculum beats, tail grab response, body flex response and vestibular‐ocular response), tests of blood glucose and lactate, and observation of hooking injury were used to measure the relative impact of the angling event on the fish's physical state and stress experienced. The results of this study suggest low rates of post‐release mortality and generally limited stress responses to angling events, and relatively high post‐release survival supported by the recapture of many tagged S. trutta. However, a number of scenarios were identified in which stress responses are likely to be compounded and where anglers should take additional action to reduce sublethal physiological disturbances and the risk of delayed mortality. Particular care should be taken to limit cumulative total air exposure to <10 s, and to reduce handling time and risk of additional injury in angling events with extended fight times, when water temperatures >10°C, or where S. trutta show evidence of being physically compromised by injury or having recently spawned. The results also indicate the importance of using appropriately sized single hooks rather than larger treble hooks to reduce hooking injury and handling time during unhooking.

Erratic velars in West-Coastal Bantu

AbstractIn this article, we present the first quantitative study of what we call multiple unconditioned reflexes (MUR) in Bantu, more specifically of Proto-Bantu velar stops *k and *g in the West-Coastal Bantu (WCB) branch of the Bantu language family. MUR, also known as “doubles reflexes” in Bantu studies, represent a situation where one and the same proto-sound has two or more reflexes in a given language which cannot be accounted for by phonological conditioning and/or lexical borrowing. This diachronic irregularity has been explained in Bantu historical linguistics, and Niger-Congo studies more broadly, by reconstructing either an additional series of consonants (phonemic merger) or a latent conditioning that went lost (phonemic split). We show that MUR should not be explained, but rather taken as an indicator of the same pervasive irregularity of sound change reported in other parts of the world that are highly multilingual and lack a neat overlap between distinct languages and communities. Along with widespread multilingualism, we assess lexical diffusion, substrate influence, and spread-over-spread events in Bantu language history as complementary explanations for the rise of MUR in WCB.

Optimization of anesthesiological support with the use of regional anesthesia in pediatric endorinolaryngology

BACKGROUND: According to world statistics, about 15% of all malignant tumors are localized in the nasal cavity and rhinopharynx. Endoscopic rhinolaryngosurgery is considered to be low-traumatic. Combining general anesthesia with regional anesthesia improves the quality of the operation and ensures the effectiveness and safety of surgical intervention. To optimize the anesthetic support for endoscopic pediatric rhinolaryngology, we proposed a method of combining bilateral cranial anesthesia with palatal access (or palatine) to guarantee perioperative analgesia and provide comfortable conditions for the surgeon (minimize bleeding). Comfortable conditions also imply a reduction in the intensity of postoperative pain. Pain syndrome after surgery is also associated with the use of a Merocel nasal tampon, which also results in reflexogenic reactions. Therefore, we proposed to perform infiltration anesthesia of the nose from three points according to Weissblatt immediately after surgery to reduce the manifestations of discomfort, pain syndrome, and reflex reactions from standing with a Merocel nasal tampon.&#x0D; AIM: This study aimed to optimize the anesthetic provision with the use of regional anesthesia in pediatric endorinolaryngology.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: At the end of July 2021, two endoscopic rhinosinusosurgical interventions were performed at the N.N. Blokhin Research Institute of DO and G, which were of interest for the development of optimized anesthesia approach. Two patients of comparable age were treated in the 1st surgical department and underwent combined anesthesia with the use of wing anesthesia with palatal access. For postoperative anesthesia, one patient underwent infiltration anesthesia of the nose from three points according to Weissblatt, and the other underwent infraorbital anesthesia.&#x0D; RESULTS: In both subjects, combined anesthesia with the use of regional anesthesia methods provided sufficient efficacy and safety; ensured the comfort of the surgeons work; and reduced the risk of trigeminocardial reflex, postoperative nausea, and vomiting and the concentrations of inhalation anesthetics to be applied. Therefore, the use of infiltration anesthesia of the nose from three points according to Weissblatt significantly improves the quality of life in the postoperative period and eases the discomfort from the Merocel nasal tampon.&#x0D; CONCLUSIONS: The results elucidated the combination of preventive analgesia and multimodal anesthesia.

Effect of wind speed and light intensity on reflex impairment of angled Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu)

AbstractWe quantified effects of wind speed and sunlight on Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu), a popular gamefish in North America, after catch‐and‐release (C&amp;R) (n = 90) during August for various periods (0, 10, 30 and 90 s) in direct sunlight or shaded from direct sunlight. We evaluated change in skin temperature and reflex action mortality predictor (RAMP) scores. Changes in skin temperature were larger with increasing wind speeds and air exposure duration. Light intensity had no effect on skin temperature or RAMP. Generally, skin temperature decreased (i.e. colder) when wind speed exceeded ~5 km/h and increased (i.e. warmer) when wind speed was below ~5 km/h. Significantly, lower RAMP scores were associated with longer air exposure. Generally, Smallmouth Bass exposed to air for longer than 10 s were significantly more impaired prior to release. We recommend anglers reduce the time that large fish are exposed to air to reduce immediate reflex impairment.

Equinoplovalgus deformity of the foot in patients with infantile cerebral palsy and its surgical treatment

Equinoplansovalgus deformity of the foot, typical for patients with infantile cerebral palsy, is formed due to the simultaneous action of labyrinthine reflexes on the foot and pathological tibial syncytic nezia Strumpel. Osteomyoplasty of the foot root according to A.M. Zhuravlev allows to eliminate all components of the deformity and creates conditions for the irreversibility of the correction. The operation was performed in 97 patients (in 14 - on both sides). The study of long-term results (54 patients) showed a high efficiency of the method: in all cases, an improvement in the shape and function of the foot was achieved.

Influence of hook type on performance, hooking location, injury, and reflex action mortality predictors in float recreational angling for cyprinids: A case study in northeastern Poland

One of the elements critical to the success of catch-and-release fisheries is the use of appropriate gear that permits releasing fish safely. To date, not all fish species have been the focus of comprehensive studies on this topic, and this applies to cyprinids. Fish from this family are distinct because of their pharyngeal teeth and the particular way they ingest food. We evaluated the impact of hook type on cyprinid catch rates (further catch per unit effort (CPUE)), the size of the fish caught, and the welfare of the fish released. Quickly assessing immediate reactions with reflex action mortality predictors (RAMP), we determined the consequences of recreational angling with barbed J-hooks, barbless J-hooks, and circle hooks. During the study, 1,066 fish were caught that belonged to eight native cyprinid species. Hook type did not have a significant impact on the fishing index with the mean CPUE ranging from 14.4 (circle hook) to 17.2 (barbed J-hook). The size of the fish caught also did not depend on hook type. However, hook type influenced the efficiency of hook removal, which was the lowest for circle hooks (45.6 %) and the highest for barbless hooks (63.7 %). Dehooking time was linked significantly with hook type, hook location, and fish species. The longest dehooking time was noted for fish caught with barbed J-hooks. Anatomical hooking locations did not differ in the fish caught with J-hooks, while the hooking location of circle hooks differed significantly in comparison to that of the J-hooks. Deep hooking in fish caught with circle hooks occurred decidedly less frequently as did tissue damage. Bleeding occurred more frequently in fish that exhibited impaired reflex action mortality predictors. Fish caught with circle hooks exhibited the least impaired reflexes. The differences in the build of the anterior part of the cyprinid digestive system and the manner in which theses fishes take up food did not exclude using circle hooks.

Anesthetic considerations for microlaryngeal surgery

Introduction: Microlaryngeal surgery encompasses a wide range of laryngeal procedures. Patients presenting for microlaryngeal surgery frequently have a difficult airway. The chosen approach to this airway depends on the pathology and the patient’s symptoms. The Aim of the study is to determine the risk factors and anesthetic problems during microlaryngeal surgery. Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study including 100 patients undergoing microlaryngeal surgery in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology at the University Hospital „Queen Giovanna“ – ISUL, Sofia, in the period 2020–2021; Medical University-Sofia. Preoperative examination of the larynx is performed in all patients by Storz 8402 ZX fiber optic laryngoscope with video capability. Results and discussion: In 69% of the patients the tumor mass causing obstruction is localized in the area of the larynx, and in 31% of them the tumor mass is localized in the area of the hypopharynx. From the patients with tumor mass causing laryngeal obstruction 42% are with 1st degree of obstruction, 29% are with 2nd degree, 27% are with 3rd degree and 2% are with respiratory failure at rest. Twenty six percent (26%) of the patients had pulse rate&lt;45 beats per minute during putting on the tube of Kleinsasser. This is very dangerous reflex reaction of the heart, which we believe is caused by parasympathetic nervous system. The rate of difficult endotracheal intubation among patients presenting for microlaryngeal surgery is higher than among the general surgical patient population. Difficulties during endotracheal intubation in our study are due to higher percent of laryngeal obstruction and pharyngeal restriction because of the intraoral masses. Conclusion: Anesthesia for microlaryngeal surgery has always been demanding, as often pathology interferes with the anesthesiologist’s field of work.

A literature review on various etiological factors and management of gag reflex in prosthodontics

Gagging is a normal physiological reflex action to restrict the entry of any foreign body through the oral cavity. Gagging is a physiological process, but sometimes it is precipitated by some other factors like while making impression of the dentulous or edentulous patient, patient may gag by the sensation of touch of impression tray or by the impression material, sometimes gag precipitates by just watching other person gagging during any dental procedure.

A method to assess response inhibition during a balance recovery step

BackgroundCorrelations between falls and individual differences in inhibitory control, suggest the ability to suppress automatic, but unwanted, action is important in fall prevention. Response inhibition has been a topic of considerable interest in the cognitive neuroscience community for many decades, bringing a wealth of techniques that could potentially inform assessment of reactive balance. For example, the stop signal task is a popular method to quantify inhibitory control ability. Research questionCan we apply the stop signal task to measure response inhibition in a balance recovery task? MethodsTwenty healthy, young adults completed a novel reactive balance test that required occasional suppression of a balance recovery step. Participants were released from a supported lean (‘Go’ cue) requiring them to quickly step forward to regain balance. On some trials, a tone (‘Stop’ cue) instructed participants to suppress a step and relax into a harness. Step trials were more frequent (80%) than stop trials (20%) to bias a rapid stepping response. The stop tone was presented at various delays following cable release, to manipulate task difficulty (i.e., longer delays make step suppression difficult). Individual differences in inhibitory control were determined using lift off times from force plates, and by contrasting muscle activation in failed compared to successful stop trials. ResultsMost participants were able to successfully suppress a balance recovery step on occasion, allowing for accurate estimation of individual differences in inhibitory control. The successful suppression of a balance recovery step was more likely in the group (n = 10) where shorter stop signal delays were used (i.e., the task was easier). SignificanceWhile balance assessments often stress reflexive action, there is a need for methods that evaluate response inhibition. The present study leveraged a well-established cognitive test of inhibitory control to develop a method to quantify stopping ability in a reactive balance context.

Legal relations arising when concluding public agreements: types and legal nature

The article is devoted to the definition of the nature of legal relations that develop during the conclusion of public contracts. The author examines these legal relationships and reveals absolute and relative legal relationships that arise when concluding public contracts. The meaning and legal consequences of the obligation to conclude them are determined. The judgments expressed in science, according to which, prior to the commencement of the procedure for concluding a public contract between a person engaged in entrepreneurial or other income-generating activities, and the other party, there is an absolute obligation are critically evaluated. The inadmissibility of the idea that the abovementioned person does not have an obligation to conclude a public contract at all, and the action of article 426 of the Civil Code should be qualified as a reflexive action of law, is recognized as unacceptable. It is proved that the obligation relationship certainly arises within the framework of the construction of a public contract, but not from the moment the obligation arises to conclude it, but from the moment of the onset of a special legal fact the appeal of a specific consumer.

Initial experiments to assess short-term survival of discarded plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) caught in trammel nets during winter season

European plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) is a key species in commercial fisheries in the North Sea, Skagerrak, Kattegat, and Baltic Sea. The reformed European Union Common Fisheries Policy includes the possibility of exemptions from the landing obligation for “species for which scientific evidence demonstrates high survival rates”. Discard survival from set-net fisheries is poorly studied. Trials were conducted on two commercial fishing vessels over seven trips from November to February 2017–2018 in the Baltic Sea. The nylon trammel nets had a nominal bar size for the inner/outer wall of 75/350 mm and 85/400 mm. Soaking time was 23–47 h, water depth 7–18 m, and deck temperature was −0.1–6.0 °C. Following commercial practice, the trammel nets were hauled back onto the vessel, after which netting and fish passed through a net hauler onto a steel sorting table where the entire fish catch were manually untangled by the fishers and plaice collected by scientists. We used a storage system for housing the captured fish inside fishing harbours during observations. Catch-damage-index (CDI) and Reflex Action Mortality Predictor (RAMP) scores were used to assess fish condition immediately after capture and at the end of observation periods. All plaice below 40 cm were sampled with a total number of 118 individuals from 13 fleets (several nets joined together). The fish were assessed for short-term survival for 4–10 days with full survival (100%). The majority of fish exhibited no reflex impairments. Minor bruises, fraying, and net marks were frequently observed on captured fish. The overall condition of the fish did not change during observation periods.

Low-Level Fluvalinate Treatment in the Larval Stage Induces Impaired Olfactory Associative Behavior of Honey Bee Workers in the Field.

Simple SummaryThere may be high amounts of fluvalinate residue in bee colonies and products. It is usually used to control the varroa parasite on bees, but it may lead to adverse effects on both larvae and adults. In this study, we found that feeding with fluvalinate at a dose of 40 ng/larva could result in declined brood-capping, pupation, and eclosion rates. In addition, the olfactory associative behavior of adult bees was impaired after they were treated with a sublethal dose of 0.004 ng/larva in the larval stage. These findings suggest that a sublethal dose of fluvalinate given to larvae has a huge negative effect on adult honey bee workers, affecting their subsequent associative ability. It may further lead the entire colony to a detrimental developmental trend.Fluvalinate is a widely used insecticide for varroa mite control in apiculture. While most beekeepers have ignored the effects of low levels of fluvalinate on bees, this study aims to demonstrate its effects at very low concentrations. We first used fluvalinate doses ranging from 0.4 to 400 ng/larva to monitor the capping, pupation, and emergence rates of larval bees. Second, we used the honey bees’ proboscis extension reflex reaction to test the learning ability of adult bees that were exposed to fluvalinate doses from 0.004 to 4 ng/larva in the larval stage. The brood-capped rate of larvae decreased dramatically when the dose was increased to 40 ng/larva. Although no significant effect was observed on brood-capping, pupation, and eclosion rates with a dose of 4 ng/larva, we found that the olfactory associative behavior of adult bees was impaired when they were treated with sublethal doses from 0.004 to 4 ng/larva in the larval stage. These findings suggest that a sublethal dose of fluvalinate given to larvae affects the subsequent associative ability of adult honey bee workers. Thus, a very low dose may affect the survival conditions of the entire colony.