Integration Of Reflexes Research Articles

Reflex Integration and Fostered Children with Emotional Regulation Difficulties Who Have Experienced Neglect

Reflex Integration and Fostered Children with Emotional Regulation Difficulties Who Have Experienced Neglect

Collaboration in action: How micro-level relational dynamics are connected with issue frame convergence in collaborative governance networks

ABSTRACT In this article, we investigate stakeholders’ micro-level relational dynamics and their connection to issue frame convergence in collaborative governance. We longitudinally studied the collaborative network around area regeneration in an urban area in the Netherlands. Three different relational dynamics emerged over time: an adversarial, a transactional and a care-based dynamic. A care-based dynamic fostered ’deeper level’ issue frame convergence through reflexive integration of differences. Reflexive learning about relational dynamics within collaborative networks is required to nurture this fruitful and productive connection. Participatory action research can offer action perspectives on how to do so.

Spinal maps of motoneuron activity during human locomotion: neuromechanical considerations.

The spatial segmental location of motoneurons in the human spinal cord is influenced by both evolutionary and functional principles tending to optimize motor control, reflex integration, and adaptation to the demands of movement. Bearing in mind the biomechanics of limb muscles, it is logical to examine how motoneuron activity clusters functionally during typical daily activities like walking. This article provides a summary of advancements in the study of spinal maps of motoneuron activation during human locomotion by reviewing data gathered over ∼20years. The effects of child development, aging, and neurological disorders show the salient characteristics of spinal segmental activity during different human locomotor tasks and conditions. By exploiting the neuromechanics of the spinal motor circuits, that is, the link between motoneuron activity and gait mechanics, neuroprosthetics and other focused treatments may better help individuals with locomotor impairments.

ETHICALLY MANAGING LEIGH’S SYNDROME: A CLINICAL CASE STUDY

Leigh syndrome, a rare inherited neurometabolic disorder described as subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy, affects the central nervous system and falls within a group of mitochondrial cytopathies involving disordered oxidative phosphorylation in the affected neural cells leading to disrupted enzyme of mitochondrial aberrations are attributed to variously inherited nDNA or mtDNA mutations The present study strives to demonstrate the efficacy, and therefore the need and ethical justification of therapeutic intervention at-least in the speech-language and swallowing realm; despite poor prognosis and the high risk of early death, in such infants through a representative case study. The case “x”, a three years old girl suffered classical cognitive, neuromotor, and linguistic regression following suspected pneumonia at 18 months (probable trigger), before which she had 10-15 words vocabulary, able to recognize body parts, follow simple verbal command. The child presented severe dystonia, hypotonia, moderate dysphagia with persistent of sucking reflexes, oromotor inadequacies, absence of spoken words, absence of receptive language except to name-calling. Intensive physiotherapeutic and speech-language intervention were initiated. Orofacial exercises, dysphagia management protocols including the compensatory approaches and dietary modifications as well as direct language therapy for increase in vocabulary were taken up. After 2 months of therapy, there were significant improvements especially in swallowing rate and strength, integration of infantile reflexes and increase in linguistic receptivity, which clearly warrants continued therapy and consideration of AAC. Keywords: Neurological disorder, Speech disorder, Leigh’s syndrome, Speech therapy.

"A Study Regarding the Role of Physical Therapy in Improving Gross Motor Function and the Integration of the Archaic Reflexes in Children with Cerebral Palsy"

"A Study Regarding the Role of Physical Therapy in Improving Gross Motor Function and the Integration of the Archaic Reflexes in Children with Cerebral Palsy"

Reflex Integration Therapy: A Novel Approach to Rehabilitation Policy Issues in International and Ukrainian Context

Reflex Integration Therapy: A Novel Approach to Rehabilitation Policy Issues in International and Ukrainian Context

Problems Associated with Persisting Primitive Reflex in Healthy School-going Children

Introduction: Primitive reflexes, originating in the brainstem, develop in utero and vanish within six months post-birth, aiding infant motor milestones. Integration relies on cortical maturation inhibiting them via basal ganglia pathways. Persistence may indicate neurological issues lead to motor, balance, and learning difficulties. Aim: This scoping review explored the persistence of primitive reflexes and determined the problems associated with their persistence in healthy school-going children. Materials and Methods: A total of 3988 full-text published articles were identified from PubMed, Ovid-SP and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) from 2004-2024 year. Only full text prevalence/ incidence and observational studies on children between 4-12 years are included. After duplicate deletion 3614 articles were left at abstract level, finally 63 full text articles related to research topic were further analysed and only nine articles were included in review for analysis. Results: Within group analysis for both experimental groups were found to be statistically significant for Rectus femoris and Vastus Lateralis muscles whereas between group analysis revealed general power training group to offer statistically significant improvement with p-value <0.05. Conclusion: Majority of articles show that persistence of ATNR (Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex) reflex shows neurological impairments like attention and reading difficulties while persistence of spinal galant may lead to scoliosis. In articles assessing the persistence of all primitive reflexes like ATNR/STNR (Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex)/TLR (Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex) may cause gait impairments and development delay. Boys exhibit higher reflex activity and attention deficits, correlating with diminished reading proficiency, emphasising the link between neuromotor maturity and academic achievement. The prevalence of primary reflexes like ATNR and TLR in preschoolers, impact attention, neuromotor development and gait. Early detection of persisting primitive reflex, and managing them with reflex integration therapy in children can help mitigate neurological development delay

Persistent Primitive Reflex and Developmental Delay in the School-Aged Child

Primitive reflexes are an integral part of a newborn’s survival mechanism and will naturally integrate during the first years of life as more mature postural reflexes emerge. A persistent primitive reflex can interfere with the development of motor skills, cognitive processing, and emotional regulation. Research suggests an association between persistent primitive reflexes and neurodevelopmental delays such as learning disabilities, autism spectrum disorders, and processing disorders. Developmental surveillance and screening support early recognition and guide intervention. More research is needed regarding the usefulness of reflex integration techniques for improving motor, cognitive, and emotional functioning and better overall quality of life.

Reliable change in developmental outcomes of Brain Balance® participants stratified by baseline severity.

The effects of comprehensive multimodal programs on developmental outcomes have not been well-studied. Emerging evidence suggests a possible role for the Brain Balance® (BB) program, a multimodal training program, in serving as a nonpharmacologic approach to addressing cognitive, attentional, and emotional issues in youth. In this analysis, we examined the effects of 3 months of participation in the BB program on the outcomes of children and adolescents with developmental difficulties (N = 4,041; aged 4-18 years; 69.7% male). Parent-rated scores on the Brain Balance-Multidomain Developmental Survey (BB-MDS) were used to assess six areas at baseline and post-program: (1) negative emotionality; (2) reading/writing difficulties; (3) hyperactive/disruptive behavior; (4) academic disengagement; (5) motor/coordination problems; and (6) social communication problems. To estimate change from pre- to post-program, we calculated effect size (Cohen's d) and the Reliable Change Index (RCI) for groups stratified by baseline severity. There was a very large effect size for the moderate/high severity (d = 1.63) and extreme severity (d = 2.08) groups, and a large effect size for the mild severity group (d = 0.87). The average percentage of participants who observed reliable change over all BB-MDS domains was 60.1% (RCICTT) for extreme severity, 46.6% (RCICTT) for moderate/high severity, and 21.1% (RCICTT) for baseline mild severity. In additional assessments of primitive reflexes and sensory motor activity, students demonstrated significantly diminished primitive reflexes from pre- to post-participation and significant improvements in sensory motor skills including fine motor skills, gait and aerobic ability, proprioception, rhythm and timing, and eye-gaze stability. Overall, these results demonstrate improvements in primitive reflex integration and sensory motor skills, as well as statistically significant reliable change in emotionality, reading/writing, behavior, academic engagement, motor skills, and social communication in BB participants from pre- to post-program, with the probability and degree of change increasing as the participants' baseline severity increases. These results contribute to the growing literature on the need for evidence-based nonpharmacologic approaches to addressing developmental issues. Future research with well-controlled designs, longitudinal follow-up, implementation across settings, and participant groups in which diagnoses are known, will help to more fully characterize the effects of the BB program.

Sensory integration versus Masgutova neuro-sensorimotor reflex integration program on controlling primitive reflexes and gross motor abilities in children with diplegic cerebral palsy.

An abnormality in muscular tone, lack of postural control, and a lack of coordination are all linked to the retention of primitive and immature postural reflexes. The Purpose of this study aimed of detecting which therapeutic approach is more effective in integrating retained primitive reflexes, either Masgutova neuro-sensorimotor reflex integration or Sensory integration (SI) program. Forty children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy (CP) (11 girls and 29 boys), involved in the current study and their ages ranged from 3 to 6years old. They were divided at random into two groups (A and B), patients in the study group (A) (n=20) were treated by Masgutova neuro-sensorimotor reflex integration program (MNRI) while those of study group (B) (n=20), were subjected to Sensory integration program (SIP), A standardized physical treatment regimen was provided to both groups (Stretching exercise, Strengthening exercise, and facilitation of developing motor milestones) All children were evaluated by using GMFM-88 and (PDMS-2) reflexes subtest before and after treatment that lasted for three successive months at a frequency of three sessions per week. There was a statistically substantial increase in GMFM scores and control of primitive reflexes post treatment in each group compared to those of the pretreatment mean values (p>0.05). There was also a statistically non-significance difference between group A and group B regarding post treatment results (p>0.05). SI and MNRI programs can equally be used in the treatment of children with spastic CP who suffer from retained primitive reflexes and delayed gross motor function.

Does the Integration of Primary Reflex Schemas According to Masgutovas Neurosensorimotor Reflex Integration Improve Functioning and Quality of Life Among Children with Spectrum of Foetal Alcohol Disorders?

Introduction: Foetal Alcohol Disorder Spectrum (FASD) is an incurable, non-genetic disorder that can occur in children whose mothers consumed alcohol during pregnancy. Patients with FASD are characterised by extensive damage to the central nervous system, neurological disorders, delays in physical and mental development, as well as difficulties in emotional regulation and behavioural disturbances. Neurosensory Integration of Reflexes by S. Masgutova is a holistic rehabilitation and therapeutic programme focused on the diagnosis and integration of primary reflex mechanisms. Intrauterine exposure of the foetus to alcohol affects the lack of proper reflex mechanism integration, which constitutes the foundation of harmonious psychomotor, cognitive, emotional and social development.The aim: The aim of this study is to present the role of primary reflex integration disorders according to MNRI in children with the Spectrum of Foetal Alcohol Disorders (FASD), as well as to discuss the impact of integrating primary reflex disorders according to MNRI on the functioning of FASD in children.Methods: The therapy comprised 103 patients (44 girls and 59 boys) aged 1-13 years with FASD, diagnosed according to the criteria of ICD-10 (Q 86.0). The mean age of the patients was 7.13 years (SD 3.26). Each participant took active participation in 2 rehabilitation interventions according to MNRI, the average interval between the stays was 4 months and 1 week (17 weeks).Results: In patients with FASD, the biomechanics of reflex patterns, such as: Babkin's, ATOS, hand support, paralyzing fear, Galant, grasping hands and Babinski, improved after MNRI therapy.Conclusions: Our research allows to indicate that the rehabilitated FASD patients following MNRI therapy could hug their caregivers more easily, thumb-sucking activity decreased, coordination improved, sleep quality significantly improved while psychomotor hyperactivity decreased.

Primitive Reflex Integration and Reading Achievement in the Classroom

Primitive Reflex Integration and Reading Achievement in the Classroom

"You are Never Too Old to Overcome ADHD” - Case Report

Case study about a 57-year-old head of publishing house, who suffered from ADHD with much impulsivity and mood changes, depression and eating disorders as well as persisting primitive reflexes, that worked as catalyst to the above-mentioned symptoms. This case report shows, how it was able to overcome all these conditions in 13 months of combined treatment with LDX in decreasing dosage, Neurofeedback (z-score training) and Reflex Integration Program (RIP®), that have been developed and published in 2021. Treatment results have been continually monitored with the OPATUS CPTa, a test measuring attention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Two q-EEGs have been performed, one at baseline and other after conclusion of NFB and several clinical appointments monitoring neurological improvement and psychiatric evaluations in order to continue the decreasing dosage of medication, which was stopped after 10 months of the initial assessment. This case report represents uniquity, because such a quick improvement was not expected in this short time, which would be normal, when treating children with equal conditions.

The Masgutova Neurosensorimotor Reflex Integration (MNRI®): A Scoping Review

Background. The Masgutova Neurosensorimotor Reflex Integration (MNRI®) method emerged from Russia in the 1990s as an intervention to improve maturation, development, and functional abilities for a variety of clients. MNRI® has since become an emerging intervention in occupational therapy in the US, particularly with pediatric clients. The evidence supporting use of MNRI® remains limited.

Relationship of Retained Primitive Reflexes and Handwriting Difficulty in Elementary-Age Children

Abstract Date Presented 04/03/2022 OTs often address handwriting difficulties. Primitive reflex retention may interfere with handwriting development. In a cross-sectional study, we explored a possible relationship between reflex retention and handwriting difficulties among 74 children ages 7-9 years. We found that more children with handwriting difficulties had reflex retention, and reflex retention was associated with handwriting ability, after controlling for vision, implying a likely need to address reflex integration. Primary Author and Speaker: Lorie Richards Contributing Authors: Ryan Avery, Sarah Gray, Robin Price

Comprehensive Physiotherapy Program for Children with Erb’s Paralysis Cases: Case Report

Obstetric Brachial Plexus Injury (OBPI) is a condition of brachial plexus lesions that occur during childbirth which can cause paralysis of the upper extremities which are divided into 3 categories based on the location of the lesion, namely, lesions of the upper plexus C5-C6 (Erb’s Palsy), lesions of the lower plexus C7-T1 (Klumpke’s palsy) and lesions on the upper & lower plexus C5-T1 which is a combination of the two. In this case the patient diagnosed Erb’s Palsy dextra due to several factors such as macrosomia with a Birth Weight 4800 gr, shoulder distortion, breech, Diabetes Milletus in the mother, and a long second stage of labor. This causes the patient to have a “waiter’s tip hand” deformity pattern and cry loudly when the hand is moved in any direction. The physiotherapy treatment provided is the provision of Infra-Red (IR), Neurosensory Motor Reflex Integration (NMRI) and Passive Range of Motion Exercise. After 4 times of therapy, the result showed a decrease in pressure pain from T0: 5 to T4: 4, a decrease in motion pain from T0: 10 to T4: 8 measured using the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale, Primitive Reflexes from T0: negative to T4: positive, and an increase upper limb range of motion from T0: 2 to T4: 3 assessed using the Active Movement Scale (AMS). The results showed that Infra-Red, NMRI and Passive ROM Exercise were effective in the case of Erb’s Palsy.

Glutamatergic Activity in the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract contributes to the Circadian Regulation of Blood Pressure

Cardiorespiratory parameters including blood pressure are governed by a 24‐hour circadian rhythm. Blood pressure follows a circadian cycle and dips during the resting/sleeping period while peaking during the active/awake period. During sleep blood pressure is 10%‐20% lower than average daytime blood pressure, a phenomenon described as “dipping”. The brain regions and mechanisms by which the circadian rhythm of blood pressure is controlled are not fully understood. To address this knowledge gap, we examined the nucleus of the solitary tract (nTS). The nTS is the first central site for integration and modulation of reflexes including the baroreflex. The nTS receives sensory information through glutamate release from baroreceptors that sense changes in blood pressure, eliciting reflex responses in the nTS to maintain BP homeostasis. Previous studies have shown that injections of glutamate or increases of extracellular glutamate decrease blood pressure. Due to its integral role in the autonomic system, we hypothesized that the nTS is involved in circadian blood pressure regulation through alterations in glutamate. Specifically, the present study sought to identify if decreased glutamate raised blood pressure during the active period and if increased glutamate reduced blood pressure in the inactive period. To address this, we used 7‐week‐old male Sprague Dawley rats and a combination of electrophysiology, molecular methods, immunohistochemistry, and 24/7 telemetry. Rats acclimated for 2 weeks prior to telemetry recordings. Measurements were compared at four different time points in one day (6 hours apart) except for electrophysiological recordings which were taken 12 hours apart. During the active period, blood pressure significantly increased in comparison to the inactive period. We next examined the relationship between changes in blood pressure and changes in glutamatergic activity. We first determined if activation of glutamatergic neurons differed across the 4 time periods. We took 30 µm of coronal slices containing the nTS (at the level of area postrema) from perfused animals. Active glutamatergic neurons (denoted by cFos expression) significantly decreased during the active period in comparison to the inactive period. To examine if this increase in glutamatergic neuronal cFos expression correlated with channel expression, we used western blot and found that the expression of AMPA receptors (GluA1 subunit) also decreased during the active period. During the active period, the resting membrane potential of nTS neurons were hyperpolarized in comparison to the inactive period. This lead to a significant decrease in spontaneous excitatory post‐synaptic currents in nTS neurons during the active period. The data indicate that glutamatergic activity decreased during the active period when blood pressure was higher in comparison to the inactive period. Taken together, these results suggest that nTS glutamatergic activity may have a circadian pattern and may contribute to the circadian blood pressure rhythm.

Reflexive Integration of Research Elements in Mixed-Method Research

This article highlights “reflexive integration” as a methodological tool that can facilitate the explicit integration of quantitative or qualitative elements in mixed-methods research. Reflexive integration of research elements (RIRE) is advocated as a mechanism that can be used in any mixed-method study to enhance depth of inquiry and transparency of the steps involved in mixed-method research. An illustrative example is presented to show the step-by-step process of reflexive integration at various stages of a mixed-method study.

Haltere and visual inputs sum linearly to predict wing (but not gaze) motor output in tethered flying Drosophila.

In the true flies (Diptera), the hind wings have evolved into specialized mechanosensory organs known as halteres, which are sensitive to gyroscopic and other inertial forces. Together with the fly's visual system, the halteres direct head and wing movements through a suite of equilibrium reflexes that are crucial to the fly's ability to maintain stable flight. As in other animals (including humans), this presents challenges to the nervous system as equilibrium reflexes driven by the inertial sensory system must be integrated with those driven by the visual system in order to control an overlapping pool of motor outputs shared between the two of them. Here, we introduce an experimental paradigm for reproducibly altering haltere stroke kinematics and use it to quantify multisensory integration of wing and gaze equilibrium reflexes. We show that multisensory wing-steering responses reflect a linear superposition of haltere-driven and visually driven responses, but that multisensory gaze responses are not well predicted by this framework. These models, based on populations, extend also to the responses of individual flies.

A reflexintegrációs mozgásterápiák történeti háttere

Nowadays the prevalence of reflex integration therapy is unquestionable. The methods usually refer only to professional experience, which results in arguments between representatives of different disciplines. With this historical overview, readers can get a comprehensive picture of different disciplines that have developed in close connection with each other and, as a result, many thousands of children could receive therapy through complex professional developments.