Impaired Reflex Research Articles

Influence of hook barbs on the “through-the-gill” hook removal method for deeply hooked Smallmouth Bass

Sustainable catch-and-release fisheries are based on the assumption that most fish survive an angling event. The adoption of best practices has become important to help mitigate post-release injury, behavioral impairment and mortality. However, in any catch-and-release fishery, a proportion of fish will become inadvertently deeply hooked (e.g., in the gullet) and numerous studies have shown this to be a major driver of mortality. Although available science suggests that cutting the line tends to yield better outcomes than removing hooks in the gullet, there has been interest within the angling community with removing hooks using the “through-the-gill” method where the hook shaft is turned outwards into the gill region and then the hook is removed by pulling anteriorly by gripping the outside bend of the hook. Here, we tested the efficacy of removing barbed and barbless hooks though the gill opening from experimentally deep-hooked Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu) relative to leaving the hooks in place. Using a control group and four experimental treatment groups (barbed and removed through the gills; barbless and removed through gills; barbed and left in; barbless and left in), we evaluated handling time, presence of bleeding, incidence of gill or esophageal injury, reflex impairment, incidence of hook shedding (for the left in treatment groups), and survival across a 24-hour monitoring period. Collectively, our results suggested that when hooks were barbed and removed through the gills, fish condition and survival were lower. In addition, barbed hooks were more likely to cause bleeding, gill damage, esophageal tearing, and impair reflexes. When hook removal was done through the gills, the chances of all sublethal outcomes across all categories were more likely to occur. While short-term mortality was not statistically linked with any treatment group, the greatest percentage of mortality (24%) occurred for fish that had barbed hooks removed using the through-the-gill method. These data suggest that when anglers use barbed hooks and encounter a deeply hooked fish, cutting the line poses the least risk to the fish.

The Clinical Concept of LTDpathy: Is Dysregulated LTD Responsible for Prodromal Cerebellar Symptoms?

Long-term depression at parallel fibers-Purkinje cells (PF-PC LTD) is essential for cerebellar motor learning and motor control. Recent progress in ataxiology has identified dysregulation of PF-PC LTD in the pathophysiology of certain types of immune-mediated cerebellar ataxias (IMCAs). Auto-antibodies towards voltage-gated Ca channel (VGCC), metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1 (mGluR1), and glutamate receptor delta (GluR delta) induce dysfunction of PF-PC LTD, resulting in the development of cerebellar ataxias (CAs). These disorders show a good response to immunotherapies in non-paraneoplastic conditions but are sometimes followed by cell death in paraneoplastic conditions. On the other hand, in some types of spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA), dysfunction in PF-PC LTD, and impairments of PF-PC LTD-related adaptive behaviors (including vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and prism adaptation) appear during the prodromal stage, well before the manifestations of obvious CAs and cerebellar atrophy. Based on these findings and taking into account the findings of animal studies, we re-assessed the clinical concept of LTDpathy. LTDpathy can be defined as a clinical spectrum comprising etiologies associated with a functional disturbance of PF-PC LTD with concomitant impairment of related adaptative behaviors, including VOR, blink reflex, and prism adaptation. In IMCAs or degenerative CAs characterized by persistent impairment of a wide range of molecular mechanisms, these disorders are initially functional and are followed subsequently by degenerative cell processes. In such cases, adaptive disorders associated with PF-PC LTD manifest clinically with subtle symptoms and can be prodromal. Our hypothesis underlines for the first time a potential role of LTD dysfunction in the pathogenesis of the prodromal symptoms of CAs. This hypothesis opens perspectives to block the course of CAs at a very early stage.

Parkinson's Disease in Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

In this review we attempt to collate the existing scientific evidence regarding the possible role of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD), as well as to investigate the impact of PD/parkinsonism on the clinical course of the viral infection itself. Since etiology of PD is not completely understood, various studies suggest different potential links between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and PD. Suggested connections include, among others, similar prodromal symptoms, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system involvement, or gut microbiome dysbiosis participation. Despite the initial assumptions that, as a mainly elderly population suffering from rigidity of respiratory muscles, impairment of cough reflex, and dyspnea, PD patients would be more susceptible to viral infection, and would experience a more aggressive course of COVID-19, the published scientific reports contain mutually exclusive data that require further investigation and meta-analysis.

Gastrocolic Reflex Is Delayed and Diminished in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes.

Constipation is a prevalent gastrointestinal complication in diabetes. The pathophysiology may include neural dysfunction and impaired gastrocolic reflex; however, investigation of the latter has been limited in diabetes. Using the wireless motility capsule, we investigated whether the gastrocolic reflex was impaired in adults with type 1 diabetes compared to healthy. One hundred and four adults with type 1 diabetes underwent investigation with the wireless motility capsule and recorded sleep cycle, eating habits, and bowel movements in a diary. Colonic motility index, contraction amplitudes, time-to-peak, peak motility, and colonic transit time were investigated directly in response to a meal. Diagnosis of peripheral (nerve conduction) and autonomic (orthostatic hypotension) polyneuropathy was verified. In comparison with health, people with diabetes had at the time of ingestion decreased motility index and contraction amplitudes (p < 0.001), prolonged time-to-peak (p = 0.01), and borderline decreased peak motility (p = 0.06), which taken together indicate impaired coordination of the gastrocolic reflex. These features were most prominent in those with concomitant peripheral or autonomic neuropathy. Additionally, they were associated with prolonged colonic transit time (p > 0.01). In type 1 diabetes, the gastrocolic reflex was delayed and diminished and further associated with the presence of neuropathy and constipation. These results suggest that impaired reflex is part of the underlying pathogenesis in the development of constipation.

Impaired Spontaneous Baroreceptor Reflex Sensitivity in Patients With COPD Compared to Healthy Controls: The Role of Lung Hyperinflation.

Background and Objectives: Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between pulmonary hyperinflation and baroreceptor reflex sensitivity (BRS), a surrogate for cardiovascular risk.Methods: 33 patients with COPD, free from clinical cardiovascular disease, and 12 healthy controls were studied. Participants underwent pulmonary function and non-invasive hemodynamic measurements. BRS was evaluated using the sequence method during resting conditions and mental arithmetic stress testing.Results: Patients with COPD had evidence of airflow obstruction [forced expiratory volume in 1 s predicted (FEV1%) 26.5 (23.3–29.1) vs. 91.5 (82.8–100.8); P < 0.001; geometric means (GM) with 95% confidence interval (CI)] and lung hyperinflation [residual volume/total lung capacity (RV/TLC) 67.7 (64.3–71.3) vs. 41.0 (38.8–44.3); P < 0.001; GM with 95% CI] compared to controls. Spontaneous mean BRS (BRSmean) was significantly lower in COPD, both during rest [5.6 (4.2–6.9) vs. 12.0 (9.1–17.6); P = 0.003; GM with 95% CI] and stress testing [4.4 (3.7–5.3) vs. 9.6 (7.7–12.2); P < 0.001; GM with 95% CI]. Stroke volume (SV) was significantly lower in the patient group [−21.0 ml (−29.4 to −12.6); P < 0.001; difference of the means with 95% CI]. RV/TLC was found to be a predictor of BRS and SV (P < 0.05 for both), independent of resting heart rate.Conclusion: We herewith provide evidence of impaired BRS in patients with COPD. Hyperinflation may influence BRS through alteration of mechanosensitive vagal nerve activity.

Identifying thresholds in air exposure, water temperature and fish size that determine reflex impairment in brook trout exposed to catch-and-release angling.

Understanding the factors that contribute to fish impairment and survival from angling events is essential to guide best angling practices for catch-and-release (C&R) recreational fisheries. Complex interactions often exist between angler behaviour, environmental conditions, and fish characteristics that ultimately determine biological outcomes for fish. Yet, few studies focus on identifying biologically relevant thresholds. We therefore examined the effects of water temperature, air exposure and fish size on reflex impairment and mortality in brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis exposed to experimental and simulated angling stressors (n = 337). Using conditional inference trees, we identified interactions among these factors as well as threshold values within them that determine brook trout reflex impairment as an indicator of whole animal stress. Specifically, longer air exposure times (>30sec) and warmer temperatures (>19.5°C) had a synergistic effect leading to higher reflex impairment scores. Further, larger fish (>328mm) were more sensitive to air exposure durations >10sec. Of the reflex impairment measures, loss of equilibrium and time to regain equilibrium were strongly and moderately associated with brook trout mortality (18-24h monitoring), although mortality rates were generally low (6%). These findings support previous research that has established strong links between these reflex impairment measures and fish health outcomes in other species. They also highlight the important interactions among air exposure duration, water temperature and fish size that determine impairment in brook trout, providing specific thresholds to guide best angling practices for C&R fisheries. This approach may be widely applicable to generate similar thresholds that can be encouraged by regulators and adopted by anglers for other common C&R fishes.

Prepulse Inhibition of the Acoustic Startle Reflex Impairment by 5-HT2A Receptor Activation in the Inferior Colliculus is Prevented by GABAA Receptor Blockade in the Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus

Prepulse Inhibition of the Acoustic Startle Reflex Impairment by 5-HT2A Receptor Activation in the Inferior Colliculus is Prevented by GABAA Receptor Blockade in the Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus

Evaluating different hook removal gear for in-water dehooking of jaw-hooked fish captured with barbed or barbless hooks

Dehooking tools are often touted as a means to remove hooks from fish caught in recreational fisheries, especially for fish intended for release. We used Bluegill as a model species to test the efficacy of five dehooking tools as well as bare hands, for both barbed and barbless hooks. Bare hands took the longest to dehook fish, and there was little difference in dehooking times among the dehooking tools used. Tissue tearing, however, tended to be more extensive for fish dehooked with tools compared to bare hands. For all dehooking tools and bare hands, barbed hooks took significantly longer to remove than barbless hooks, and there was a 65% increase in tissue tear size for fish caught on barbed hooks. Those fish scored as difficult for hook removal were caught on barbed hooks. Overall, larger fish took longer to dehook than smaller fish, but tearing was not size-dependent. Incidence of bleeding was low and not significantly different among treatments. The only fish that experienced reflex impairment were those caught on barbed hooks that also had the longest dehooking times. Overall, for Bluegill hooked in the upper jaw, our study showed that using barbless hooks is a more important than which purpose-built dehooking tool is used. Given the diversity of species caught in recreational fisheries across a wide range of locations and scenarios, we recommend more studies of this kind be conducted, as well as for tackle manufactures to work closely with fisheries scientists to design dehooking tools that minimize physical injury.

A Case Report on Post COVID -19 Vaccine Associated Guillain–Barré Syndrome

Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune demyelinating illness in which a patient’s immune system attacks and cause deterioration of peripheral nervous system leading to progressive paralysis and polyneuropathy. The exact cause of the GBS is unclear but the main mechanism of behindis the demyelination of nerves especially the motor, sensory, and autonomic nerves which can be triggered by any immunologic or infectious agent. The infectious agent elicits the humoral and cellular mediated immune response due to their molecular mimicry in which the antibodies created against the infection matches with the proteins on the nerve. The characteristic features of Guillain–Barré syndrome are ascending flaccid paralysis, paresthesia, impairment of muscle reflexes, respiratory failureetc. The GBS is diagnosed via nerve conduction studies, lumbar puncture (Cerebrospinal fluid analysis), electromyography, Brighton criteria. Treatments like intravenous immunoglobulin therapy, plasma exchange can ease the symptoms and reduce the duration of the illness. This case report focusing on a 43-year-old female patient admitted seeking ventilatory support for respiratory distress caused by Guillain–Barré Syndrome in a tertiary hospital. Patient had developed limb weakness with ascending paralysis along with facial weakness within a couple of weeks after receiving the COVID -19 vaccination (COVISHIELD)one month back. Patient underwent nerve conduction study and routine monitoring of vital parameters. After conservative management with physiotherapy, ventilation, intravenous immunoglobulins and prophylaxis for pain and DVT patient gradually started improving the muscle power and was discharged to continue the rehabilitation care at home.

Isolated Floccular Infarction with Impairment of High-Frequency Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex: A Case Report

The flocculus plays a crucial role in control of eye movements. Based on animal experiment, it is suggested that the flocculus is important for governing vestibuleocular reflexes. In humans, an isolated floccular lesion is extremely rare. We report oculomotor abnormalities in a patient with unilateral infarction of the flocculus, and compare our results with those of previously reported patients with floccular lesion.

A reflex action mortality predictor (RAMP) for commercially fished blue crab Callinectes sapidus in Florida

The paucity of data on discard mortality in the commercial blue crab fishery contributes significant uncertainty to stock assessments. The reflex action mortality predictor (RAMP) method is used to predict mortality of commercially fished species by establishing a relationship between reflex impairment and the likelihood of mortality (RAMP curve). The present study adapted the RAMP method to commercially fished blue crabs in two unique habitats in Florida, the Tampa Bay estuary and the St. Johns River. The euryhaline nature of blue crabs permits the fishery to operate in myriad habitats, which adds complexity to cumulative effects that influence discard mortality. A total of 697 crabs were assessed, and a RAMP curve was generated. Logistic regression analyses determined that reflex impairment score, injury score, and salinity are strong predictors of discard mortality, with 91% of predictions correct. For every 1-unit increase in reflex impairment and injury score, mortality was 2.71 and 1.65 times more likely, respectively. Additionally, for every 1-SD (11.35 ppt) increase in salinity, mortality was 2.17 times more likely. Crab size, sex, water temperature, and emersion time minimally influenced mortality. The present study is the first crustacean RAMP research that included water quality and demonstrated that its inclusion increases the predictability of discard mortality. The RAMP curve can be used as a tool to estimate discard mortality aboard commercial vessels and discard mortality in future stock assessments.

Consequences of simulated multiple catch-and-release events and different handling procedures on reflex impairment, ventilation rate, and body condition in Tor khudree

As catch-and-release becomes more popular and angling pressure increases, it is likely that fish in popular fisheries will experience catch-and-release events on more than one occasion (i.e., “multiple captures”). Anecdotal reports from anglers suggest that blue-finned mahseer (Tor khudree) in WASI Lake, Karnataka, India, commonly experience multiple capture events that are closely timed together (e.g., often on successive days). To determine whether multiple capture events were likely to result in cumulative physiological effects compared to single capture events, we quickly angled (i.e., landed in < 2.5 min) 124 blue-finned mahseer and placed them in one of four simulated capture treatment groups: control, air exposure, chase, or a combination of air exposure and chase. Blue-finned mahseer were held overnight in a net pen and subjected to a second (n = 91) or third (n = 60) instance of simulated capture. Our results showed increasing ventilation rates and condition score but no pattern in reflex impairment score in blue-finned mahseer for each treatment group and across each day. Ventilation rates were lowest in the air exposure and combination treatments than for other treatment groups, possibly indicating a masking effect from air exposure. The findings of our study indicate blue-finned mahseer are relatively robust to capture-related stressors, even when experienced with short intervals between fisheries encounters; however, we urge further research for improved understanding of the manner in which these stressors interact, particularly in tropical, freshwater environments.

A rare case of persistent air leak: beware of all the tubes

BackgroundPatients with acute respiratory failure, impaired consciousness, and impaired airway reflexes will require invasive mechanical ventilation. Monitoring of such patients is important. The use of ventilator scalars and loops help in monitoring, diagnosing the abnormality, and treating the patients effectively. We report a rare cause one should suspect in a case of persistent and fixed air leak in a patient requiring mechanical ventilation.Case presentationWe describe a 28-year-old young patient requiring ventilator support due to neuromuscular weakness. His neuromuscular weakness was rapidly progressing involving the respiratory muscles. The patient was intubated and put on mechanical ventilator support. He was transferred from another health care center to our hospital. On evaluation, the patient was intubated with ETT no 8. The patient had persistent air leak as observed on the ventilator graphics. We checked for ETT cuff malfunction, ventilator circuit, catheter mount, and HME for any disconnection causing the leak. The air leak which we observed in our patient was due to the malpositioned Ryle’s tube.ConclusionsVigilant monitoring of patients requiring mechanical ventilation is necessary. For the evaluation of the cause of air leak, algorithmic approach will help in correctly identifying the abnormality.

Historical Features Regarding the Neuropathic Outbreaks in Brazilian Troops in the Paraguayan War.

During the Paraguayan War, Brazilian army and navy officers attributed outbreaks of combatant limb weakness with particular features such as tingling to palustrian causes. A dietary basis was not fully suspected at the time, and the popular name beriberi had not been coined. During wartime, there was a shortage in the food supply in addition to poor environmental conditions and diarrheal diseases, and many reports of "palustrian cachexia" were made. There are also reports of the use of native flora to feed troops, as well as alcoholism. There are also accounts of the death of horses with symptoms similar to those of combatants. It was reported that black soldiers were more resistant to "palustrian cachexia." This article presents the disease ecology and clinical manifestations of beriberi at wartime, linked to starvation and consumption of pickled food and native flora. These military explorations and operations in the Paraguayan War happened more than 150 y ago and present some aspects of wilderness medicine in the past.

A Novel Case of Bifacial Diplegia Variant of Guillain-Barré Syndrome Following Janssen COVID-19 Vaccination.

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an immune-mediated demyelinating disorder which attacks the peripheral nervous system. Antecedent infection or vaccine administration are known to precipitate the onset of this disorder. Its typical presentation leads to a symmetric, rapidly progressive, ascending paresis with associated sensory deficits and impaired reflexes. We present a rare case of a bi-facial diplegia variant of GBS, within four weeks of the COVID-19 vaccination. Due to its chronology, clinical manifestations, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings, we propose this case to be a rare complication of the COVID-19 vaccination.

Relationship between Pancreas Exocrine Insufficiency and Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

The exocrine function of the pancreas is controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and autonomic neuropathy is a common and serious complication of diabetes. There are many factors contributing to the development of autonomic neuropathy in diabetic patients. Cardiovascular tests have been developed to evaluate the function of the ANS. This study investigated the relationship between cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) and pancreas exocrine insufficiency (PEI) in diabetic patients. This study evaluated 110 individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and 40 healthy volunteers. Autonomous neuropathy tests were utilized to diagnose patients, and Ewing and Clarke's criteria were employed to assess the severity of autonomous dysfunction. Stool samples were also collected from patients to measure fecal elastase-1 (FE-1). A 65.5% incidence of PEI was observed in DM patients. There was no significant correlation among the duration of disease, C-peptide, HbA1c, and PEI, respectively (P = .782, P = .521, P = .580). However, a significant difference between DM patients and controls in terms of cardiac dysautonomia (P = .001) was seen. Moreover, a statistically significant correlation between the degree of cardiac dysautonomia and FE-1 level was observed within the patient group (P =.001). It is possible that the disruption of exocrine hormone secretion in the pancreas due to the impairment of enteropancreatic reflexes is secondary to diabetic autonomic neuropathy and resulting in PEI. This study also showed that autonomic neuropathy might develop and cause PEI in diabetic patients without known added confounding factors.

An uncommon etiological factor for aspiration pneumonitis caused by spontaneous sphenoid sinus meningoencephalocele with cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea: a case report

BackgroundAspiration pneumonitis is an inflammatory disease of the lungs which is difficult to diagnose accurately. Large-volume aspiration of oropharyngeal or gastric contents is essential for the development of aspiration pneumonitis. The role of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea is often underestimated as a rare etiological factor for aspiration in the diagnosis process of aspiration pneumonitis.Case presentationWe present a case of a patient with 4 weeks of right-sided watery rhinorrhea accompanied by intermittent postnasal drip and dry cough as the main symptoms. Combined with clinical symptoms, imaging examination of the sinuses, and laboratory examination of nasal secretions, she was initially diagnosed as spontaneous sphenoid sinus meningoencephalocele with CSF rhinorrhea, and intraoperative endoscopic findings and postoperative pathology also confirmed this diagnosis. Her chest computed tomography showed multiple flocculent ground glass density shadows in both lungs on admission. The patient underwent endoscopic resection of meningoencephalocele and repair of skull base defect after she was ruled out of viral pneumonitis. Symptoms of rhinorrhea and dry cough disappeared, and pneumonitis was improved 1 week after surgery and cured 2 months after surgery. Persistent CSF rhinorrhea caused by spontaneous sphenoid sinus meningoencephalocele was eventually found to be a major etiology for aspiration pneumonitis although the absence of typical symptoms and well-defined risk factors for aspiration, such as dysphagia, impaired cough reflex and reflux diseases.ConclusionsWe report a rare case of aspiration pneumonitis caused by spontaneous sphenoid sinus meningoencephalocele with CSF rhinorrhea, which can bring more attention and understanding to the uncommon etiology for aspiration, so as to make more accurate diagnosis of the disease and early surgical treatment.

Influence of artificial lure hook type on hooking characteristics, handling, and injury of angled freshwater gamefish

Catch-and-release is practiced in recreational fisheries under the premise that released fish will survive with negligible injury and stress. However, hooking injuries may prevent that outcome from being realized. One way to potentially minimize injuries and maximize survival in angled fish is to replace treble hooks on hard plastic lures with single hooks, but the effectiveness of this tactic has yet to be tested. Our study investigated if replacing treble hooks with single hooks on hard plastic lures reduced injuries and handling for angled Northern Pike (Esox lucius), Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu) and Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides). Furthermore, we compared fish handling (i.e., need for use of hook removal gear) and injuries between fish that were captured with barbed and barbless hooks. Fish were angled using three types of conventional hard plastic lures (i.e., crankbaits, jerkbaits, and lipless crankbaits). Upon landing, total length of the fish, an array of hooking characteristics (i.e., number of hook points in the fish, anatomical hooking location(s)), and reflex impairment were recorded. Analyses revealed that using barbless J hooks on all lures yielded the shortest unhooking times for all species. For Smallmouth Bass caught on both crank and jerk baits, J hooks tended to result in more shallow hooking than treble hooks. Barbless treble hooks were more likely to be embedded in a sensitive location (e.g., foul hooked, gullet, gills, and/or eyes) compared to barbless J hooks in Smallmouth Bass. No other significant differences in hook types and anatomical locations were found for other species. Hook type and lure type did not influence reflex impairment or survival for any of the species. Using J hooks, especially barbless ones, on lures that traditionally have treble hooks should be considered when encouraging best angling practices for the freshwater gamefish studied here to expedite release, although the extent to which this influences mortality remains unclear.

Social preference is maintained in mice with impaired startle reflex and glutamate/D-serine imbalance induced by chronic cerebral toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasma gondii is an opportunistic protozoan pathogen with a wide geographic distribution. The chronic phase of toxoplasmosis is often asymptomatic in humans and is characterized by tissue cysts throughout the central nervous system and muscle cells. T. gondii and other pathogens with tropism for the central nervous system are considered risk factors in the etiology of several neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, besides neurological diseases. Currently, it is known that cerebral toxoplasmosis increases dopamine levels in the brain and it is related to behavioral changes in animals and humans. Here we evaluate whether chronic T. gondii infection, using the cystogenic ME-49 strain, could induce behavioral alterations associated with neuropsychiatric disorders and glutamatergic neurotransmission dysfunction. We observed that the startle amplitude is reduced in the infected animals as well as glutamate and D-serine levels in prefrontal cortical and hippocampal tissue homogenates. Moreover, we did not detect alterations in social preference and spontaneous alternation despite severe motor impairment. Thus, we conclude that behavioral and cognitive aspects are maintained even though severe neural damage is observed by chronic infection of C57Bl/6 mice with the ME-49 strain.

POST COVID-19 NEUROLOGICAL SYNDROME (PCNS) IN AN 11 YEARS OLD BOY, A CASE REPORT

By now more than 92.6[1] persons have been reported to be infected with COVID-19, of which significant part are children. Although children experience milder symptoms compared with adults at the time of the infection, cases of post-covid-19 complications have been reported (2, 3, 4, and 5). Complications might also include the CNS, in our case with cerebellar ataxia-like and polyneuritislike signs and symptoms. A 13 year old boy was presented in our clinic with signs of ataxia, occasional vomiting, impaired gait, impaired patellar reflexes on the right leg, incomplete Babinski reflex on the right leg, paresis of the left facial nerve and mild hypertension. Based on the clinical appearance and the parameters that showed past COVID-19 infection, a diagnosis of Post-COVID19 Cerebellar Ataxia-like and Polyneuritis-like was made, meaning a Post Covid-19 Neurological Syndrome (PCNS). Treatment was conducted with antibiotics and immunoglobulins resulting in significant improvement in the following days. There are few reported cases about neurological complications caused by COVID-19 in children and adolescents, without any other symptoms of the virus. This is one of the first cases of PostCOVID19 Cerebellar Ataxia and Polyneuritis in a child as a result of COVID-19 and the first case in our country. Keywords: Post-COVID19 complications, Post Covid-19 Neurological Syndrome, cerebellar ataxia, polyneuropathy, children