Reflective Model Research Articles

Understanding the technology acceptance model in the QRIS usage: Evidence from SMEs in Indonesia

This study aims to examine the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) for QRIS usage in SMEs in Indonesia. We employed Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) with a first-order reflective model to analyze the data. The dataset contains 107 SMEs in Medan, Indonesia (n = 107). There are four constructs in the model in this study, namely: perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitude toward using, and behavioral intention to use. After evaluating measurement models and structural models known to meet the criteria, we can conclude the results of the data analysis. In general, all variables positively affect other variables in this model, although one of them is insignificant. The results indicate that perceived usefulness is positive and significantly affects attitude toward using and behavioral intention to use. At the same time, attitude toward using is also positive and significantly affects behavioral intention to use. Furthermore, perceived ease of use is also shown to have a positive and significant effect on attitude toward using and perceived usefulness. However, perceived ease of use insignificantly affects behavioral intention to use, although it still positively affects the behavioral intention to use. The findings of this study provide some crucial implications for SMEs and the provider of QRIS. Since the results indicate welcoming QRIS usage, the socialization of QRIS needs to be more massive to reach the vast majority of Indonesian SMEs in Indonesia.

Factors influencing financial literacy of the poor in rural areas: Empirical research with the case of Vietnam

This paper aims to investigate the impact levels of factors on the financial literacy of the poor in a rural area, using as a case an emerging country such as Vietnam. Qualitative and quantitative methods have been employed with primary data from 512 questionnaire respondents and 12-expert in-depth interviews. The result has shown that internal factors, including financial knowledge, financial behavior and financial attitude, are the reflective models affecting financial literacy, in which knowledge about savings and financial investment has the most significant influence. The study also tested that, among demographic factors, age, income, and education level positively impact financial literacy, while gender has no significant effect. Based on the findings, recommendations are proposed to shape the saving habits of the poor in rural areas and form financial attitude and financial behavior.

Construction and Validation of Simulation Models of Samples Made from 316L Steel by Applying Additive Technique.

The main aim of the study includes research concerning the strength of samples printed out of 316L steel in the form of laminates and the creation of reflective simulation models with regard to the results obtained during the research. In addition, the tests addressed the effect of the arrangement of the printed layers on the final strength of the object. Static tensile tests allowed the material constants of 316L steel in the form of dimensionally printed laminate to be determined. Tests were conducted on samples with different printed angles. The tests also covered the impact of the printing envelope on samples with the printing angles. Based on the determined material constants, simulation models for calculations using the finite element method were created. Furthermore, the study includes analytical and simulation calculations of plain laminate in order to verify the accuracy of the Composite Layup module in Abaqus CAE software. The study was summarized by compiling and commenting on the results obtained from the conducted research. Tests showed that there is a possibility of simulating the strength of the printouts from 316L steel using the FEM calculations. It was shown that the FEM model results are similar to those obtained in the tests. The calculated errors were from 3.6 to 14.4%. The linear model describes well the first part of the stress–strain curve, but in further research, it is strongly recommended that a proper and checked nonlinear anisotropic one is presented.

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Physical Model in Channel Modeling

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) are one of the potential technologies for 6th generation (6G) mobile communication systems with superior electromagnetic (EM) wave-steering capability to effectively control the phase, amplitude, and polarization of the incident EM wave. An implementation-independent physical RIS model with key EM characteristics is especially crucial to RIS channel modeling considering the trade-off between complexity and accuracy. In this paper, a reflective RIS physical model is proposed to facilitate channel modeling in a system simulation. Based on the impinging EM wave of the last bounce to the RIS, the scattering field intensity of the target point is obtained using geometric optics and the electric field surface integration method of physical optics. The feasibility of the model is verified by a comparison of the simulation and test results.

Organizational Strategic Intuition for High Performance: The Role of Knowledge-Based Dynamic Capabilities and Digital Transformation

This study investigated the role of organizational strategic intuition (OSI) and relationships with knowledge-based dynamic capabilities (KBDCs), digital transformation (DT), and high-performance organizations (HPOs). This quantitative study used a questionnaire to collect data from chief executive officers (CEOs) and engineers of various companies in the auto parts industry, a crucial income-generator for Thailand. Partial least squares structural equation modeling, which assesses reflective and structural models, was adopted to test the hypotheses. The findings revealed significant influences among the six pairs of constructed relationships. Indeed, investigations found in this study indicated that (1) KBDCs had a positive effect on DT; (2) KBDCs and DT had a positive effect on OSI; and (3) KBDCs, DT, and OSI had a positive effect on HPOs. The analytical results of this empirical study also provided information to expand the knowledge of strategic intuition (SI). The practical contribution of this study is a consolidated comprehensive framework of OSI that contained vital insights for CEOs, policymakers, and practitioners to support the creation of OSI, leading to better strategic decisions.

Exploring the conceptual framework and measurement model of intrinsic capacity defined by the World Health Organization: A scoping review.

WHO has defined intrinsic capacity (IC) as the composite of all physical and mental capacities of an individual covering five subdomains: cognition, locomotion, sensory, vitality, and psychological. Despite this well accepted definition, the conceptual and measurement model of IC remains unclear, which hampers a standardized operationalization of the construct. We performed a scoping review to give a comprehensive overview of the extent to which the current literature of IC addresses and assumes the conceptual framework and measurement model of IC as reflective or formative. For inclusion, we considered all types of articles that were published in peer-reviewed journals except for protocol articles. A systematic search of 6 databases from different disciplines led to the inclusion of 31 papers. We found inconsistency and gaps in the descriptions of IC. Most of the papers did not define the measurement model. In the conceptual background and validation articles, we identified descriptions of both reflective and formative measurement models while in empirical studies applying IC measurements the underlying assumptions remained mainly unclear. Defining a measurement model is not merely a theoretical matter but influences the operationalization and validation processes of the construct. This study raised questions about the most fundamental features of the IC construct and discusses whether IC should be considered as an underlying latent trait of all capacities (reflective construct) or an aggregate summary measure of the subdomain capacities (formative construct).

When I'm“Good＂, You Should Watch Out: Computerized Text Analysis of Linguistic Trajectory of Sexual Re-Offense

在臺灣現行制度下，性侵害加害者一旦離開監獄就必須進入社區治療，然而隨著性罪犯追蹤監控的期程拉長，其再犯率也隨之上升，也就顯示日常生活流轉匯聚各式各樣的境遇，進而影響性再犯的危險因子，然在性罪犯社區處遇歷程中如何評估性犯罪者的再犯企圖一直是臨床實務上值得關注的問題。本個案報告嘗試分析隨時間軌跡的滾動，如何由性犯罪者之日常語言使用找出反映個人內在心理狀態之線索，藉此觀察性侵害加害者之語言徵兆變化情形與再犯之關聯。本個案報告藉由分析一名資料庫匯出之性侵害加害人於社區治療期間所書寫之雙週誌，連續紀錄將近一年直至其再犯性犯罪，共21篇記載其社區治療參與個人生活狀況之自由書寫，將相關內容透過「語文探索與字詞計算」（LIWC）軟體進行五項具有心理意義之文字變項的電腦化文本分析。研究結果發現語言風格透過長時間紀錄後可以觀察到該性犯罪者之再犯可能徵兆，特別是在總字詞數由多到少之變化、正負向情緒詞彙相反的變動態勢，以及誠實性指標呈現V型變化上，符合Ekman、Vrij、DePaulo等三研究團隊有關欺瞞理論之推衍，也因此本研究認為具有心理意義之文字變項可反映潛藏犯罪意圖的細微變化，而與後續再犯結果有關，亦可作為性犯罪者心理評估之參考指標，值得未來透過性犯罪者之大樣本數據分析加以檢證。According to the current legal system in Taiwan, sex offenders must enter a community intervention program after being released from prison. However, recent research of sex offenders has suggested that over the longer term after offenders are released, they have a high rate of sexual re-offense. This shows that the daily struggles while returning to society might contribute to sexual re-offense in different ways, so as to impact the risk factor of sexual re-offense. Thus, assessing the re-offense attempts of sex offenders in the community intervention program is worthy of attention in clinical practice. However, considering the importance of monitoring linguistic behaviors, there is very little existing research that has empirically documented the language use of sex offenders and how that may impact recidivism of sexual offense. Therefore, the aim of this case report attempts to explore how sex offenders' state of minds are reflected in daily language use and how linguistic markers and sexual re-offense may be related. Pennebaker and his colleagues have provided excellent reviews of the psychological aspect in language use. They believe that either expressive writing or spoken language demonstrate cognitive reflective models. Instead of focusing on ＂what＂ is said by the individuals, paying attention to ＂how＂ the individuals say it is much more crucial. Furthermore, it opened a window for researchers to analyze the psychological vulnerabilities or risks of sex offenders as well as having further understanding of the underlining altered state of mind that is intertwined with the surroundings. Considering these concerns, this case study involved a biweekly log written by an ex-sex offender in a community intervention program. The time frame for the study lasted nearly one year until the re-offense occurred. A total of twenty-one free-writing diaries were analyzed with a computerized text analysis software, Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC). Beyond examining several categories of words with psychological meanings, such as negative and positive affect, this case study also applies higher-order algorithms based on LIWC dictionaries, including the index of complex thinking, the index of honesty, and the index of social-emotional style. Considering months as the analysis unit, the one-year period is divided into the initial stage (April to July), incubation stage (August to December) and action stage (January to March). The results suggested that the language style could possibly indicate signs of recidivism for sex offenders over the long-term while recording their thoughts. The language used during the action stage demonstrated four valuable language shifts compared to other stages. First, the total number of words continually decreased over time. Second, positive affect words decreased and negative affect words increased. Third, the index of complex thinking decreased. Fourth, the index of honesty rose with a V-shape. This result is aligned with the inference of the deception theory of Ekman, Vrij, and DePaulo. To conclude, the study may be of importance in explaining language with psychological meaning that could reflect subtle changes in hidden intention of crimes. In addition, the findings of the study also have implications for observing signs of deception and the subsequent re-offense from the written text. Thus, language analysis is proving to be a useful source for conducting psychological evaluation and risk management for sex offenders who under treatment. That said, the generalization of the results to other populations with different backgrounds may be limited, so more research is called for to expand the understanding of the language style of sex offenders.

The Reflective Teaching Practice of Teachers Based on Optimal Teaching Quality

Reflective teaching, also known as self-examination teaching, has received much attention from field scholars and education experts around the globe. However, most of their focus has laid on teachers’ teaching competence and professional development, and few of them have concerned about the empirical study on reflective teaching. To fill in this research blank, this paper studied the reflective teaching practice of teachers based on optimal teaching quality. At first, a reflective teaching-based teaching quality gap model was constructed, and an evaluation index system (EIS) was built for assessing the reflective teaching quality of teachers. Then, based on the proposed EIS, this paper built a neural network prediction model to give quantitative assessment on teachers’ reflective teaching quality, and examined the applicability and accuracy of the constructed model in the quality assessment of reflective teaching. At last, the quality assessment results of reflective teaching were given in the experiment based on the proposed neural network, which had verified the effectiveness of the constructed model.

Partial least squares as a tool for scientific inquiry: comments on Cadogan and Lee

PurposeIn their paper titled “A Miracle of Measurement or Accidental Constructivism? How PLS Subverts the Realist Search for Truth,” Cadogan and Lee (2022) cast serious doubt on PLS’s suitability for scientific studies. The purpose of this commentary is to discuss the claims of Cadogan and Lee, correct some inaccuracies, and derive recommendations for researchers using structural equation models.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses scenario analysis to show which estimators are appropriate for reflective measurement models and composite models, and formulates the statistical model that underlies PLS Mode A. It also contrasts two different perspectives: PLS as an estimator for structural equation models vs. PLS-SEM as an overarching framework with a sui generis logic.FindingsThere are different variants of PLS, which include PLS, consistent PLS, PLSe1, PLSe2, proposed ordinal PLS and robust PLS, each of which serves a particular purpose. All of these are appropriate for scientific inquiry if applied properly. It is not PLS that subverts the realist search for truth, but some proponents of a framework called “PLS-SEM.” These proponents redefine the term “reflective measurement,” argue against the assessment of model fit and suggest that researchers could obtain “confirmation” for their model.Research limitations/implicationsResearchers should be more conscious, open and respectful regarding different research paradigms.Practical implicationsResearchers should select a statistical model that adequately represents their theory, not necessarily a common factor model, and formulate their model explicitly. Particularly for instrumentalists, pragmatists and constructivists, the composite model appears promising. Researchers should be concerned about their estimator’s properties, not about whether it is called “PLS.” Further, researchers should critically evaluate their model, not seek confirmation or blindly believe in its value.Originality/valueThis paper critically appraises Cadogan and Lee (2022) and reminds researchers who wish to use structural equation modeling, particularly PLS, for their statistical analysis, of some important scientific principles.

Examining the Value Co-Creation Model in Motor Racing Events: Moderating Effect of Residents and Tourists

Value co-creation measurements in a recurring sporting event sprang from an academic and a practical desire to understand value co-creation. This study aims to (1) identify and explore the co-production and value-in-use, two dimensions of value co-creation measurement; (2) verify the validity of the measurements of the value co-creation model; and (3) examine whether noteworthy differences exist between residents and tourists in co-creation, respectively. For this purpose, this study conducted two studies. Study 1 establishes the value co-creation model and compares the reflective and formative models. Study 2 tests the proposed model’s validity and reliability and examines the moderating effect of travel patterns (residents and tourists). The results indicated that the value co-creation measurement is hierarchical and exhibits reliability and validity in the reflective model. The results further demonstrate that co-production and value-in-use patterns differ by residents or tourists. The current study uses S-D logic to better understand value co-creation’s hierarchical theoretical nature from the perspective of residents and tourists in the recurring sporting event context, thus contributing to sport management literature. Furthermore, this paper contributes to value co-creation studies, showing that various attendees (residents and tourists) perceive different levels of co-creation because resources may vary by social group.

An intersectional model of reflection: is social work fit for purpose in an intersectionally racist world?

Reflection is a trademark tool of social work, but if reflection tools are blunt, they will never dismantle the house of intersectional racist oppression. This provocation contends that reflective models need to decisively focus on intersections of power, privilege and position. The origins of Black feminist intersectionality determine intersectionality’s function as an efficacious tool of reflection. This article offers a model of intersectional reflection that explicitly scrutinises the interdependent interconnections of power to expose the compound injuries of intersectional racism and enables the identification of places of safety and opportunities for transformation. Located within a metanarrative for Black feminist social work, intersectional reflection identifies the criss-cross roads of social inequality, names the vehicles of power, analyses the intersectional crash and assesses bio-psychosocial injuries. If social work is to stand a chance of being fit for purpose in an intersectionally racist world, it needs to be based on Black feminist theory.

The Practicality of Model Introduction, Connection, Application, Reflection, and Extension-Paradigm of Reflective Pedagogy with BioPhy Magazine for Optimizing Learning

Learning outcomes in basic physics courses still show a low average score for students. This shows that the learning process has not achieved the expected target. It was necessary to innovate to overcome these problems by developing models and teaching materials. The purpose of this study was to describe the practicality of the introduction, connection, application, reflection, and extension-paradigm of reflective pedagogy learning model and the practicality of using biophy magazine teaching materials. This research is part of educational design research to the stage of formative evaluation test on a one-to-one, small group and field test. Data on the practicality of the learning model were obtained through observations of the implementation of learning carried out by two observers. Data on the practicality of teaching materials were obtained from questionnaires given to students. Based on these results, practicality of models and teaching materials were then categorized into five categories, very practical, practical, quite practical, less practical, and very less practical. The results showed that the lecturers had carried out each stage very well so that the results of the observer's assessment showed a very practical category in individual, small group and field tests. Student activities were classified as very practical in individual tests and field tests, while in small group trials, they were quite practical. Therefore, ICARE-PPR learning was classified as very practical. Biophy Magazine's teaching materials based on the floating market as a result of development are also classified as very practical with easy, efficient, useful and attractive for students

In search of a model of mentoring adult educators


 
 
 Since the Treaty of Lisbon in 2000, there has been a growing interest in the European area concerning mentoring in adult education, which, however, focuses on adult learners and is linked to their participation in educational programs as well as their inclusion in the labor market (Raschauer & Resch, 2016). This article focuses on adult educators and refers to research aimed at exploring adult educators' views on mentoring as a tool to support their teaching work. The results showed that adult educators desire to mentor and describe a framework that incorporates the concepts of teamwork and reflection. On this basis, a group, reflective model of mentoring is proposed which aims to the inspiration, development, empowerment, and action of adult educators.
 
 

Competency Framework of Agriculture Educators Vocational College: Measurement Model Using Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modeling

<p style="text-align: justify;">Competent instructors need to have the skills, abilities, and competencies to perform tasks effectively, which will affect student learning achievement. This study is guided by the theory of Boyatzis developed by Spencer and Spencer. The Iceberg Competency Model was used as a guideline to identify the competency elements of educators from the agricultural stream in vocational colleges (KV). This research study aims to explore and identify the existing competency elements of agricultural educators in KV. This study used a study population comprising 243 respondents of agricultural educators in KV. To answer the research question, the data analysis was done by Partial Least Squares - Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). This study is a study built to observe the relationship between the latent constructs studied. These constructs consisted of exogenous and endogenous constructs. In this study, exogenous constructs comprised value constructs, social roles, self-image, motives, traits and constraints. At the same time, endogenous constructs involved constructs of skills and knowledge. To ensure that the construct of this study gives meaning to the reflective measurement model, it was evaluated based on internal consistency reliability and validity. Regarding the framework, some indicators that did not qualify were dropped based on factor loading and average variance extracted (AVE). From the analysis conducted, 16 indicators were dropped since they did not meet PLS-SEM requirements. The total number of items retained was 71 indicators. At the final stage of this study, the evaluation model was implemented to form a framework involving the evaluation of the constructs linked to each other.</p>

The Strategy of Factors Influencing Learning Satisfaction Explored by First and Second-Order Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)

The goal of this research was to create a partial least square structural equation model (PLS-SEM) with a second-order structural model to investigate the interaction between research-based methodologies and relationship factors that significantly influence learning satisfaction among university students. The instruments used in this study were a simple random sampling technique for structural equation model (SEM) analysis, while a quantitative process of survey data collection was manipulated through SPSS and Smart-PLS. The presented study attempted to explore whether teachers’ strategies are linked with their students for the students’ learning satisfaction. Thus, it represents the demands and expectations of two statistically significant common phenomena: research-based components and relationship approach components. This set of teaching techniques encourages university students and enhances their learning satisfaction. Moreover, this study explored teaching strategies that influence factors having a directly significant influence on learning satisfaction at university level. Each factor measures the relationship’s construct, proven to be a second-order SEM reflective model that is statistically significant. Our study explored learning satisfaction as an integral part of teaching strategies, by first- and second-order structural equation modeling, supported by students’ expectations, and the study’s empirical results provide potential implications for learning satisfaction.

Reflection as creative practice: an exploration of arts-based practice workshops with student midwives

Educators must use diverse tools to facilitate effective student learning, enabling students to translate taught theory into the professional practice environment. Reflection is an essential midwifery skill that is needed to practice effectively, and is often taught by exploring a variety of reflective models in a written format during undergraduate healthcare programmes. This article reports and evaluates the activities and experiences of facilitating innovative arts-based practice workshops using collage for student midwives and how they felt this contributed to their ability to successfully reflect. The article explores undertaking the art of reflection as a creative practice from both a lecturing and learning perspective, to explore student midwives' reflective abilities using alternative methods to the written word. Combining arts and science in a safe educational space provided students with an alternative way to view and explore their practice learning and reflection by using a holistic range of skills.

A model of empathic reflection based on the philosophy of Edith Stein: A discussion paper

BackgroundEmpathy development is an integral aspect of nurse education in several countries. Empathy supports person-centred care provision by aiding effective communication and promoting feelings of wellbeing by helping people feel understood. AimThe development of empathy in nursing students is best facilitated through experiential learning and reflective practice, although to date, there are no reflective models specifically designed for this purpose. It is the aim of this paper to present a model designed to promote reflection on the development of empathy. DesignThe authors have developed an approach to empathic reflection based on the philosophy of Edith Stein. MethodsIn this paper we outline the Empathic Reflection model which emphasises the need for educator support and an appreciative approach. We then present a narrative example of the model in action in an acute care setting. ResultsWe have developed a three-stage model to support experiential learning about the development of empathy for nursing students. ConclusionsThis discussion paper explores an interesting area for future nursing research about empathy development through experiential learning and reflective practice. Educators can contribute to the promotion of empathy by working in partnership with students to explore previously held beliefs which might act as barriers to empathic care provision.

Reflection-based questioning: Aspects affecting Myanmar students’ reading comprehension

This study aimed to scrutinize the effects of the reflection-based questioning approach (RBQA) on Myanmar students’ achievement in English reading comprehension. The RBQA approach covers Oo et al.’s (2021) reflective teaching model for reading comprehension (based on planning, acting, reflecting, and evaluating) in which the teacher uses a questioning strategy (initiate-response-evaluate model). Employing cluster randomized trials, quasi-experimental research was conducted to investigate RBQA’s effectiveness in teaching reading comprehension skills to Grade-9 students. The experimental group (N = 228) received the RBQA intervention; the control group (N = 230) did not receive the intervention but was provided with traditional instruction. During RBQA intervention, teachers used the anonymous student questionnaire and observation scheme as effective reflection tools. After a five-week intervention, both groups completed post-tests to assess their achievement. The study findings revealed that teaching with RBQA had a significant positive effect on students’ reading comprehension. Therefore, this study is of immense significance to English language teachers and their students.

EFFECTUAL COMMUNICATION AND EXPLANATION IN DERMATOLOGY

This article aims to present a doctor-patient relationship using a reflective Gibb’s model (learning by concept). Reflective practice can help us progress in our career and if done properly in a structured manner, it can help improve our skills. Being a dermatology doctor for many years with profound experience gave me the insights and the privileges, to spot dermatology patients’ main issues and concerns to address them attentively. Using the reflective process enabled me to explore my feelings and the experience, in discussing personal issues with this young lady I am presenting. I used the Gibb’s six-stage reflective model to understand how this young lady was feeling for a quite long time with a hole in her chin. This can be used to answer specific, patient-orientated questions that arise recurrently in real-life practice I will use a nickname; Erynas, to anonymise and comply with confidentiality, without stating the location, timing and date, to identify my patient and present her case. Keywords: Reflection, reflective process, career, skills.

A critical review of reflective models in clinical nursing learning

Background and aims: Experience is the main foundation of learning, but learning without thinking and reflective cannot happen to be related to action. Moving towards experience-based education is an effective replacement for traditional education so that active learning can take place. Reflection in medical sciences seeks to combine theoretical concepts with practice, increase experience-based learning, accept responsibility and continuous professional growth, increase critical thinking and judgment in critical and complex situations based on experience and clinical knowledge, and improve the quality of care, increase professional strength, improvement in performance by raising individual awareness, development of clinical knowledge and skills. Therefore, this study was conducted to synthesis the research in reflective models in learning based on reflective thinking in clinical learning of nursing students in 2020. Methods: In this systematic synthesis research, researches related to reflective models in clinical nursing learning were examined in three stages: determining the geography of the research, systematic critique of selected documents, and synthesizing a new creation of separate elements and combining them and evaluates and combines current and ongoing studies. Results: The results of combining the findings of the research selected for this study are in response to research questions such as: What are the existing models of learning based on in-depth thinking? What features, levels and steps do they have? And what are the researches related to this type of learning in clinical nursing education and how have they been done? Which were selected based on systematic criteria and parameters and during a systematic process compared and combined the findings of this research and finally were synthesized and processed in the form of findings to answer research questions. Seven models of applied reflective thinking in clinical learning were reviewed by experts: Borton, Gibbs, Smyth, John, Mezirow, Zarezadeh, Cottrell, which had commonalities and distinctions according to specific concepts of reflective learning. In all models, gaining experience and examining it to promote and improve learning by identifying a problem or event, and the beginning and end of this method, increases the potential of this type of learning for more application in clinical education, especially the nursing group. Reflective thinking had practical values such as: strengthening deep learning, understanding the learning process in students, helping to advance professionalism and learning throughout life, using previous learning knowledge and building, redefining and reconstructing knowledge based on new experiences. It is presented through the learning environment and emphasizes accepting responsibility for educating others. Reflective learning ensures that learning is not limited to formal environments and that every experience is considered a learning experience. It also offers new insights, changed ideas, and a corrective attitude or emotional trait. Conclusion: The result of research synthesis, strengthening the efficiency and positive effect of this type of learning on the acquisition of skills, student and teacher motivation and the ability to learn collaboratively as well as improving skills in the clinical environment, although moving beyond the traditional context of teaching and learning, demands and the result of combining the data of the studies also emphasizes the practical nature and construction of knowledge in learning based on insight and its special place to eliminate the theoretical and practical gap in clinical education witnessing the excellence of this operational part of clinical education and health promotion of community by providing proper performance of nursing staff.