Reflective Functioning Research Articles

Environment-aware Multi-person Tracking in Indoor Environments with MmWave Radars

Device-free indoor localization and tracking using commercial millimeter wave radars have attracted much interest lately due to their non-intrusive nature and high spatial resolution. However, it is challenging to achieve high tracking accuracy due to rich multipath reflection and occlusion in indoor environments. Static objects with non-negligible reflectance of mmWave signals interact with moving human subjects and generate time-varying multipath ghosts and shadow ghosts, which can be easily confused as real subjects. To characterize the complex interactions, we first develop a geometric model that estimates the location of multipath ghosts given the locations of humans and static reflectors. Based on this model, the locations of static reflectors that form a reflection map are automatically estimated from received radar signals as a single person traverses the environment along arbitrary trajectories. The reflection map allows for the elimination of multipath and shadow ghost interference as well as the augmentation of weakly reflected human subjects in occluded areas. The proposed environment-aware multi-person tracking system can generate reflection maps with a mean error of 15.5cm and a 90-percentile error of 30.3cm, and achieve multi-person tracking accuracy with a mean error of 8.6cm and a 90-percentile error of 17.5cm, in four representative indoor spaces with diverse subjects using a single mmWave radar.

Electronic structure of P-type amorphous silicon nanowires

Silicon nanowires can improve broadband optical absorption and reduce the radial carrier collection distance in solar cell devices. The disordered nanowire arrays grown by the Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition method are attractive because they can be embedded on low-cost substrates such as glass, and are compatible with large areas. Here, we experimentally demonstrate that reactive Hydrogen ions with increasing concentrations are doped to construct nanowire architectures in amorphous silicon solar cells. Similar to our investigated planar a-Si: H layers, the amorphous silicon nanowires exhibit a loss function coefficient of about 105/cm. From the reflectivity function, it can be shown that the nanostructures can offer a reliable carrier pool. Our results show that the addition of nanowires can increase the efficiency of a-Si solar cells from 1.11% to 1.57%. The input-photon-to-current conversion efficiency spectrum shows effective carrier collection from 1.2 to 2.2 eV of incident light and the nanowire devices show an increase in short-circuit current of 15% with amorphous Si and 26% with nanocrystalline Si compared to planar devices appropriate.

Child maltreatment: qualitative review of theoretical and methodological trends in intervention programs with an attachment perspective

This review provides a qualitative comparative analysis of theoretical and methodological aspects of 27 studies in which the results of the implementation of programs involved in child maltreatment are presented with an attachment perspective. The studies were examined following the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. It was found that the programs promote the development of maternal sensitivity, mentalization or reflective functioning and empathy, however, the underlying mechanisms are not differentiated according to the type of abuse to intervene. Likewise, it was found that despite the recognition of the mother's violent childhood experiences as one of the main predisposing factors for child abuse, it is a variable that is scarcely considered in the programs examined. These findings indicate the importance of developing intervention programs that consider a cumulative ecological risk perspective

Can mothers' representations of their infants be improved in primary care? A randomized controlled trial of a parenting intervention using video feedback in a predominantly low- to moderate-risk sample.

Mothers' representations of their infants are important intervention targets because they predict the observed quality of infant-mother interactions. The current study investigated the influence of a video-feedback infant-parent intervention on mothers' representations of their infants beyond the effect of standard treatment. Data from a naturalistic, randomized controlled trial of 152 predominantly low- to moderate-risk mothers (mean age = 29.7 years) with infants (mean age = 7.3 months) were used. At Well Baby Centers, all families followed the universal program, which was treatment as usual (TAU), whereas half of the families also received the intervention. The Working Model of the Child Interview categories and scales as well as three latent factors generated from a factor analysis were used to assess maternal representations at baseline and follow-up (9-13 months after baseline). A linear mixed model analysis was used to analyze the data. There were no differences in representation changes from baseline to follow-up between the control group (TAU) and intervention group. When both groups were combined, there were minor improvements in the mothers' representations at the follow-up. Aspects of the intervention, the quality of TAU, and the homogeneity scores of the predominantly low-risk sample may explain the intervention's lack of effect on mothers' representations beyond TAU. The supportive services at Norwegian Well Baby Centers as well as the infants' increasing age putatively contributed to the improved features of the mothers' representations in the total sample. That standard community care may affect maternal representations has not been shown before. Future research should identify the core components in interventions targeting maternal representations and examine whether those components can be incorporated in primary care. Including measures of mothers' reflective functioning could broaden our knowledge of representations and their changeability. This study is registered in the International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number registry under the reference number ISRCTN 99793905.

Past attachment experiences, the potential link of mentalization and the transmission of behavior to the child by mothers with mental health problems: cross-sectional analysis of a clinical sample

Maternal capacity to mentalize (= reflective functioning, RF), secure attachment and emotionally available parenting has an impact on the child’s development. The transmission of mothers’ past attachment experiences gained with both her caregivers in her own childhood and the impact on current mother–child interaction is part of the ‘transmission gap.’ This study explores the transgenerational transmission mechanisms and the potential moderating effect of RF in a clinical sample of 113 mother–child dyads suffering from mental health problems. In a cross-sectional study, the associations between maternal attachment experiences, RF (coded based on Adult Attachment Interviews) and current mother–child interaction (Emotional Availability Scales) were examined with univariate correlation, moderator analyses, and structural equation models. We found relationships between attachment experiences and mother–child interaction, but RF had no moderating effect. Past loving experiences and perceived neglection, particularly with the own father in childhood, were predictors for the present mother–child interaction. There seems to be an intergenerational transmission of attachment experiences to the ongoing generation. Particularly past adverse childhood experiences with the own father seem to explain currently disruptive interactions with the child.Trial registration: DRKS00017008 and DRKS00016353.

Mentalizing in first-time fathers: reflective functioning as a mediator between attachment representation and sensitivity

ABSTRACT Sensitivity in parent-child interaction is essential for child development. Since fathers are increasingly involved in childrearing, identifying factors leading to paternal sensitivity is crucial. We examined the relation between attachment representation and reflective functioning (RF) as factors influencing paternal sensitivity in a longitudinal study including N = 40 first-time fathers (M age = 33) and their 6-month-old children. We used the Adult Attachment Interview during pregnancy to assess paternal attachment representation and general RF, the Parental Development Interview to assess fathers’ parental RF, and the Emotional Availability Scale to measure sensitivity at child’s age of 6 month. Data show that secure paternal attachment representation, high general and parental RF are associated with higher levels of paternal sensitivity. Further, parental RF mediates the association between attachment representation and paternal sensitivity. These findings contribute to the identification of a causal interplay in that they suggest an explanatory effect of RF on the association between fathers’ attachment representation, and sensitivity.

Social and emotional determinants of parental reflective functioning in a multinational sample.

Parental reflective functioning refers to parents' capacity to consider their child's internal experiences and is associated with secure parent-child attachment, sensitive parenting behavior, and positive child socioemotional development. However, research into determinants of parental reflective functioning in large diverse samples has been scarce. Therefore, using a large multinational sample and longitudinal design, we aimed to: (a) identify sociodemographic determinants of parental reflective functioning; (b) investigate whether parental emotion regulation is a psychological determinant of parental reflective functioning; and (c) assess whether child negative affect, parent stress, and child age moderate longitudinal associations between parent emotion regulation and parental reflective functioning. Data were two time points of the Child and Parent Emotion Study following 2,208 parents (68% female) of a child aged 0-10 years residing in English-speaking countries. Parent emotion dysregulation, parent male cisgender status, speaking a language other than English, younger parent age, and older child age were associated with lower parental reflective functioning 12 months later, as indicated by higher levels of prementalizing. Child negative affect moderated the association between parent emotion dysregulation and parental reflective functioning, whereas child age and parent stress did not. Specifically, parent difficulty controlling impulses when distressed was associated with higher levels of prementalizing modes of reflective functioning only when child negative affect was moderate-to-high. The interplay between parent emotion dysregulation and child negative affect highlights the importance of considering both parent and child characteristics in intervention planning and suggests that personalizing parenting support according to these characteristics may be beneficial. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

An Adaptive Low-Light Image Enhancement Using Canonical Correlation Analysis

Images captured under low-illumination conditions exhibit numerous unwanted appearances such as color distortion, low brightness, a narrow gray range, low contrast, and considerable noise. An excellent low-light image enhancement framework overcomes all undesirable attributes of low-light images. Here, a new fusion technique is introduced based on the canonical correlation analysis of two proposed adaptive Retinex and beta-hyperbolic secant distribution (BHSD) models. Firstly, an adaptive enhanced reflectance image is obtained by a new weighted multiscale Gaussian function and proposed adaptive reflectance map. For the second enhanced image, logarithmic image processing is modified according to the illuminance's factor, and the exponential function is incorporated for contrast boosting. The error function is used for the modified cumulative distribution function of BHSD to obtain the second enhanced image. The proposed framework is compared with state-of-the-art low-light methods for visual and parametric comparison. The results show that the designed framework produces the best results in terms of high contrast, natural brightness, vivid color combination, perfect structure, and texture information with preserving naturalness. Among all comparable methods, the designed technique produces a good result in terms of rich scene details and color reproduction in dark regions.

Longitudinal associations between parental reflective functioning and maternal mind-mindedness.

Little work has examined longitudinal associations between parental reflective functioning (PRF) and mind-mindedness (MM), limiting the understanding of separate or bidirectional trajectories of these related but distinct forms of mentalization. We examined cross-lagged associations between PRF, assessed via interview, and MM, coded from play interactions, over 12 months among 90 parents (86% female; 57% White, 43% Black) of infants (Mage = 10.56 months, SD = 8.20) who were participating in The Michigan Model of Infant Mental Health Home Visiting. Data were collected at study enrollment Time 1 (T1) and at 6-month Time 2 (T2) and 12-month Time 3 (T3) postenrollment. Mind-minded comments were coded as appropriate, reflecting accurate interpretation of mental states or nonattuned, characterizing inaccurate interpretations. PRF and appropriate MM each remained stable over time. PRF at the T1 positively predicted appropriate MM at T2. No other cross-lagged associations between PRF and appropriate MM were significant. Concurrent correlations between appropriate MM and PRF were significant only at T3. Nonattuned MM showed stability from T1 to T2 but nonattuned MM at the T2 did not predict nonattuned MM at T3. Greater PRF at T1 predicted less nonattuned MM at T2. No other cross-lagged associations between PRF and nonattuned MM were significant. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Moral injury in psychiatric patients with personality and other clinical disorders: development, psychometric properties, and validity of the Moral Injury Events Scale–Civilian Version

ABSTRACT Background: Moral injury emerges when someone perpetrates, fails to prevent, or witnesses acts that violate their own moral or ethical code. Nash et al. [(2013). Psychometric evaluation of the moral injury events scale. Military Medicine, 178(6), 646–652] developed a short measure, the Moral Injury Events Scale (MIES) to facilitate the empirical study of moral injury in the military. Our study aimed to develop a civilian version of the measure (MIES–CV) and examine its psychometric properties in a sample of psychiatric inpatients . Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the sample comprised 240 adult patients (71.7% female) with a mean age of 31.57 (SD = 11.69). The most common diagnoses in the sample were anxiety disorders (58.3%), depressive disorders (53.8%), and borderline personality disorder (39.6%). Participants were diagnosed using structured clinical interviews and filled out psychological questionnaires. Results: Exploratory factor analysis suggested that Nash et al.’s model (Perceived Transgressions, Perceived Betrayals) represents the data well. This two-factor solution showed an excellent fit in the confirmatory factor analysis, as well. Meaningful associations were observed between moral injury and psychopathology dimensions, shame, reflective functioning, well-being, and resilience. The Perceived Betrayals factor was a significant predictor of bipolar disorders, PTSD, paranoid personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, and avoidant personality disorder. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that this broad version of the MIES is a valid measure of moral injury that can be applied to psychiatric patients.

First-principles study of the electronic and optical properties of GeSe/SnSe vertical heterojunction via P-doping

Recent huge progress in the field of chemical doping for modifying the physical properties of nano-materials has inspired us to perform this investigation on the electronic and optical properties of GeSe/SnSe vertical heterojunction via P-doping. The calculated results indicate that the pristine GeSe/SnSe vertical heterojunction is a semiconductor and shows a type-II band alignment. After P-doping, all doped heterojunctions have good structural stability due to the negative binding energies. Interestingly, the typical p-type and n-type degenerate semiconductors can be found. In addition, the optical properties including the absorption coefficient, reflectivity and loss function of P-doped GeSe/SnSe vertical heterojunction are discussed. Particularly, in the ultraviolet light range, the optical absorption coefficient of P-doped systems can reach up to [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text], which suggests that P-doping GeSe/SnSe vertical heterojunctions can serve as a promising material for ultraviolet light detecting. Meanwhile, the absorption and the loss peaks of doped cases exhibit an apparent trend of blue shift with respect to the pristine heterojunction. All these interesting results show that the P-doping gives GeSe/SnSe heterojunction the possibility to tune its electronic and optical properties.

Rapid and Efficient Computation of Cell Paths During Ultrasonic Focusing.

This biophysical analysis explores the first-principles physics of movement of white blood cell sized particles, suspended in an aqueous fluid and experiencing progressive or standing waves of acoustic pressure. In many current applications the cells are gradually nudged or herded toward the nodes of the standing wave, providing a degree of acoustic focusing and concentration of the cells in layers perpendicular to the direction of sound propagation. Here the underlying biomechanics of this phenomenon are analyzed specifically for the viscous regime of water and for small diameter microscopic spheroids such as living cells. The resulting mathematical model leads to a single algebraic expression for the creep or drift velocity as a function of sound frequency, amplitude, wavelength, fluid viscosity, boundary dimensions, and boundary reflectivity. This expression can be integrated numerically by a simple and fast computer algorithm to demonstrate net movement of particles as a function of time, providing a guide to optimization in a variety of emerging applications of ultrasonic cell focusing.

An anisotropic broadband coding metasurface based on ultralight graphene‐assembled film

AbstractAs theoretical research further develops, coding metasurfaces have been widely studied and applied due to their uniqueness in digital characterization and sequence arrangement. In this work, based on highly conductive graphene‐assembled film (GAF), an ultralight anisotropic broadband coding metasurface (ABCM) is proposed. The GAF ABCM consists of 16 units with specific phase responses and enables complete metal substitution. By arranging the unit cells in a specific order, the GAF ABCM realizes the functions of anomalous reflection, polarization conversion, and radar cross‐section (RCS) reduction. Results validate that the GAF ABCM has a measured 10 dB normal incidence backward RCS reduction within the working frequency band of 7–18 GHz, which fully covers the X‐band and Ku‐band for radar application. Furthermore, due to the lightweight property of GAF, the density of the GAF ABCM is only 0.06 g/cm3 (surface mass density of 0.038 g/cm2). All results indicate that the lightweight GAF metasurface is promising in radar stealth and communication fields.

A high-gain dual-beam folded transmit-reflect-array antenna based on phase-shifting surface

Abstract In this paper, a high-gain dual-beam folded transmit-reflect-array antenna is designed based on the shared aperture method. It consists of the top transmit-reflect-array, the bottom transmitarray, and the feed horn located at the center of the bottom transmitarray. A phase-shifting surface is proposed as the transmission unit cell capable of transmitting incident waves while providing adequate transmission phase shift. The designed transmission unit cell is improved into the transmit-reflect unit cell by adding polarization grids to realize the reflection function. The bottom transmitarray is constructed by transmission unit cells. The top transmit-reflect-array is composed of transmit-reflect unit cells and polarization grids vertical to the unit cell. The x-polarized wave transmits through the top transmit-reflect-array and forms a pencil beam in the forward direction. In addition, the y-polarized wave is reflected by the top transmit-reflect-array and transmits through the bottom transmitarray to form a pencil beam in the backward direction. The tested realized gains of the transmitted beam and reflected beam at 10 GHz are 19.87 dBi with an aperture efficiency of 48.27 % and 23.95 dBi with an aperture efficiency of 30.88 %, respectively. With its low profile and ease of manufacture, it has great prospects for navigation and radar communication.

Gaya Bahasa dalam Diksi “Malam” pada Kumpulan Puisi karya Chairil Anwar

The poet Chairil Anwar often uses the word "night" in his poems. The choice of this word certainly has a specific purpose and agenda. The purpose of this study is to describe the form of figurative language and the function of figurative language that contains the word "night" in Chairil Anwar's poems. This type of research is literary research with descriptive methods. Descriptive research method is a method that is described in words or pictures, not in the form of numbers. The data source for this study is a collection of poems by Chairil Anwar which are found in three books, namely The Roar of Mixed Dust (1949), Sharp Pebbles That Are Snatched and Broken (1949), and Tiga Revealed Destiny (1950). Data collection techniques in this study were carried out by steps; reading and understanding a poem by Chairil Anwar which uses the word “night”; mark the data that are in accordance with the research problem found in Chairil Anwar's poems; inventory data. Data analysis techniques consist of data classification, data description and interpretation, and drawing conclusions. The results of this study indicate that the diction "night" in Chairil Anwar's poetry contains a figurative language of affirmation, comparison, satire; As for the functions contained in the word malam in the poem by Chairil Anwar, they include aesthetic functions, ethical functions, and reflective functions.

Chaos Detection by Fast Dynamic Indicators in Reflecting Billiards.

The propagation of electromagnetic waves in a closed domain with a reflecting boundary amounts, in the eikonal approximation, to the propagation of rays in a billiard. If the inner medium is uniform, then the symplectic reflection map provides the polygonal rays' paths. The linear response theory is used to analyze the stability of any trajectory. The Lyapunov and reversibility error invariant indicators provide an estimate of the sensitivity to a small initial random deviation and to a small random deviation at any reflection, respectively. A family of chaotic billiards is considered to test the chaos detection effectiveness of the above indicators.

Investigating how the electronic and optical properties of a novel cubic inorganic halide perovskite, Sr3NI3 are affected by strain

Background: Inorganic Perovskite materials have sparked the attention of the solar technology sector due to their remarkable structural, optical, and electrical capabilities. In the realm of efficient LEDs, inorganic perovskites have displayed considerable promise, showcasing various benefits such as exceptional color purity, the ability to adjust emission wavelengths, and cost-effective fabrication methods. Methods: The study extensively investigated the bandgap, density of states, electron charge density, structural properties, dielectric properties, loss function, and absorption coefficient of Sr3NI3 under strain using first-principles density functional theory (DFT). Results: At the Gamma (Γ) point, the unstrained flat structure of Sr3NI3 exhibits a direct band gap of 0.733 eV. Observing the spin-orbital coupling (SOC) effect reduces the bandgap to 0.711 eV in Sr3NI3 perovskite. Compressive strain minimizes the prevalence of the structure's bandgap, whereas tensile strain causes a slight elevation. The optical properties of this material, including the dielectric functions, absorption coefficient, reflectivity, and electron loss function, exhibit its excellent absorption capacity in the visible area because of its band characteristics. Conclusions: The research indicates that as the amount of compressive strain rises, the peak values of the dielectric constant of Sr3NI3 shift towards lower photon energy (redshift); meanwhile, when tensile strain is executed, it displays the behavior of altered photon energy with an increase towards higher energy levels (blueshift). Thus, the potential of utilizing Sr3NI3 perovskite in solar cells for energy production and light management is considered promising.

Low-light image enhancement based onRetinex-Net with color restoration.

Low-light images often suffer from a variety of degradation problems such as loss of detail, color distortions, and prominent noise. In this paper, the Retinex-Net model and loss function with color restoration are proposed to reduce color distortion in low-light image enhancement. The model trains the decom-net and color recovery-net to achieve decomposition of low-light images and color restoration of reflected images, respectively. First, a convolutional neural network and the designed loss functions are used in the decom-net to decompose the low-light image pair into an optimal reflection image and illumination image as the input of the network, and the reflection image after normal light decomposition is taken as the label. Then, an end-to-end color recovery network with a simplified model and time complexity is learned and combined with the color recovery loss function to obtain the correction reflection map with higher perception quality, and gamma correction is applied to the decomposed illumination image. Finally, the corrected reflection image and the illumination image are synthesized to get the enhanced image. The experimental results show that the proposed network model has lower brightness-order-error (LOE) and natural image quality evaluator (NIQE) values, and the average LOE and NIQE values of the low-light dataset images can be reduced to 942 and 6.42, respectively, which significantly improves image quality compared with other low-light enhancement methods. Generally, our proposed method can effectively improve image illuminance and restore color information in the end-to-end learning process of low-light images.

Implementation of an Integrated Training for Parents and Teachers in Early Head Start

This qualitative study documented perspectives of professionals and parents who were involved in the implementation of an attachment-based training for parents and teachers in Early Head Start (EHS). Eight university-based facilitators, 20 EHS teachers, and 13 parents participated in focus groups to better understand the appropriateness, acceptability, and feasibility of Hearts and Minds on Babies (HMB); a group-based, multi-session training with the goal of supporting social emotional development in young children through promotion of reflective functioning and mindfulness strategies for teachers and parents. Data suggest that a small group format and a facilitator stance of openness, curiosity, and cultural humility promoted teachers’ and parents’ positive perspectives of HMB concepts. Participants in this study also helped us to understand challenges to HMB’s feasibility, including logistical challenges that need to be considered for successful implementation in other EHS sites.

Relationship focused mother-infant groups: Preliminary evaluation of improvements in maternal mental health, parenting confidence, and parental reflective functioning.

We report on two preliminary evaluations of a group intervention, targeting vulnerable infants and their mothers within the first 6-months postpartum. The Mother-Baby Nurture® program aims to strengthen the developing infant-mother attachment relationship by increasing maternal mentalizing. These studies were undertaken with pre-post evaluations with the mothers of infants under 10-months of age. The mother-infant dyads participated in ten 2-h group sessions. Study one (N=69 dyads) included self-reported maternal depression, anxiety, and parenting confidence. In study two (N=27 dyads), parenting stress and reflective functioning were measured by self-report, and reflective functioning coded on the 5 min speech sample (completed by N=22). Results from study one confirmed a decrease in depression (p<.001, d=.79) and anxiety (p<.001, d=.72) symptoms, and an increase in mothers' scores for parenting confidence (p<.001, d=-.98). Results from Study Two demonstrated a significant decrease in parenting stress (p<.001, d=.94) and significant improvement in measures of self-report reflective functioning (p=.007, .024; d=.56, .61). These findings are preliminary yet promising indications that this program could be effective in alleviating parenting stress, depression, and anxiety, and improving mother's reflective functioning and parenting confidence. Further research is needed, with a control group and long-term follow-up assessments.