Philosophical Reflection Research Articles

Hermenéutica de la identidad humana de Jesús

The article explores the humanity of Jesus from a theological and sociological perspective. The author challenges traditional positions that exalt the divinity of Jesus to the detriment of his humanity, and argues that his message is deeply linked to social commitment. Through the analysis of biblical texts and philosophical reflections, Jesus is presented as a revolutionary who reveals divinity through his humanity, highlighting the importance of social justice and the transformation of the material world.

The Harm of Nature and the Light of Man: Philosophical and Theological Reflections on Gratitude and Growth from Disaster

This article explores in depth the multiple implications of natural disasters, especially in the context of scientific progress, human solidarity, and theology. Firstly, this paper reviews the catastrophic impact of Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and discusses the multi-dimensional effect of natural disasters on human society and its profound philosophical and theological significance. Despite the devastation and suffering caused by the disaster, Americans have shown a strong sense of gratitude. Then, from the dialectical point of view, the author analyzes the cosmological view of the coexistence of good and evil and emphasizes the positive role of natural disasters in promoting scientific and technological progress, promoting human unity, stimulating learning motivation, and demonstrating free will.Further, from the perspective of philosophy and theology, the paper expounds on the intrinsic value of pursuing knowledge and exercising natural disasters on free will. The learning process of natural laws deepens human understanding of the world. It strengthens human free will, making people more autonomous and independent in the face of good and evil choices.At the same time, from the theology perspective, this paper compares the different understandings of natural disasters and human suffering between atheism and theism. It reveals the respect for human autonomy and the essence of faith behind God’s non-intervention. In the end, the article concludes that natural disasters, while a source of suffering, are also catalysts for human growth and gratitude, encouraging us to look at disasters from a broader perspective and draw strength and wisdom from them.

THE PHILOSOPHY OF FREEDOM AND ITS LIMITS: UKRAINIAN EXPERIENCE OF DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENT

The purpose of this research is a philosophical reflection on the category of freedom in the context of Ukraine’s democratic development, with a focus on its limits in light of current political and social challenges, particularly war and crises. The study analyzes the historical stages of the concept of freedom in Ukraine, the legal and ethical constraints placed on it, and the existential dimension of responsibility tied to individual choice. The research methods include critical analysis of philosophical and political works, synthesis of approaches from different philosophical schools (particularly liberalism and existentialism), comparative analysis of freedom and responsibility concepts, and systematic analysis of the legal and ethical challenges facing modern Ukrainian society. The results of the study reveal that the concept of freedom in Ukraine has specific historical features, related to the ongoing struggle for national independence, and dynamically changes under the influence of external threats and internal political processes. It is determined that the limits of freedom are shaped not only by legal norms but also by ethical and societal factors that actively shape Ukrainian public discourse. Special attention is given to the existential dimension of freedom as responsibility, which manifests in complex moral choices in the context of war. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the combination of historical, legal, and existentialist approaches to understanding freedom in the context of Ukrainian democratic development, providing deeper insights into the relationship between freedom and responsibility during periods of social crises. The theoretical significance of the work lies in expanding the philosophical understanding of the category of freedom within the Ukrainian context, its interaction with legal and ethical norms, which is essential for further research in political philosophy and law.

Rak technologiczny w realnie zautomatyzowanym świecie

The article offers a combination of critical philosophical reflection with design science in the context of the implications of popularising generative AI systems. Challenging the validity of comparing AI to human intelligence, the text describes such consequences in reference to the “technological cancer” hypothesis stated by an astrophysicist, Aurélien Barrau, as well as drafts possible ways of fighting such a cancer. Keywords: artificial intelligence (AI), social crisis, environmental crisis, critical design, critical thinking

Epistemology and History of Science in the reflections of Evandro Agazzi

The merit of Evandro Agazzi’s epistemological reflection can be found in the following proposal: the history of science should be understood and studied as a meeting point between philosophical reflection and scientific research. Science and philosophy are thus closely united. In the words of Kant, science without philosophy is blind and philosophy without science is empty. Not only that: for Agazzi, the philosophy of science helps society as a whole to better understand the cultural (and human) value of science. Conversely, the history of science helps us to understand the perennially progressive nature of our knowledge. Why is this so? Because we can never disregard the intrinsic historicity of scientific knowledge.The historical approach to science also helps us to understand how scientific development always takes place within different choices. Conversely, epistemological reflection also helps historical research to better understand the development of our cognitive and technical heritage. On this basis, Agazzi worked - in collaboration with Ludovico Geymonat - to spread the institutional presence of the philosophy of science and the history of science (as well as mathematical logic) in universities, especially in Italy. Today, all of us are like dwarfs on the shoulders of giants, since we can better understand the connections between science and philosophy precisely because we can avail ourselves of Evandro Agazzi’s historical contributions.

Our Current Attitude towards Science Determines the Future of Our Planet

Abstract This article examines the intertwined relationship between modern scientific advancement and its potential to shape the future of Earth’s ecological and societal well-being. While scientific innovations have brought about unprecedented developments, they also present new challenges, particularly regarding sustainability and ecological balance. By tracing humanity’s historical relationship with nature and the rise of specialized sciences, the article reflects on the dual nature of technological progress. It calls for a balanced approach, one that prioritizes wisdom alongside knowledge to avoid irreversible harm to the planet. Through philosophical reflections, the article emphasizes the need for responsible innovation, urging researchers to consider the long-term consequences of their work for Earth’s future.

E. Boratynsky’s poem ‘The Stillborn’ [‘Nedonosok’] in the context of Slavic mythology

The article deals with E. Boratynsky’s poem about a spirit of a nonviable nedonosok, or stillborn, drifting between heaven and earth. Scholars have noted the poem’s affinity with works of Dante and Goethe, as well as Plato’s philosophy and the Old Testament. The present study considers the poem’s system of motifs and images in comparison with concepts found in folklore and mythology. The East Slavs believed premature or stillborn babies to be dangerous creatures. They emerged from the ‘other world’ and were ‘unclean.’ For that reason, an infant’s christening was a crucial means to humanize the baby. Unbaptized children (preterm or stillborn) were trapped in the air between heaven and earth. They were feared along with the rest of ‘unclean forces,’ e. g., spirits of sorcerers and sinners. Barred from entering heaven and restless, their existence was an agony that made others suffer as well. Boratynsky poetically interprets a popular superstition about a ‘wrongful’ or ‘bad’ death and its consequences for an infant who was forced out of this world unbaptized. These archaic topics and imagery, among others, inspired the poet’s religious and philosophical reflections.

Towards a systematic theology of the body

Between the two fundamental ways of experiencing one's body, as highlighted by philosophical reflection inspired by phenomenology, the needle of the theological compass points towards the pole of the lived body. Phenomenology has opened up, in contrast to dominant conceptions, the experience of corporeity as a new terrain of research.

Poverty and freedom: philosophical reflection on the future development of artificial intelligence

Poverty and freedom: philosophical reflection on the future development of artificial intelligence

Un ideologo sentimentale: Stendhal, Rousseau e la nascita dell’amore

This article aims to analyse Stendhal’s theory of love as formulated in Filosofia nova and De l’amour, with the objective of highlighting Henri Beyle’s complex attempt to reconcile two rival epistemological paradigms: the sensational-ideological tradition (particularly Condillac, Cabanis, and Destutt de Tracy) and the sentimental tradition (Rousseau). The cross-examination of the texts reveals how Stendhal’s philosophical reflection sought to refute a purely physical view of love—informed by the concept of ‘unproductive imagination’—and aimed for a middle ground between the ‘coldness of geometry’ and the ‘sentimental ardour’. Specifically, this article suggests the philosophical centrality of Rousseau’s theorization of a dynamic and subjective imagination, often overlooked in critical literature on Stendhal, which emphasizes the programmatic ‘scientific’ foundation of his theory of affectivity. ousseau, a kind of father-master towards whom Beyle always harbored a mixture of respect and resentment. The objective of this article is to demonstrate the constructive presence of Rousseau's thought—often reduced to a counter-model—in Stendhal's explanation of love. Such an operation allows for the simultaneous highlighting of the philosophical interest in Stendhal's writings, which lies not so much in the invention of new concepts but in the specific conceptual twist he manages to subject the heterogeneous philosophical notions that intertwine in the fabric of his thought.

Masculinity: Phallogocentrism and Performativity. A Philosophical Analysis Based on the Studies of Jacques Derrida, Judith Butler and Raewyn Connell to Counter Patriarchal Hegemony

Feminist considerations have induced a rethinking of many aspects of our contemporary world, such as the concept of gender and power relations. This has led to a re-examination of the entire previous tradition of thought, finding in phallogocentrism the paradigm of reference. This term indicates, starting with Derrida's considerations, the Western tendency to have centred not only the logos, but also the phallus, weaving an intricate relationship between masculinity and language. It's precisely this bond that makes man the archetype on which society is founded, placing his supremacy in the natural order, defining power relations and nailing pre-established categories. A being-nailed in the Lévinasian sense, thus an adherence between the agreement of voices and being, which produces 'category-beings' in which pre-delineated social identity is concealed in a condition of 'nature', such as the 'being-male'. It's precisely this naturalness, discursively produced, that has made man universal. Consequently, man has convinced himself that he can speak for all humanity, becoming the logos through which he declines the rest. Declinations that have produced rigid and hierarchical categories that precede and define each person, prescribing 'consonant' ways, rhetorically assumed as 'human nature'. The "nature" of being man or woman does not, in fact, concern monolithic essentialisms, but rather movements of intertwined meanings in a process that Derrida defines as différance. A process, therefore, in becoming, which has over time produced unequal power relations, justifying them as "natural", and which daily reiterates a hegemonic and sexist social model. The aim of this analysis, hence, will be to bring phallogocentric masculinity and consequent hegemonic structures into the field of philosophical reflection, with the purpose of redirecting praxis towards performative processes of characterisation the person, rather than a pre-delineated categorisation. Thus, to release being from socio-cultural categories, which historical-performative praxis nails to each body.

The Poet-Creator of Philosophy: To the Methodology of Research in Philosophical Thought by Rabindranath Tagore

The Indian poet and educator Rabindranath Tagore was the creator of an original philosophy that gives additional meaning to the picture of the history of Indian philosophy in the 20th century. He usually emphasized his identity as a poet and an artist, not considering himself a philosopher. However, Tagore embodies the phenomenon of a poet-thinker who comprehends universal philosophical problems and, in the process of philosophizing, offers his own vision of them. Moreover, he owns a number of texts of a religious-philosophical and socio-philosophical nature, in addition to the content of poetry and fiction. The philosophy created by the poet requires a comprehensive holistic study, which, in turn, raises the problem of research methodology. The article proposes the author's methodology for the reconstruction of Rabindranath Tagore's philosophy, based on an understanding of his personality, the contexts of thought and the hermeneutics of texts. The methodological model of philosophy reconstruction includes three levels. The first involves analyzing the personality of R. Tagore using the categories "cross-cultural thinker" and "problematic thinker". The second is a description of the contexts of his philosophizing: external general civilizational, internal epochal and internal biographical. The third is the hermeneutics of texts, taking into account the poetic component and the philosophical problems of speeches and fiction. The novelty of the described methodological model is due to the possibilities and prospects of reconstructing Tagore's philosophical thought and concepts. 1. Description of the phenomenon of a poet and writer creating a philosophy in which the experience of artistic creation generates a universal religious and social meaning and actualizes humanistic issues. 2. Presentation of the process of formation of cross-cultural philosophy of the XX century on the material of a particular thinker. 3. The analysis of the contexts of the unfolding of philosophy helps to trace the continuity of the thinker and his ideas with the Indian philosophical tradition in a broad sense and at the same time identify innovation, not least due to his dialogue with Western culture and modernity. 4. Seeing Tagore's philosophy as a kind of quintessence of the Bengali Renaissance heritage, it is not difficult to notice its significance and relevance for modernity. 5. Reconstruction along the proposed methodological path will open up not only direct, but also comparative prospects for studying Tagore's philosophical thought in comparison with the reflections of philosophers from different cultural areas, primarily peripheral to the West and non-Western ones.

The philosophy of religious studies

ABSTRACT This article introduces a thematic issue consisting of six articles that apply philosophical reflection to the study of religion, showcasing the potential of an emerging subdiscipline: the philosophy of religious studies. This article discusses the kinds of questions raised within this subdiscipline, addresses the disconnect between philosophy and the study of religion, and offers an opinionated overview of the six contributions to the issue. It ends by defending the employment of philosophical tools in the academic study of religion while maintaining an emphasis on the empirical nature of the field.

Между имперским и постимперским дискурсом: идеи империи и революции в оптике исследователей XXI века (Рец. на: Идея империи и идея революции в русской философии и культуре XIX–XX веков: коллективная монография / отв. ред. И.И. Евлампиев. СПб.: Изд-во РХГА, 2023. 420 с.)

The paper analyses the collective monograph: “The Idea of Empire and the Idea of Revolution in Russian Philosophy and Culture of the XIX–XX Centuries”, its content being a reflection on one of the most intellectually acute and complex contradictions of Russian history – the problem of empire and revolution. This problem invariably awakens philosophical thought, forcing it to search for an explanation of the notorious “pendulum of Russian history”, the genesis of power, the vector and track of Russian history, which are intellectual outgrowths of the fundamental problem – the problem of Russian civilizational and state identity. The content of the work is an analysis of empire and revolution – the main concepts that are in the focus of philosophical interest and reflection in Russian culture of the XIX–XX centuries. Its aim is to demonstrate the theoretical demand to continue the analysis and philosophical reflection of the concepts of empire and revolution, with the task of rethinking and reinterpreting them. The thesis is presented about the inexhaustibly traditional historical-philosophical narrative (liberalism-conservatism) and the discursively traditional nature of the range of topics, problems and questions, centred on the concepts of “empire” and “revolution”, with the same inexhaustibly traditional duality of interpretation (“us–them”, “East–West”). The result of the analysis of the sections that make up the content of the monograph is the conclusion about the epistemological and axiological value of the concepts of empire and revolution, and the heuristic productivity of the works related to their analysis in the context of the challenges faced by the Russian society and state. The latter can be used as analytical tools for works that develop and deepen the problems of empire and revolution on a modern historiographical basis. The historiographical basis of the article is the works of well-known Russian and foreign authors specializing in this field of humanities, and the methodological basis is hermeneutic analysis with the involvement of the discourse of cultural studies, political science and history.

Romantic Hermeneutic Schleiermacher and Relevance with Existence of Radio Broadcasting

Hermeneutics is defined as the process of interpreting a text. One of hermeneutics school is romantic hermeneutics. Romantic hermeneutics have inquiry to recapturing the truth from the text, which was intended for the writing purpose of the artist. To achieve a genuine, definitive comprehension of a text, it is necessary to provide a psychological interpretation that is a projection into the creative process and the author's subjectivity, thereby bringing the grammatical interpretation of the text closer to a meanings framework based on selected words. The current investigation will concentrate on the romantic hermeneutic and its correlation with the existence of radio. This research is a philosophical reflection approach to library research. The result is in the context of listen radio, the listener interprets a spoken word that is generated by a broadcaster, which is characterized by grammatical arrangement, linguistics, and principles. In the process of intrepretation, the text presented by the broadcaster was interpreted by the listener in the social and cultural context.

KARAKTERISTIK POKOK FILSAFAT DALAM NOVEL PANGANTÉN KARYA DEDEN ABDUL AZIZ

This research aims to explain the philosophical study and key characteristics of philosophy in the novel Pangantén by Deden Abdul Aziz. A descriptive qualitative approach was used to analyze data from novel excerpts that reflect philosophical inquiry. Data were collected through the process of reading, noting, and marking relevant quotes. The results of the research show 63 pieces of philosophical data and 5 key characteristics of philosophy. Among them, 13 data points depict radical thinking, focusing on fundamental questions about human life and existence. A total of 20 data points relate to the search for basic principles or foundations, reflecting a contemplation of values that guide human behavior. Additionally, 8 data points reflect the pursuit of truth, another 8 depict efforts to achieve conceptual clarity, and 14 data points describe rational thinking, emphasizing logic and reasoning in decision-making. These results indicate that the novel Pangantén not only presents a narrative but also conveys deep philosophical reflections. These elements position the novel as a medium for illustrating philosophical ideas about existence, principles, truth, clarity, and rationality in everyday life.

FEATURES OF TEACHING THE DISCIPLINE «PHILOSOPHICAL PROPAEDEUTICS» TO FUTURE MASTERS OF PHILOSOPHY

Аrticle emphasize philosophy as a special type of worldview arose as a response to the eternal need for man to expand the worldview, which is developing historically. Inherent inquisitiveness of people gradually grows into an intellectual need for limitless expansion and deepening of knowledge about the world, the human intellect tries to grasp the world with its mind in such angles that cannot be given by any experience, the intellect seeks to gain knowledge about the world as a holistic reality that a person must constantly take into account in forming programs of their behavior in society. The discipline «Philosophical propaedeutics» at the V. G. Korolenkо Poltava National Pedagogical University is taught to students of the second (master’s) level of higher education, specialty 033 Philosophy. The purpose of teaching the educational discipline «Philosophical propaedeutics» is to master the philosophical categorical toolkit, get acquainted with concepts and approaches, the specifics of the subject of philosophy, and the main philosophical problems. In the process of mastering the course «Philosophical propaedeutics», students must understand what is the specificity of philosophy, master its problematic field, understand the specifics of the philosophical knowledge of the world, understand the main categories, concepts and terms, on the one hand, and the principles and methods of knowledge, on the other hand. The course is also aimed at developing the skills of critical reading of propaedeutic philosophical literature, working with dictionaries, encyclopedias and other scientific literature, philosophical reflection and primary reasoning skills. The educational and professional program for the specialty «Philosophy» of the second (master’s) level of training defines a list of specific general and special competencies, as well as predicted learning outcomes that students must achieve as a result of studying this discipline. During the study of the course, the attention of applicants is drawn to the fact that philosophical propaedeutics is a preliminary cycle of lectures that acquaints young students (readers) with the peculiarities of philosophy as an educational discipline; It provides preparation for creative assimilation of the topics of the philosophy course and for independent study of philosophy. The task of philosophical propaedeutics is to prepare students (students, readers) for the transition from the level of their everyday worldview to the level of a theoretical worldview, from a chaotic worldview to a conscious worldview, from a worldview based on faith to a worldview based on evidence, which relies on reason.

“The Shifting Light of History”: Addressing Philosophy of Memory in Julian Barnes’s <i>Elizabeth Finch</i>

This article discusses the narrative construction of various philosophical reflections on cultural memory in Julian Barnes’s novel <i>Elisabeth Finch</i>. It addresses the dichotomy between recollection and oblivion, presenting a memory process as a the “problem of forgotten evidence”, thoroughly discussed in today’s Cultural and Memory Studies. While contemporary scholars and philosophers aim at reflecting on the role of memory in metaphysics and epistemology, mainly relating the process of recollection either to personal identity, or the experience of time, space and epistemic rationale, the dimension of collective memory, and its foregrounding role in everyone’s self-perceptiveness, receives a considerably reduced critical attention. The literary analysis of <i>Elizabeth Finch</i> seeks to problematize this divisive understanding of functions of memory, proposing instead to consider the semantic complementarity of various processes of recollection/forgetting, connecting the narrative representation of events that one has personally experienced and the officially stated collective renderings of factual memory. It resists considering personal remembering and collective forgetting as ostensibly competing rationales, proposing to delve deeper into a tightly crafted relationship between the perception of one’s identity in time and epistemological framework of collective experience mostly focused on the officially stated dimension of memory. Revisiting discourses on religion associated with the narrative construction of borderlands in Julian Barnes’s <i>Elizabeth Finch</i>, this article contributes to reconsider collective memory and counter-memory not as mutually exclusive, but as synthetized and put into productive motion narrative dimensions. The intertextual articulation of discourses on religion fosters new theoretical perspectives for rethinking counter-memory not only as a mode of recovering silenced and contested versions of the European history, but also as a means of providing multidimensional and transcultural interpretation of the collective past. Perceived as a form of discursive resistance to any kind of political and social dominance, the narrative construction of “forgotten evidence” elucidates the complex post-dialectical relationship between official collective memory and marginalized counter-memory.

Совесть и историческая память в контексте российской культуры

Introduction. The work is aimed at revealing the dialectical relationship between the sense of conscience and historical memory, the conditionality of both by the dominant ideals of culture. Theoretical analysis. Using a psychoanalytic approach and the method of critical philosophical reflection, the author focuses on the conditionality of the cognition of history, and at the same time historical memory, by the restrictive framework of conscience, set by the specific orientation of an individual to the ideals of culture. Empirical analysis. The consequences of the predominant emphasis in the media and educational environment on the negative aspects of the Soviet stage of history, which was one of the main reasons for the moral and spiritual disorientation of the inhabitants of the post-Soviet space, are analyzed. This disorientation, right up to moral degradation to Nazi ideals, with the corresponding framework of shame and conscience, manifested itself most clearly in modern Ukraine. Conclusion. The selectivity of this knowledge of history, and, consequently, this memory of the past, depends on the characteristics of the manifestations of a sense of conscience, coupled with the requirements of moral ideals that guide a person in his actions and thoughts. For the successful development of Russia, it is necessary to enrich the historical memory with positive, significant events of the past, building a line of continuity of ideals that orient towards social justice, past and present.

Ethical Observations on Cyborg Technology: Challenges and Reflections in Technological Post-Humanism

The article introduces the concept and value of cyborgs against the backdrop of the technological revolution and offers a humanistic reflection on them, ingesting ethical issues regarding social justice and privacy discussions, as well as philosophical reflections on cyborgs in the context of technologized environments, with profound theoretical and practical implications.