Refined Sunflower Oil Research Articles

Effects of Dietary Fat on Mammary Gland Pyroglutamyl Aminopeptidase on Experimental Breast Cancer

Aim: To analyze the relationship between dietary fat and breast cancer mediated by the local functions of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), analyzed by its regulating peptidase. The presence of GnRH and its receptors has been demonstrated in tumor tissue of the breast, although the functions of this peptide remain unclear. Pyroglutamyl aminopeptidase (PAP) is the enzyme involved in the local regulation of GnRH, and changes in its soluble and membrane-bound activities have been described in both women with breast cancer and animals with mammary tumors induced by N-methyl nitrosourea (NMU). Methods: We analyze here the effects of different normolipidic (4%) dietary fats (soybean oil (commercial), extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), refined sunflower oil (SO) and refined sunflower oil enriched with 50% oleic acid (OAESO)) on soluble and membrane-bound PAP specific activities in breast tissue of rats with mammary tumors induced by N-methyl-nitrosourea (NMU) administration. Results: We found that animals with breast cancer showed higher levels of soluble PAP than control healthy animals, but in a different degree depending on the type of dietary fat. On the contrary, membrane-bound mammary PAP specific activity was modified only in animals fed on EVOO. Conclusion: Dietary fat is involved in the regulation of GnRH functions mediated by PAP at mammary tumor tissue in different degree depending on its localization and the type of fat administrated.

Cost analysis of enzymatic biodiesel production in small-scaled packed-bed reactors

A cost analysis of enzymatic biodiesel production in small-scaled packed-bed reactors using refined sunflower oil is performed in this work. A few enzymatic micro-flow reactors have so far reached a performance close to gram-scale, which might be sufficient for the pharmaceutical industry. This study, motivated by the availability of new immobilization materials and techniques, wants to go one step further and explore the application of enzymatic micro-flow reactors to the biofuel market, which is much larger in volume. However, there are certain hurdles which need to be overcome to ensure commercialization of this process; this requires a simultaneous multi-innovation approach, which has been reviewed in the introduction. A detailed analysis of the two main hurdles – lipase production & immobilization, and severe mass transfer limitations – along with the state-of-the-art, and forecasted innovations, has also been provided.The basic input data for the cost evaluation was taken from performance data of enzymatic micro-flow reactors published in literature, and certain assumptions (based on this data). The costs of enzymatic biodiesel production are also benchmarked against those of a real biodiesel production plant. It is found that a major cost for the scaled-up flow case is the enzyme cost. This is intrinsic to the approach adopted here; it adds process intensification value (here towards new resources: waste oils), and has to be accepted. Yet, an even bigger cost issue is the support material itself. The current costs of the commercial available Eupergit CM polymeric resin may allow its use in pharmaceutical manufacturing, but are prohibitively high for large-volume biodiesel production. The use of a similarly-functional polymer, which is simple to manufacture and lower in costs, is strongly advised, and we have chosen the SEPABEADS EC-EP/M carrier for this. An optimistic scenario is proposed with the following assumptions: use of the cheap SEPABEADS EC-EP/M carrier, utilization of refined sunflower oil as raw material, improved immobilization efficiency in regard to higher activity retention and enzyme loading, and increase in number of reuse of immobilized lipase. Following this, a production scenario for the enzyme-based biodiesel processing using refined sunflower oil at 10,000 t/a capacity can be made using 32 parallel reactors with 10 cm diameter and 100 cm length.

GEF India Private Limited: January 2011: Defining the Market Research Problem

The year 2010 was coming to a close, and Kapil, Marketing Manager of GEF India Private Limited (GEF), was thinking about the future. He had drafted a brief (see Exhibit 1) on conducting market research to assess the health of the brand Freedom Refined Sunflower Oil, which GEF had launched in the southern Indian state of Andhra Pradesh (AP) in February of that year.1 Kapil was very happy to note that the brand had achieved good sales, in fact, significantly higher sales than the target set for the launch. This had been achieved thanks to a well-thought-out launch plan that had included considerably more above the line (ATL) marketing expenditure than any of the competing brands in the market. He was interested in finding out whether and where exactly the brand had taken root in the minds of consumers. Another important purpose of the proposed market research was to assess the effectiveness of the launch plan. Above all, he felt it would provide valuable insights when he set out to prepare a marketing plan for the coming year.

GEF India Private Limited: 2010 Launching a New Brand of Edible Oil

In March 2010, Mr. Chandra Shekhara Reddy, Vice President, Sales and Marketing, was reviewing the launch plan for the first brand of cooking oil, Freedom Refined Sunflower Oil, of GEF. GEF was set up by a professional turned entrepreneur, in Andhra Pradesh in 2009. The case provides a brief profile of the entrepreneur and the overall business strategy including brand architecture. It describes the launch plan, particularly the key decisions of brand name, packaging, sales promotion and distribution. Data on household use and competing brands of oils in Andhra Pradesh, South India and entire India is also included.

Effect of Purification on the Antioxidant Activity of Ajowan Extract in Refined Sunflower Oil

Effect of Purification on the Antioxidant Activity of Ajowan Extract in Refined Sunflower Oil Essential fatty acids (EFAs) are integral part of regular diet owing to their vital role to perform normal physiological functions. Unfortunately, they have the tendency to undergo autoxidation decreasing the nutritive value and producing off-flavours during storage. Antioxidants are necessary to be added to the foods containing EFAs. Considering the consumers’ demand to utilize natural ingredients, the research has been now fostered on natural antioxidants. These natural antioxidants can be the most trusted substitutes to unsafe synthetic antioxidants. Moreover, with the medicinal properties of the natural antioxidants, the consumers can avail the benefits of them as therapeutic agents. In our study, we have used ajowan as a source of natural antioxidant to stabilize EFAs in sunflower oil. The extraction of ajowan seeds was carried out by ethanol. The crude extract was purified to isolate thymol rich fraction using column chromatography. The crude ajowan extract was found to be more effective as an antioxidant than the purified extract, i.e., thymol rich fraction. Thus, the other constituents present in the extract besides main constituent (i.e., thymol) have remarkable influence on the antioxidant activity of the main constituent.

Blending of vegetable oils and chemical modification by epoxidation followed by oxirane ring-opening reaction

In this paper, vegetable oil as refined soybean oil, refined sunflower oil and their blends of different proportions have been investigated. The physicochemical properties such as viscosity, acidity value, iodine value and saponification value have been reported. From the result, the blend of vegetable oils with volume ratio at 20:80 has higher viscosity index than individual vegetable oil, as well as suitable acidity and saponification value. However, iodification of this blend is relatively high, indicating that this blend has a low oxidation stability. Hence, this mixture has been continually exposed to epoxidation reaction with the purpose of removing the presence of double bond C=C followed by oxirane-ring open reaction. The results indicate that temperature, time of reaction, molar ratio H2O2/C=C influence significantly on iodine value of obtained blend. The following conditions in epoxidation step: CH3COOH/C=C 1:1; time of reation 7h, temperature of reaction 60oC, stirring speed 500 rpm and H2O2/C=C 3:1 can reduce effectively iodine value, from 129.6 to 6.9. In the oxirane-ring open reaction, n-butanol is used as reagent and the final product has higher viscosity compared to epoxidized blend.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЫ НА ЭЛАСТОМЕРНЫЕ ЦЕПОЧКИ И NITI ПРУЖИНЫ

It is well known that elastomers exhibit viscoelasticity and as such have their mechanical properties modified by temperature. Nickel titanium archwires are also affected by temperature and have been modified with specific temperature related properties for clinical use. What is less well known is the effect that other environmental factors, such as food, might have on the force delivery properties of both elastomeric materials and nickel titanium coil springs used for space closure. The aim of this work was to determine the effect three common environmental factors coca cola, refined sunflower oil, and pasteurized milk have on elastomeric chain and nickel titanium coil springs. In addition, it was decided to re-examine the effect of temperature at 22 C, 36,6 C, and 55 C on both these space closing materials. Degradation force measurements were made at the following intervals: 0, 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The results indicated that elastomeric chains were affected by all the test food liquids while nickel titanium springs were more affected by low temperature.

Investigation of the oxidative stability of cold pressed sunflower oil of high-oleic type subjected to elevated temperature

In this paper the oxidative stability of cold pressed sunflower oil of high-oleic type was investigated, using Schaal?Oven test at elevated temperature (63?2?C). At the same time samples of linoleic type oils, cold pressed and refined, were tested. The extent of oxidative changes was analyzed regarding the content of primary and secondary oxidation products during the period of 14 days. To especially expressed increase in oxidative values, with very high values of the coefficient of determination occurred in samples of linoleic type of oils, cold pressed and refined, whereas these changes were much less observed in the sample of cold pressed sunflower oil of high-oleic type (R2 ? 0.99). The cold pressed oils of high-oleic and linoleic type, as well of refined sunflower oil of linoleic type were measured and the content of conjugated dienes and conjugated trienes. In the period of 14 days, the lowest increase in oxidative value and the lowest degree of conjugation into the conjugated diene and triene were determined in cold pressed sunflower oil of high-oleic type, indicating a significantly better oxidative stability of this type of oil compared to linoleic types.

Elucidation of Thermally Induced Changes in Key Odorants of White Mustard Seeds (Sinapis alba L.) and Rapeseeds (Brassica napus L.) Using Molecular Sensory Science.

Heat-processing of Brassica seeds led to the formation of a characteristic pleasant popcorn-like and coffee-like aroma impression compared to the mainly pea-like aroma of the corresponding raw seeds. To analyze this phenomenon on a molecular basis, raw and roasted white mustard seeds and rapeseeds were analyzed using the sensomics approach. Application of comparative aroma extract dilution analysis (cAEDA) and identification experiments to raw and roasted (140 °C, 30 min) mustard seeds revealed 36 odorants (all identified for the first time) and 47 odorants (41 newly identified), respectively. Twenty-seven odorants in raw and 43 odorants in roasted (140 °C, 60 min) rapeseeds were found, which were all described for the first time. Among the set of volatiles, 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine (earthy, pea-like) and 4-ethenyl-2-methoxyphenol (clove-like, smoky) showed high FD factors in both raw seeds. 4-Hydroxy-2,5-dimethylfuran-3(2H)-one (caramel-like), 2,3-diethyl-5-methylpyrazine (earthy), dimethyl trisulfide (cabbage-like), and 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (popcorn-like) were present at high flavor dilution (FD) factors in both roasted Brassica seeds. Odorants, differing in cAEDA or showing high FD factors in at least one of the seeds, were quantitated by stable isotope dilution analysis (SIDA), followed by the calculation of odor activity values (OAVs) using odor thresholds determined in refined sunflower oil. Eighteen aroma compounds in raw and 28 in roasted mustard seeds as well as 14 in raw and 25 in roasted rapeseeds revealed OAVs ≥1. All four aroma recombinates, prepared by mixing the odorants showing OAVs ≥1 in their naturally occurring concentrations, showed a very good similarity with the original seeds and, thus, proved the successful characterization of the respective key odorants.

A study on cooking oil consumption on various health markers in rural population of Coimbatore, India

Background: Refined sunflower oil is the commonly used cooking oil in Indian market. Even though many claims have been put forth regarding its health benefits, an equal number of studies refutes this claim. Aim: To analyze the health parameters between Sunflower oil users and other traditional cooking oil users. Methods: 474 patients attending Karpagam Faculty of medical sciences and research hospital were enrolled for the study. History, Examination done and liver enzymes like Alanine transaminase, Aspartate transferase and alkaline phosphatase were done. Results were analyzed using one way Anova. Results: The Body mass index (BMI) and ALT levels of sunflower oil users were significantly higher when compared to that of other oil users Conclusion: We found that sunflower oil users have a significant increase in their BMI and ALT levels when compared with that of other traditional oil users Keywords: refined sunflower oil, animal fat, BMI, rural Coimbatore

The research and analysis of the chocolate nut butter with polyfunctional properties

The usefulness of the protein and fat composition consisting of whey and blended mixture of vegetable oils in the production technology of chocolate nut butter with a sweet extract from stevia leaves is theoretically proved and verified under production conditions. The composition of the fatty base of the product comprising a mixture of refined sunflower oil and palm oil is developed. The paper examines the polyfunctionality of the chocolate nut butter on the human body, which is due to a high content of whey protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids of vegetable oils and complete replacement of sugar with the sweet extract from stevia leaves. The study of organoleptic characteristics and the chromatographic quantitative assessment of fatty acid and amino acid composition of the final product revealed that the resulting composition has a high nutritional and biological value. Adding the blended fat composition favorably affects the structure and fatty acid composition of the butter, allowing to obtain a product of a given structure and properties.

Utilization of sunflower acid oil for synthesis of alkyd resin

Abstract Sunflower acid oil, a by-product of sunflower oil refining is an important source of free fatty acids with minor amounts of glycerides and sterols. Sunflower acid oil was utilized to synthesize alkyd resin by alcoholysis-polyesterification method due to its availability and low cost. Three different alkyd resins have been synthesized from sunflower acid oil by using different ratios of phthalic and maleic anhydride. The various physico-chemical properties of sunflower acid oil like acid value, saponification value, iodine value, volatile matter, etc. and fatty acid composition was determined. In this study, physico-chemical properties of alkyd resins like acid value, viscosity, saponification value, volatile matter, etc. were measured and compared with refined sunflower oil based alkyd resins as well as commercial alkyd resin. The structural characterization of the resins was carried out using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopic techniques. The drying properties of the alkyd resins had been significantly improved with the increase of maleic anhydride content in the resin. The film coating performance of the alkyd resins was characterized by drying time, pencil hardness test, cross-cut adhesion test, gloss measurement and chemical resistance test. It can be concluded that the sunflower acid oil can find potential application as a raw material in surface coating purposes.

Vegetable and Mineral Used Oils as Cutting Fluids: Effect on Surface Roughness of Aluminum Alloy

The use of cutting fluids in mechanical machining operation is important to make cutting easy, produce low surface roughness, increase the rate of productivity, and alleviate the negative effect on work environment and operators. In this project the effect of using different cutting fluids on the surface roughness of aluminum alloy (T6-6061) was studied. The experiment involved the use of constant cutting parameters (cutting speed of 860 rpm, depth of cut at 1.5 mm, and feed rate of 0.12 mm/rev). Three local cutting fluids: mineral used oil, kerosene, and natural used oil (refined sunflower oil) mixed with water at different ratios (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%) were used to study their effect on the surface roughness compared to a common lubricate oil used in the cooling process. Results revealed that mineral used oil gave the lowest (best) roughness coefficient at 5% water ratio followed by lubricate oil. Kerosene and natural oil had the highest roughness coefficients. Mineral oil could be recommended for use with local cutting machines reducing the huge amounts of waste oil produced in the country.

Синтезфитогормонов продуцентом поверхностно-активньїхвеществ Nocardiavaccinii ІМВ В-7405

To study the synthesis of phytohormones (auxins, cytokinins, abscisic acid) under cultivation of Nocardia vaccinii IMV B-7405 (surfactants producer) in media containing different carbon sources (glycerol, refined sunflower oil, as well as waste oil after frying potatoes and meat). Phytohormones were extracted from supernatants of culture liquid (before or after surfactant separation) by ethylacetate (auxins, abscisic acid) and n-butanol (cytokinins), concentrated and purified by thin-layer chromatography, then quantitative determination was performed using a scanning Sorbfil spectrodensitometer. While growing in medium with refined oil IMV B-7405 strain synthesized 1.8 ± 0.09 g/l extracellular surfactant, also maximum amount of auxins (245-770 µ/l) and cytokinins (134-348 µl). Cultivation of N. vaccini LMV B-7405 on waste oil was accompanied by decreasing amount of phytohormones to 23-84 µ/l (auxins) and 16-90 µ/l (cytokinins) and increasing surfactant concentration to 2.3-2.6 g/l. The level of abscisic acid synthesis was practically not dependent on the nature of growth substrate, was substantially lower than that of auxins and cytokinins and ranged from 2 to 12 µ/l. Obtained data demonstrate the possibility of using oil-containing industrial waste for the simultaneous synthesis of both surfactants and phytohormones, and indicate the need for studies of the effect of producer cultivation conditions on the biological properties of the target products of microbial synthesis.

Asymmetric price volatility transmission between food and energy markets: The case of Spain

AbstractThe proportion of agricultural production that is being transformed into biofuels has been growing worldwide over the last decade. This has spurred the food versus fuel debate. This article aims at shedding light on this issue by studying price volatility relationships between food and biofuel prices in Spain. We use an asymmetric MGARCH model to evaluate volatility spillovers between the Spanish biodiesel blend and refined sunflower oil prices. Empirical results confirm that there are bidirectional and asymmetric volatility spillovers between these two prices.

Emission and Performance analysis of hydrotreated refined sunflower oil as alternate fuel

The experiments were conducted by using the hydrotreated refined sunflower oil as alternative fuel in a 4-stroke, stationary DI diesel engine at a constant speed of 1500rpm. The effects of hydrotreated vegetable oil blends on diesel engine emission and performance were studied. The emission and performance were studied for different proportions such as HTSF B25 and HTSF B100 and at different loading conditions and comparison was made with petrodiesel. The emission and performance results of HTSF B25 and HTSF B100 showed that decrease in CO by 9% and 37%, HC by 42% and 55%, NOx by 10% and 18.18%, BSFC by 25% and 12.5%. The increase in brake thermal efficiency was by 10% and 38%. It was observed from the study that hydrotreatment of refined sunflower oil could be one of the best alternative fuels for the diesel engine.

Influence of metal ions and phospholipids on electrical properties: A case study on pumpkin seed oil

Dielectric spectroscopy at low frequencies was applied to analyze vegetable oils, in particular roasted pumpkin seed oils (RPO). Large differences were observed for electrical conductivity not previously applied as a tool in the analysis of crude vegetable oils. RPO have two orders of magnitude higher conductivity than refined sunflower oils and extra virgin olive oils. Differences in dielectric constant were small and influenced by fatty acid composition and presence of minor components. The conductivity of pumpkin seed oils is highly correlated to phospholipid and metal contents. Phospholipids, magnesium, potassium and sodium are present at mmol/kg concentrations as determined by ICP-MS. We have shown that measurement of electrical conductivity can be used as a cost efficient method to detect adulteration of RPO with refined oils, even for those with similar fatty acid composition. Low background conductivity of triacylglycerols allows that even trace amounts of metals and phospholipids are detected in vegetable oils.

New UHPLC–QqQ-MS/MS method for quantitative and qualitative determination of free phytoprostanes in foodstuffs of commercial olive and sunflower oils

In this work, we propose a new quick and accurate analytical method by UHPLC–QqQ-MS/MS which is able to identify free phytoprostanes in olive and refined sunflower oils. The recovery provided high extraction efficiencies ranging from 102.90% to 140.64% using Strata-XAW cartridge. The intra-day and inter-day variations for all target compounds ranged from 2.24% to 13.64% and 0.01% to 13.69%, respectively, and the accuracies for these parameters varied from 80.33% to 119.64% and from 80.34% to 119.90%, respectively. Results obtained reflect that refined sunflower presented more series of phytoprostanes and a 20 and 8-fold higher quantity than two types of olive oil: Extra virgin olive oil and olive oil, (containing half virgin extra olive oil and half refined olive oil). The manufacture process could be the key for the different phytoprostane production since most of the plant oils are subjected to a refining treatment.

Degradation of selected nutrients in sunflower oils during long-term storage

We investigated the influence of long-term storage (10 months) at an average ambient temperature of 25°C on oxidative stability of sunflower oils (made in Slovakia, Czech Republic, Austria, and Hungary) and their nutrients. Chemical properties were determined and changes in oxidative stability monitored. Oil samples were collected and analysed for the content of tocopherols and β-carotene. Degradation of nutrients depends on chemical composition of oils and storage conditions. It was found that the concentration of both antioxidants decreased in all the samples with the increase in storage time. According to the results, losses of total tocopherols and β-carotene in refined sunflower oils stored in transparent 5-l PET bottles and exposed to daylight at ambient temperature were found to be 52–64% and 63–65%, respectively. The country of origin had no statistically significant impact on the oxidative stability of stored sunflower oils.  

Normolipidic dietary fat modifies circulating Renin-Angiotensin system-regulating aminopeptidase activities in rat with breast cancer.

Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been considered not only as a regulator of systemic volume and electrolyte balance but also has been recently involved in various pathological processes such as cancer. In the etiology of breast cancer, dietary factors have been analyzed and especially the influence of dietary fat has been studied, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we analyzed RAS-regulating enzymes in serum of rats with N-methyl nitrosourea (NMU)-induced breast cancer fed with different diets. Four groups of rats were injected intraperitoneally with 3 doses of 50 mg/kg body weight of NMU at different days after birth and were fed with an AIN-93 commercial diet or AIN-93 diets with 4% fat constituted respectively by extra virgin olive oil, refined sunflower oil, and refined sunflower oil enriched to 50% with oleic acid. After sacrifice, blood and tumor samples were collected by spectrophotometric determinations of RAS-regulating enzymes in plasma and histopathology studies. We show that the type of dietary fat does not influence latency period, incidence of animals with tumors, incidence of mortality, or tumor yield per rat. However, changes were observed in tumor volume and the histopathology. The type of dietary fat also differently modified the enzymes involved in RAS regulation. It might suggest that one of the mechanisms by which dietary fat affects breast cancer is the modification of the RAS system, which may be consider as a new target for integrative therapies.