Refined Canola Oil Research Articles

Mutual Solubility for Systems Composed of Vegetable Oil + Ethanol + Water at Different Temperatures

This study presents liquid−liquid equilibrium data for systems of interest in biodiesel production and the refining of edible oils by liquid−liquid extraction. These systems are composed of vegetable oils + anhydrous ethanol + water, at temperatures ranging from (298.15 to 333.15) K. The following vegetable oils were investigated: refined canola oil, refined corn oil, semiprocessed Jatropha curcas oil, and semiprocessed macauba (Acrocomia aculeata) pulp oil. According to the results, the enhancement of temperature within the study ranges increased oil−solvent miscibility in both phases. The liquid−liquid equilibrium experimental data were correlated using the non-random two liquid (NRTL) model. For all of these systems, the global deviations between calculated and experimental data were lower than 0.7 %, showing the good descriptive quality and applicability of the NRTL model in liquid−liquid analysis and computational simulation processes.

Liquid−Liquid Equilibrium Data for Systems Containing Vegetable Oils, Anhydrous Ethanol, and Hexane at (313.15, 318.15, and 328.15) K

The aim of this work was to determine liquid−liquid equilibrium data for systems of interest in ethyl ester (biodiesel) production. The following systems were investigated: refined soybean oil + anhydrous ethanol + hexane at (313.15 ± 0.1) K and (328.25 ± 0.1) K, refined canola oil + anhydrous ethanol + hexane at (313.25 ± 0.1) K and (328.15 ± 0.1) K, and refined palm oil + anhydrous ethanol + hexane at (318.15 ± 0.1) K and (328.25 ± 0.1) K. The instrumental technique of near-infrared spectroscopy allied to multivariate calibration (in this work, this union was denominated “NIR method”) was used for quantification of the phase compositions. The NIR method presented an appropriate experimental accuracy for quantifying equilibrium data at higher temperatures. Good reliability of the phase compositions was confirmed from values of global mass balance deviations ranging from (0.06 to 0.16) %. The experimental data were correlated using the NRTL model with an average global deviation of 0.83 %.

Enzymatic production of biodiesel from canola oil using immobilized lipase

Abstract In the present work, a novel method for immobilization of lipase within hydrophilic polyurethane foams using polyglutaraldehyde was developed for the immobilization of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase to produce biodiesel with canola oil and methanol. The enzyme optimum conditions were not affected by immobilization and the optimum pH for free and immobilized enzyme were 6, resulting in 80% immobilization yield. Using the immobilized lipase T. lanuginosus, the effects of enzyme loading, oil/alcohol molar ratio, water concentration, and temperature in the transesterification reaction were investigated. The optimal conditions for processing 20 g of refined canola oil were: 430 μg lipase, 1:6 oil/methanol molar ratio, 0.1 g water and 40 °C for the reactions with methanol. Maximum methyl esters yield was 90% of which enzymatic activity remained after 10 batches, when tert-butanol was adopted to remove by-product glycerol during repeated use of the lipase. The immobilized lipase proved to be stable and lost little activity when was subjected to repeated uses.

Effects of dietary canola oil level on growth, fatty acid composition and osmoregulatory ability of juvenile fall chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

This study assessed refined canola oil (CO) as a supplemental dietary lipid source for juvenile fall chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, parr with respect to possible effects on their growth and osmoregulatory performance and body composition. Diets with equal protein (∼ 57%) and lipid (∼ 19%) content (dry weight basis) were supplemented with lipid from either anchovy oil (AO) or CO with AO so that CO comprised 0 (0CO), 11% (11CO), 22% (22CO), 33% (33CO), 43% (43CO) or 54% (54CO) of the dietary lipid content. Triplicate groups of juvenile chinook salmon were fed their prescribed diets for 104 days in freshwater (FW) and 31 days in seawater (SW) after a 4-day transition period. Dietary fatty acid compositions reflected the different proportions of AO and CO in the supplemental lipid. Diet treatment had no effect on fish growth, feed intake, feed efficiency, protein utilization, fish mortality or terminal whole body water and ash percentages. Whole body lipid percentages were higher in 11CO and 43CO fish than in 33CO fish and in 11CO fish versus 22CO fish. Whole body protein percentages were highest in 33CO, 43CO and 54CO fish and lowest in 0CO and 22CO fish. Terminal whole body fatty acid compositions were influenced strongly by the dietary fatty acid compositions. Haematocrit and muscle water percentages were not affected consistently and plasma Na + and Cl − concentrations were unaffected by diet treatment in FW or 24-h seawater challenges during FW residency. Also, diet treatment had no effect on the physiological parameters after SW residency. We conclude that dietary treatment had no effect on fish growth performance under our experimental conditions. Also, the dietary inclusion of CO neither facilitated nor impaired the transfer of chinook salmon parr to seawater. Thus, CO was found to be an excellent and cost-effective source of supplemental dietary lipid for culture of juvenile fall chinook salmon during freshwater residency.

Effects of dietary canola oil level on growth performance, fatty acid composition and ionoregulatory development of spring chinook salmon parr, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

This study assessed the potential of refined canola oil (CO) as a source of supplemental dietary lipid for pre-smolt spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) over a period of 30 weeks. Triplicate groups of 320 fry (∼0.80 g), reared in flow-through well water (8–11.5 °C), were fed one of four steam-pelleted dry diets with equivalent gross energy (24.3 MJ/kg), protein (∼51.3%) and lipid (∼21.6%) content on a dry-weight basis. CO furnished either 0%, 33%, 67%, or 100% of the supplemental dietary lipid, with the remainder from a commercial blend of 1:1 anchovy oil and poultry fat (APF). Thus, CO comprised either 0% (dAPF), 25% (CO25), 49% (CO49), or 72% (CO72) of total dietary lipid content. Overall fish growth rate, feed intake, feed efficiency, protein utilization, percent survival, and terminal whole body proximate constituents were unaffected by diet treatment. Dietary lipid compositions reflected the ratios of CO and APF in the supplemental lipid and their respective fatty acid compositions. Whole body fatty acid compositions mirrored those of diet treatments. However, some essential fatty acids, namely, arachidonic acid (20:4n-6; AA), and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3; DHA) were conserved in fish regardless of dietary CO level. Direct relationships were found between dietary and whole body concentrations of: 18:2n-6 (R2=0.94; slope=0.72), 18:3n-3 (R2=0.99; slope=0.58), 20:4n-6 (R2=0.84; slope=0.42), 20:5n-3 (R2=0.99; slope=0.43) and 22:6n-3 (R2=0.82; slope=1.25). High dietary levels of 18:3n-3, 18:2n-6, and 20:5n-3 may have been utilized for energy or converted to more unsaturated derivatives. Overall development of ionoregulatory ability, as assessed by 24-h seawater challenge tests, was unaffected by diet. However, whole body chloride content was generally inversely related to dietary CO level during early development. Our findings suggest that there is excellent potential for long-term replacement of fish oil with canola oil in the diet of pre-smolt spring chinook salmon, provided that some marine oil is present to ensure that the essential fatty acid needs of the fish are met.

Effect of dietary canola oil level on the growth performance and fatty acid composition of juvenile red sea bream, Pagrus major

This study was undertaken to evaluate the suitability of using refined canola oil as a source of supplemental dietary lipid for juvenile red sea bream ( Pagrus major). Triplicate groups of 25 red sea bream fingerlings held under identical culture conditions (25 °C, aerated, re-circulated artificial seawater, 30 g/L; 12-h light/12-h dark photoperiod) were fed three times daily to satiation one of four diets with equivalent protein (∼ 46%), energy (∼ 21.9 MJ/kg) and lipid (∼ 15%) content on a dry weight basis for 12 weeks. The diets were identical in composition except refined canola oil (CO) replaced either 0%, 33%, 67%, or 100% of the supplemental dietary lipid content with the remainder originating from pollock liver oil (FO). Thus CO comprised either 0% (diet FO), 25% (CO25), 48% (CO48), or 70% (CO70) of total dietary lipid content. Fish weight gain, specific growth rate, feed intake, feed efficiency, protein and gross energy utilization, and percent survival were not affected by diet treatment. Except for percent moisture which was depressed in CO48 and CO70-fed fish, concentrations of terminal whole body proximate constituents were similarly uninfluenced by diet treatment. Dietary lipid compositions reflected the proportions of CO and FO in supplemental lipid and their respective fatty acid compositions. Whole body fatty acid compositions mirrored those of diet treatments. However, liver polar lipids of the fish suggested, some essential fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid were preferentially incorporated and regulated, which resulted in a relatively lower degree of difference between diet treatments compared to what was found in whole body lipid. Our findings suggest that refined canola oil is a suitable dietary lipid source for juvenile red sea bream under our test conditions. However, chronic assessments of CO as a supplemental dietary lipid source for red sea bream are warranted to ensure that similar results are obtained without adverse effects on fish health.

Valor energético de algumas fontes lipídicas determinado com frangos de corte

Um experimento foi conduzido para se determinar o valor energético do óleo de soja refinado, do óleo de canola refinado, do óleo de girassol refinado, do óleo de frango, do óleo de peixe e da banha suína para frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 168 frangos de corte com 22 dias de idade, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com sete tratamentos (seis fontes lipídicas e uma ração-referência) e quatro repetições de seis frangos por unidade experimental. O experimento teve duração de oito dias, sendo a coleta de excretas realizada nos últimos cinco dias. As fontes lipídicas testadas substituíram a dieta basal em 20% na matéria natural. Os valores de energia metabolizável aparente corrigidos para retenção de nitrogênio na matéria natural foram: 9.201 kcal/kg para o óleo de soja; 8.129 kcal/kg para o óleo canola; 9.561 kcal/kg para o óleo de girassol; 8.251 kcal/kg para o óleo de frango; 8.715 kcal/kg para o óleo de peixe e 8.366 kcal/kg para a banha suína.

Evaluation of canola oils as alternative lipid resources in diets for juvenile red seabream,Pagrus auratus

This study examined three potential oil resources, crude and refined canola oil and refined soybean oil as replacements for added dietary fish oil in diets for juvenile red seabream. These oil resources were evaluated for their potential to replace added fish oil (40 g kg−1) in fishmeal based (600 g kg−1) diets, with 100 g kg−1 of total lipids. Each of the three plant oils was used to replace 25%, 50%, 75% or 100% of the added dietary fish oil. Each of the three plant oils showed potential as a replacement for dietary fish oil, although a significant reduction in growth and feed utilisation was observed with the complete (100%) replacement of added fish oil by crude canola oil. No other significant effects of oil type or inclusion level on growth were apparent. A negative control (no added fish oil or plant oil, 60 g kg−1 of total lipid) yielded poorer growth than all treatments except the diet containing 40 g kg−1 of added crude canola oil (100% replacement). This observation confirmed that the added oils were utilized by the fish. A positive control diet containing 80 g kg−1 of added fish oil (140 g kg−1 total dietary lipid) sustained the best growth in the study, confirming that the 13 experimental diets were energy limiting as planned. Notably, few effects of the alternative oils were seen on the proximate composition of the fish. However, the influence of the alternative oils on the tissue fatty acid composition was considerable, irrespective of plant oil type or processing grade. Particularly notable was the overall increase in the level of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the tissues of the fish fed the plant oil diets, with these trends becoming more apparent with the greater levels of fish oil replacement. Minimal reductions in the levels of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids of eicosapentaenoic (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3) acid were observed from any of the plant oil treatments. Sensory assessment, by an Australian taste panel, of the fish fed the fish oil reference, or the 100% replacement by refined canola or refined soybean diets showed a preference in order of canola oil > soybean oil > fish oil fed fish. Clearly, both canola and soybean oils have considerable potential as replacements of fish oils in diets for this species.

Characterization of wax sediments in refined canola oils

Turbidity components in refined canola oils were collected by filtration at 4 and 20°C. Major components (thin‐layer chromatography) at both temperatures were wax esters (WE), hydrocarbons (HC) and triacylglycerols (TG) while free fatty acids (FFA) and fatty alcohols (FAL) were found in minor amounts at 4°C. WE had carbon numbers of 40 to 56 (made up of combinations of C16 to C30 alcohols and C16 to C28 fatty acids). HC were mostly C29 and C31 with lesser amounts of C24, C28 and C32. TG, compared to the corresponding liquid oil, still contained C18:1 as the major component, but had less C18:2 and particularly less C18:3 and at least two times higher levels of saturated fatty acids. The FFA were mainly long‐chain C22:0, C24:0 and C20:0 (in order of amount). FAL were mainly long‐chain C26:0, C28:0 and C30:0 but ranged from C16:0 to C32:0.

Modelling the temperature dependence of kinematic viscosity for refined canola oil

Viscosities of refined, bleached, deodorized (RBD) and refined, bleached, winterized (RBW) canola oils were measured at temperatures from 4 to 100°C. The viscosities of these refined canola oils were exponentially related to the oil temperature. Viscosity of the RBW oil was slightly greater than that of the RBD oil when the temperature was below 15°C. Compared to refined soybean oil, the canola oils were substantially more viscous. The viscosity of canola oil was modelled asv = exp(C0 + C1T + C2T2). The maximum predicted error was less than 1.6% over the tested temperature range.

Phospholipid composition of canola oils during the early stages of processing as measured by TLC with flame lonization detector

Canola oils at initial stages of processing from different crushing plants were analyzed for phosphatides. The major phospholipid components identified and quantified in refined canola oils were phosphatidic acid and phos‐phatidylinositol. Phosphatidic acid was the main phosphorus component identified in solvent extracted canola oil samples. The two‐dimensional separation that was used combined classical thin‐layer chromatography with quantitation on chromarods in an Iatroscan with a flame ionization detector. Phosphatides quantitated with this procedure ranged from 0.1 to 20 μg with a coefficient of variation of 4.4 to 7.2%. Using the modified procedure, recoveries of better than 90% were obtained for all phospholipids analyzed.

Comparison of methods for the analysis of phosphorus in canola oils

AbstractThree chemical and two instrumental methods for determining phosphorus in crude and refined canola oils were compared with the official AOCS method. Of the three different digestion‐spectrophotometric procedures examined, the oxygen bomb combustion method appeared to offer the best combination of speed, accuracy and precision. In contrast, the perchloric acid procedure was faulted for poor agreement with the AOCS procedure and poor reproducibility between batches, whereas the saponification procedure was very labor intensive and exhibited poor precision. Of the two instrumental methods examined, atomic absorption spectrophotometry was found to be more sensitive than molecular emission cavity analysis although both procedures were reported to be unsatisfactory in detecting inorganic phosphorus.