Referential Function Research Articles

A Contextual Analysis on Social Media Updates

This qualitative, corpus-based, and contextual analysis approach aimed to give and provide the linguistic features and functions in male and female social media updates. The purpose of this study was to help the students assess the posts of social media users and to find out if there are linguistic features or linguistic functions found in their social media updates. In this study, there were a total of sixty-two (62) corpora taken from both male and female social media updates that are categorized into five linguistic features, including the intensifiers, tag questions, questions on declarations, lexical hedges, empty adjectives and six linguistic functions including the referential function, poetic function, emotive function, conative function, phatic function and metalingual function. Results revealed that in social media updates of males and females, linguistic features and functions are found by contextualizing their posts in the adopted linguistic frame of analysis. Also, it helps future English students know the linguistic features and linguistic functions as their basis, using other platforms for them to be responsible for posting online. It serves as their point of reference for the students and English instructors to unearth the linguistic aspect in social media, particularly in males and females.

The ‘Shakespearean’ roots of Stendhal’s forests

The ecopoetic approach examines the suggestive power of the forest as a major setting in Stendhal's last completed fictions, written in 1838 and 1839. By identifying the progressive layers in the construction of such an object, this analysis will reveal the intimate relationship between the author and the image of the forest, and how this personal construction intertwines with his own Shakespearean imagination. What particular suggestive power does the forest possess under the novelist's pen? How can we understand the use of this natural space in fiction, and where do we draw the line between the possible referential function of the place and its poetic power, which paradoxically only becomes apparent to the reader of the novel when the author's own imagination is taken into account?

Psychological mechanism of language cognition to "awaken" artificial intelligence.

The study of artificial intelligence needs tracing back to the working mechanism of the human brain, and based on simulating brain cognition activity, information technology is the most widely influential technology. Language cognition is the core and foundation of human cognition. Biolinguistics' core problem about brain mechanisms (a psychological mechanism) is related to the development of human language cognition in that the cognitive process of humans is from the construction of mediation and language is the very cognitive mediation. The logical law of human language cognition algorithm is about the process of human cognitive psychology that is from the neurological stage, the psychological perception stage, and to the cognitive stage of symbols, which makes psychological certainty account for the connection from mental content to language meaning. Language cognition is where the "awakening" of artificial intelligence begins. First of all, humans produce mental images based on sensory perception and categories. The referential functions of mental images extend the human cognitive scope. Then, categorization is realized through the mediation of mental images. At the time the category is formed, the symbol is required. Language is involved in the thinking process in the cognitive stage of symbols to realize the construction of the mediation to represent the category abstracted from the concrete things. Above all, human language metacognition is realized from the subject-predicate structure that is the grammatical structure on the surface but is throughout the whole process of human rational knowledge and configures the content of rational knowledge, which is the developmental goal of "awakening" artificial intelligence. The demonstration of this proposition is conducive to providing a theoretical basis for the research of the working mechanism of the human brain stimulated by artificial intelligence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Denominal conversion verbs and the ‘verb + it’ construction in English

In English, a number of verbs enter a noteworthy, though understudied, combination with a morpheme it, which evidently lacks a referential function. Among these verbs, there are quite a few which were formed from nouns by means of conversion (e.g. to bus it, to au pair it, to verse it, to newspaper it). While some authors assume that the expletive morpheme it in direct-object position functions to enhance a verb’s transitivity, the most recent diachronic study has shown that its influence on transitivity is rather marginal. If transitivization is not the driving force behind the use of the ‘verb + it’ construction, the question as to other functions arises. The aim of this article is to present a new proposal according to which the expletive element is primarily (though not exclusively) an aspectual marker, which, in contrast to the bare verb, expresses telicity (e.g. to bus vs. to bus it). In this function, this element provides the verb it complements with a temporal endpoint. Proceeding from a distinction between (a)telicity and (un)boundedness drawn in the pertinent literature, it will be shown that this endpoint may or may not actually be reached. The aspectual function of the expletive element it is assumed here to co-exist with other functions identified in the few previous works and in the present study. These functions, which are independent of telicity, comprise the expression of necessity, the intensification of activities, the preservation of the verse metre especially in literary texts, and the support of the verbal status of innovative or weakly established denominal conversion verbs.

EXPLORING REGISTER VARIATION IN APPS AKULAKU: A SOCIOLINGUISTICS STUDY

The purpose of the research are (1) to identify the types of registers and (2) to describe the language functions used by the marketing community in Akulaku marketplace apps. This research uses qualitative methods to analyze data and use descriptive methods to explain the data. The object of this research is the written register terms found in Akulaku Marketplace apps. The theories used to classify the data are according to Halliday and Hasan's (1989) theory of register types and Jakobson's (1960) theory of language functions. According to this research, there are 90 data analyzed. The data is categorized into two types of registers, they are closed register 41 data (45,5%) and open register 49 data (54,5%). The functions of the register are referential function 14 data (15,5%), emotive function 20 data (22,2%), conative function 27 data (30%), phatic function 11 data (12,2%), poetic function 11 data or (12.2%) and metalingual function 7 data or (7,7%). This study is expected to increase knowledge of the types of registers and their functions used in marketplace buying and selling activities, while at the same time serving as a valuable resource for reference in education and, in addition, studies in linguistics, mainly in the subject of sociolinguistics.

The Contrastive and Referential Function of Specific Classifiers in Xiamen Southern Min—Evidence from a Cognitive Experimental Study

Southern Min is generally known for not using classifiers [CL] for expressing definiteness/indefiniteness as it is associated with the bare classifier construction [CL N]. This paper offers evidence from Xiamen Southern Min (XSM) that the use of a specific classifier vs. the general classifier é contributes to referentiality in an alternative way by supporting object identification as it is due to the semantic specificity present in specific classifiers and absent in the general classifier. In a dialogic cognitive experiment adapted from the “Hidden color-chips” task (Enfield and Bohnemeyer 2001), 18 participants had to manipulate their addressees’ attention toward various objects situated in their immediate physical space through language as well as deictic gestures. The objects were associated with different specific classifiers or with the general classifier, and they were arranged according to the factors of (a) distance from speaker, (b) visibility for speaker, and (c) uniqueness (adjacency of similar items). The results show, among other things, that there is a higher tendency to use the specific CL in the [demonstrative CL N] construction if adjacent similar objects [−unique] are too far away from the speaker for clear identification by a demonstrative or a pointing gesture. This is seen as a last-resort strategy for creating contrast. Further corroboration comes from the use of specific classifiers in later mentions after the general CL failed to achieve clear identification. These findings can be situated in the broader context of other languages with classifiers in contrastive function (Thai, Vietnamese, and Ponapean) and they show the relevance of using dialogic texts for modeling classifier selection in contrast to narrative texts. Finally, dialogic contexts may serve as bridging contexts for grammaticalization from numeral classifiers to definiteness markers.

Persona Deicsis in The Novel Merindu Baginda Nabi Works of Habiburrahman El Shirazy A Review of Pragmatics

Merindu Baginda Nabi is a novel by Habiburrahman El Shirazy which contains various forms of deixis in every speech event made by the perpetrator or character of the story. This research aims to describe the form and function of persona deixis in the novel Merindu Baginda Nabi by Habiburrahman El Shirazy. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The data collection technique used was note-taking. The data analysis technique in this research uses descriptive techniques. The research results show that the novel Merindu Baginda Nabi by Habiburrahman El Shirazy contains various forms of persona deixis, namely: singular and plural first person deixis, singular and plural second person deixis, and singular and plural third person deixis. The singular first person deixis, namely saya, aku, -ku, and ku-, was identified in 71 data, while the plural first person deixis, namely kita, kami, and kami semua, was identified in 31 data. The singular second person deixis, namely kamu, kau, and -mu was identified in 45 data, while the plural second person deixis, namely kalian, was identified in 10 data. The singular third person deixis, namely dia, beliau, ia, and -nya was identified in 31 data, while the plural third person deixis, namely mereka was identified in 9 data. The functions of persona deixis are: 40 identified referential functions, 102 identified emotive functions, and 55 identified conative functions. The novel Merindu Baginda Nabi by Habiburrahman El Shirazy predominantly uses the form of first person singular deixis and the function of personal deixis is in the form of an emotive function because the author tends to write speech that has the role of the speaker and focuses more on the feelings or attitudes of the speaker in his speech.

Сommunicative Discourse of Tattvasaṅgrāha by Śāntarakṣita

The study provides an insight into the structural features of the famous VIII century Buddhist treatise Tattvasaṅgrāha by Śāntarakṣita with regard to the text’s main purpose ( prayojana ) as it is treated in Kamalaśīla’s commentary Pañjikā . Any text along with its referential (representational) function of conveying message - meaning to the addressee, or its expressive function, reflecting the author's attitude to what is communicated, also performs the ‘appellative’ function, encouraging the recipient of the message to act. This function which could also be called praxiological was always significant in Indian text culture, since from the times of Veda-s it was embedded in its very core. This function is of paramount importance in the case of Indian religious and philosophical texts, whose main aim is to convince and transform the consciousness of their percipients. Along with linear models of message transfer, Sanskrit texts could demonstrate non-linear semantic structures, transmitting the main idea of the text indirectly. It is exactly how one should perceive the message of Śāntarakṣita’s Tattvasaṅgrāha according to the suggested by Śāntarakṣita’s prominent student Kamalaśīla in his Pañjikā -commentary to the treatise. He proposes to consider Tattvasaṅgrāha not as a thematically heterogeneous encyclopaedic or doxographic work, whose main objective is to refute different non-Buddhist views (as it is often treated by scholars now), but as a text, which by its very design exposes one of the most important Buddhist principles - the law of the dependent origination ( pratītyasamutpāda ). The themes, discussed in a number of the chapters of Tattvasaṅgrāha, indeed, appear to have direct correlation with the characteristics of pratītyasamutpāda given to it in Śālistamba-sūtra - an early Mahāyāna text, which explains this universal law. Kamalaśīla suggests looking at Tattvasaṅgrāha as at one big unit-sentence - mahāvākya , with the exposition of pratītyasamutpāda as its unitary purpose-meaning ( abhidheya ). In this context, the treatise functions as a praxiological tool for the ‘installing’ into the consciousness of the text’s addressee the knowledge of ‘true principles’ (tattva-s) of pratītyasamutpāda . This interpretation of the main message of the text raises also a question of the adequate translation of the name of the treatise into other languages, because, according to Kamalaśīla, ‘ Tattvasaṅgrāha’ means the ‘Assembly of Principles-(tattva’-s)’ which specify precisely pratītyasamutpāda (pratītyasamutpāda-viśeṣaṇāni tattvāni).

Switching the Script: Unveiling the Linguistic Dance of Code-Switching in Nigerian Online Skits

This journal article presents an in-depth investigation into the intricate phenomenon of code-switching in Nigerian online comic skits, a burgeoning genre of digital entertainment. Within Nigeria, a nation characterized by linguistic and cultural diversity, online comic skits have emerged as a potent medium for creative expression, social commentary, and cultural representation. This research delves into the analysis of the different roles and types of code-switching employed by content creators in these skits, elucidating their linguistic, sociocultural, and comedic dimensions. Conducting a descriptive qualitative analysis, Poplack's (1980) Model of Types of Code-Switching and a functional model adapted from Hoffmann (1991) and Appel and Muysken (2005) were applied. Five skits, selected based on substantial viewership and the popularity of content creators, formed the core of this study. Our findings indicate that all three types of code-switching are prevalent in the skits, with inter-sentential switching being the most frequent. Additionally, the seven functions of code-switching manifest in the skits, with the referential function emerging as the most frequent. The primary use of code-switching in these skits revolves around fostering humor, expressing strong emotions, and portraying the educational status of the characters.

르네 마그리트 작품의 제목 연구

The purpose of this study is to examine the aesthetics René Magritte seeks to realize through his titles by analyzing the titles of his works in detail at the grammatical and functional levels and revealing their characteristics. As a result of consideration based on vocabulary and frequency analysis of the titles of his works, the following characteristics were discovered. 1) Morphological and syntactic characteristics: His title is not much different from other surrealist titles in that its lexical frequency is similar to that of modern French, it uses both function words and content words equally, it frequently uses idioms, and it is not long and simple. However, it is distinguished from the latter titles in that it is frequently repeated. 2) Semantic characteristics: His title prefers vocabulary related to the ‘external world’ and its ‘sense’ instead of vocabulary related to the priority values of the Surrealist movement. 3) Functional characteristics: His title is similar to other surrealist titles in that it is difficult to find emotive, conative, and metalingual functions in it, and the poetic function is strengthened while the referential function is weakened. However, it differs from the latter titles in that it realizes the aesthetics of subversion that overturns realistic perception through poetic function.

Analysis of Language Style Uttered by the Characters in Premature Movie

Spoken language will always involve language style. This depends on the situation in which the conversation is taking place, and also the participants. This study was conducted to see the language style of the conversations in Premature movie. The data were analyzed by using qualitative method. The data analyzed based on the theory of language style proposed by Joos (1967), and it combined with the theory of function of language proposed by Holmes (1992). The data were taken from the conversation that uttered by the characters in Premature movie. Based on the analysis there are 19 data that found in the data source, there are four types of language style and six types of language function were found. The four language styles are four types of language style which are, formal style, consultative style, casual style, and intimate style. Casual style is the most dominant type in this movie. The six function of language that found by the researcher which are expressive function, directive function, referential function, metalinguistic function, poetic function, and phatic function. The most function of language occurred in the data analysis is directive function.

Sports fanaticism as a disease: a Corpus-based study of metaphors in Saudi newspapers.

Sports fanaticism seems to be a social and national concern in Saudi Arabia. This paper aims: 1) to identify the metaphorical manifestations and highlight the discursive construction of disease as associated with sports fanaticism in a corpus of Saudi newspapers articles; and 2) to seek plausible explanations for the emergence and use of disease metaphors in newspapers articles addressing sports fanaticism. King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology Arabic Corpus (KACSTAC) served the data for the current study. The analytical procedures were informed by the discourse dynamics approach and metaphor-led discourse analysis. Findings show that sports fanaticism could be associated with the following systematic metaphors: 1) disease, in general; 2) disease causes; 3) disease symptoms; 4) disease evaluations; and 5) disease needs for medical solutions, interventions, treatments, and/or prescriptions. The discussion evokes a number of aspects: sports fanaticism emerges as a key topic; disease metaphors seem to be shaped and developed by the societal context and the nature of newspapers texts and discourse; they are enriched and influenced by the discourse situation and the needs to jointly construct and communicate intense experiences through specific evaluations and referential functions, which have a powerful resonance for the Saudi national and social levels; the use of disease metaphorical frames can structure our understanding and can simplify the concept of fanaticism.

THE FORM AND FUNCTION OF SLANG EXPRESSIONS ON THE THREAD SOCIAL MEDIA (@MedanTalkViral)

This research examined the dynamic evolution of slang in the context of Medan, exploring its formation, diverse expressions, and functions in everyday interactions. It focused on the comment section of the @Medantalkviral account on the Thread platform. The study employed Yanchung and Yanhong (2013) elaboration theory, supported by Fisherman (1972), to understand the meanings of slang expressions. The approach examined how these expressions were articulated in texts, whether fully or partially, in order to gain a nuanced understanding. Using observation and recording techniques, including screenshots, the data consisted of words and comments from Medan residents via the social media account @Medantalkviral. The analysis employed analogy and intralingual methods, revealing 12 newly invented slang expressions on social media. The results showed a variety of slang forms, including words, phrases, clauses, and sentences, with identified linguistic functions such as identity, kinship/politeness, emotional expression, directive function, and referential function. This study contributed to a broader understanding of linguistic phenomena in the digital age and the multifaceted nature of slang in social interactions.

On non-referential contexts of using the pronoun ten (this)

This article analyses the Polish pronoun ten (‘this’) located next to proper names in contexts such as ten Martynowski, ten Marek, ten Gdańsk, ten Giewont. Due to its occurrence in immediately next to two expressions which primarily function as exponents of specific reference, one can put forward a hypothesis that the investigated pronoun is not applied in its referential function in this type of settngs. Thus, it ceases to be a demonstrative pronoun, and assumes linguistic properties other than its basic ones. The aim of this study is to determine the linguistic nature of such occurrences of ten, also in reference to the thesis prevailing in the relevant literature, which, among other aspects, concerns the expressive value of such applications of the pronoun. The combinations of ten with proper names selected for analysis will be juxtaposed with non-obligatory occurrences of this pronoun next to nouns (as, for example, in the sentence: Na tym wczorajszym indyku można sobie było zęby połamać (You could break your teeth on that turkey yesterday).

A Contrastive Case Study on Contemporary Diplomatic Language regarding the War in Ukraine

This article examines the use of euphemisms in contemporary diplomatic language, specifically analysing their application in the context of the War in Ukraine. The primary objective of this research is to investigate the reflection of language functions in communications related to the War in Ukraine, focusing on the role of euphemisms in diplomatic contexts, with an emphasis on the contrastive aspects in Romanian, English, and French. Through a comprehensive examination of diplomatic language, the study uncovers the strategies of using euphemisms to mitigate or manipulate the semantic impact of sensitive issues. The analysis reveals that the referential function is the most frequently utilised, while the phatic one is largely disregarded. Euphemism also serves as a persuasive communication strategy, enabling the address of sensitive geopolitical issues with tact and with a specific goal in mind.

Authorial notes to the text: an artistic device or an ego-document?

Based on the authorial notes to the “Letters of a Russian Traveler” by N. Karamzin, who separated “poetry” from “truth”, the article considers the following questions: how to determine the aesthetic nature of the notes; how they are connected with the change of literary trends, genres and styles, with the communicative function of verbal art, how the artistry of notes is formed; whether they are an integral part of the work; whether the author of the notes and the author of the main text are identical. We emphasize that Karamzin’s notes should be analyzed, first of all, in terms of his attitude to the problem of “literature and reality”, since for him authenticity was more important than artistry. The writer enters not into an artistically mediated, but into a direct dialogue with the reader, in order to gain his understanding and trust, to convince him of the veracity of what is described, while revealing a new level of understanding of what happened earlier. The article investigates the dynamics of the relationship between the notes and the main text. The special arrangement of the notes, the temporal and spatial distance separating them from the main text is interpreted as the evidence of their heterogeneity. We note the differences in their status: the main text, in principle, can exist and be perceived by the reader without the notes, albeit in a flawed form, while the publication of the notes in isolation from the main text is meaningless. The article highlights that it is in the literature of sentimentalism and, in particular, in Karamzin’s works, that a specific artistic quality of notes is developed in the form of a dialogue with an imaginary reader. The conclusion is made about the referential function of the authorial notes: in the “Letters of a Russian Traveler” they link literature and reality, the world of images and the real world, which is characterized by “its selective affinity” with the world of fiction.

An Analysis of Women's Language Used in the Movie Encanto

This study concerns with women’s language used in the movie Encanto. The aims of the study were to find out the use of women’s language features and language functions of women’s language used by female characters in the movie Encanto. The utterances of female characters were analyzed by using Lakoff’s women’s language theory and Jakobson’s language function theory. Qualitative method used in this study to analyzing the data and describe the findings. There were 65 utterances from eight features of women’s language features that occurred in the movie Encanto. They were 15 lexical hedges or fillers, 14 intensifiers, 6 rising intonations, 3 ‘empty’ adjectives, 12 emphatic stress, 8 tag questions, 5 ‘superpolite’ forms, and 2 avoidance of strong swear words. Lexical hedges or fillers came out as the most dominant feature of women’s language features used in the movie Encanto. Then, the kinds of language function used by female characters in the movie Encanto were expressive function, directive function, referential function, metalinguistic function, and phatic function. The most dominant language function used by female characters in the movie Encanto was expressive function.

LANGUAGE FUNCTION BY THE MAIN CHARACTER IN “THE LAST OF US PART 2” VIDEO GAMES

This study was conducted by using descriptive qualitative method. It was concerned with the description of data in the form of utterances by the main character in The Last of us part 2 Video Game (2020). In conducting this research, the researcher (1) found out the types of language function in The Last of us part 2 Video Games. (2) described the realization types of language function in The Last of us part 2 Video Games. In the application of the language function, the last of us part 2 video games utterances used Jakobson’s theory. The result showed first, that most dominant type of language function in Jakobson’s theory is Expressive Function with (37%). The percentage directive function is (32%). The percentage Metalinguistic function is (20%). The lowest percentage in language function that Referential function is (11%). Second, The realization of language function described, such as : Expressive Function, that is action from another character make a feeling to main character, for example : (Jesus! You almost gave me heart attack, Fuck!, Gotcha!!, Just banged up!), Directive Function, is about attempt to get someone to do something. For example: (You better run little shit1, Run Dina!, No!, okay!), Referential function, is the communication of information, for example (oh, there’s the ski lodge, that’s the one on Tommy and Joel’s route), Metalinguistic function explain about the answer is code itself, for example: (just another evacuated neighborhood)

Code Switching Analysis as Found in Bunga Citra Lestari Youtube Channel

The objectives of this study are to determine the various types and functions of code switching. Poplack's (1980) theory defines three forms of code switching in evaluating the data: tag switching, inter-sentential switching, and intra-sentential switching. Moreover, the theory from Appel and Muysken (1987) distinguishes the six functions of code switching are: referential function, directive function, expressive function, phatic function, poetic function, and metalinguistic function. The data source was taken from Bunga Citra Lestari YouTube’s channel entitled Love Story #1 – BCL Sebelum dan Sesudah Ashraf was published on February 12th, 2021. The method that was used to collect the data is the qualitative method. This research found 79 data of code switching. In analyzing the data, intra-sentential switching is commonly used by the participants in the video which found 50 (63,3%) data. Meanwhile, the metalinguistic function is dominantly used which found 32 (40,50%) data for the functions of code switching utterances by the participants. The result of this analysis because both of the speakers, Daniel Mananta and Bunga Citra Lestari are a bilingual person and they often switch the language into other languages because their society also has an acceptable use of English terms.

LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS IN @onlyjiungs TWITTER ACCOUNT

This study aimed to identify the language function in tweets from @onlyjiungs. The @onlyjiungs Twitter account's tweets served as the study's source of data. Purposive sampling and the descriptive qualitative approach were utilized in this study to get the answers to its research questions. The findings indicated that among the 31 data, the referential function (14 utterances, or 45,2%) is most frequently used, followed by the expressive function (11 utterances, or 35,5%), the phatic function (2 utterances, or 6,4%), the metalingual function (0%), the conative function (2 utterances, or 6,4%), and the poetic function (2 utterances, or 6,4%). The tweets from @onlyjiungs met every requirement in Hymes' (1974) theory of context SPEAKING, showing that context SPEAKING on a tweet from @onlyjiungs answers every requirement of the theory. The tweets were taken from September 2021 through October 2021. The goals of @onlyjiungs' tweets were intended to be represented and expressed in the final sections of the Twitter post outcomes. The following social act update about Jiung's life was provided by @onlyjiungs. She underlined a particular statement she made in the tweets. Because, they were intended for teens their age, @onlyjiungs's tweets are also frequently written in a casual tone. The typical Twitter tweet mostly focused on describing the purpose of and the message included inside it. The kind of utterances from those tweets generally had a stronger referential function since those Twitter postings' primary purpose was to notify @onlyjiungs' followers who are the readers. Keywords: language functions, context, pragmatics, twitter