Referential Character Research Articles

Sex differences in the acoustic structure of terrestrial alarm calls in vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus).

The alarm calls of vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) have been the subject of considerable focus by researchers, owing primarily to the purported referential qualities of different alarm call types. With this focus on reference, acoustic variation among calls elicited by the same range of predators has typically been overlooked. Specifically, at least one type of alarm call-the terrestrial alarm-was described over 50 years ago as being acoustically distinct between males and females-a description that has largely eluded more systematic scrutiny. Here, we provide a quantitative acoustic analysis and comparison of terrestrial alarm calls produced by adult male and female vervet monkeys. We use a random forest model to determine which acoustic variables best distinguish between the calls of males and females, and use an unsupervised clustering technique to objectively determine whether alarms produced by each sex fall into discrete types. We found that the calls of males and females differed most in frequency-based parameters, with male alarms containing more energy at lower frequencies relative to females. Calls produced by males were also of longer duration, and consisted of longer individual call elements relative to female calls. While calls generally fell into clusters associated with either male or female alarms, we found that some fell into atypical clusters given the caller's sex, and that the clusters themselves showed evidence of intergradation. We discuss these results in terms of potential differences in the function of, and motivation for, calling by males and females. We emphasize the need for a more holistic approach to the classification of vocal signals that considers contextual, functional, and structural variation.

Presentation Attack Detection Using Referential Quality Metrics and Minutiae Count

Presentation Attack Detection Using Referential Quality Metrics and Minutiae Count

Ship Mounds Matter: The Referential Qualities of Earth-Sourced Materials in Viking Ship Mounds

This article discusses the construction details of the mounds erected over large Viking ship burials in Norway and shows that they form an integral part of mortuary practice. Moreover, elements of the construction that are potentially unique to this type of monument are repeated, suggesting a knowledge of the properties of materials and their inter-relationships within the mounds. Here, referencing between and within the mounds is considered alongside the connections these soils, sediments, and other earth-sourced materials contained in relation to the cultural landscape. The selection of such materials and the location of the burials in the landscape were fundamental to the creation of a performative scene for the burial rites, and for establishing a desired, interlinked, social memory.

The Gospel of Jesus Christ as a Story to Be Told: The “Narrative” Theologies of Eberhard Jüngel and Hans Frei

This article explores how Eberhard Jüngel and Hans Frei employ the category of “narrative” in Christian theology. Although Jüngel and Frei receive inspiration from different quarters, they end up drawing some similar conclusions. At the same time, their approaches to narrative theology reveal deep and striking differences between their programs for theology. My comments focus on the problem of language’s referential character, that is, the capacity of words and discourses to signify external objects and states of affairs. As I demonstrate, both Jüngel and Frei seize upon the “problem” (as they both deem it) of the structure of referential language. And yet, how Jüngel and Frei frame this issue and what they do in order to resolve it are conspicuously different in the arguments they unfurl. This difference, I show, folds back upon their distinct agendas for recovering narrative in theological discourse.

Na czym polega semantyczna specyfika metafory?

The article addresses the semantic aspect of metaphor, formulated on the basis of Ch. Pierce’s classification of signs and I. Richard, M. Black, and P. Ricoeur’s relational theory of metaphor, which most researchers analysing the referential character of metaphors tend to invoke. In particular, the text considers the problem of the structure of metaphorical phrasemes and parabolic utterances which contain expressions that are either contradictory or refer to fictional objects and events. Based on the concepts of H. Markiewicz, I. Bellert, and M. Beardsley, the author suggests a possible solution to the problem of contradiction in metaphor. Furthermore, the article discusses the relationship between the semantic and pragmatic aspects of metaphors as utterances displaying both persuasive and cognitive (revealing, prognostic) character.

Relevance matters. Eighteen-month-olds’ use of relevant informative pointing as a predictor of two-year-olds’ language abilities / La relevancia es importante. El uso de gestos deícticos relevantes e informativos por parte de niños de año y medio como factor predictor de las capacidades lingüísticas a los dos años

The significance of pointing gestures in the development of linguistic communication is linked to their referential character and formation of common ground in use of gestures and speech. Our longitudinal study aimed to define the nature of this relationship more precisely and to explore whether the relevance vs lack of relevance of a child’s pointing gestures is related to development of language abilities. We developed a special protocol to measure relevant and irrelevant pointing gestures in 18-month-olds, sampled production of spontaneous speech and measured their language comprehension at two years of age. A group of 343 children was tested, and using structural equation modelling we showed that relevant gestures predict the level of development of language production and comprehension. As predicted, this association was not applied to irrelevant gestures. It is likely that a child’s more frequent use of relevant pointing gestures helps the caregiver to recognize the child’s communicative intentions and to comment on his/her behaviour appropriately. The identified developmental/predictive relationship is valid in both mentalistic and teleological interpretation of early communicative development.

Intentionality according to Jan Patocka

In this article, I aim to show how Patocˇka’s work since the 1960 s has reconceptualized the theory of intentionality. Never abandoning the referential character of the intentional relation, the Bohemian philosopher situates intentionality in its original matrix: the world. This change has the effect of moving the cause of appearing from consciousness to the world, framing it as what appears and what makes appear. Intentionality is not only connected to transcendental consciousness; intentions also must be interpreted as lines of force (Kraftlinien) inside the field of appearing. Patocka moreover locates the origin of all intentional theory in the Aristotelian theory of the soul. Patocka thus wants, on the one hand, to overcome the substantialist argument that considers consciousness a permanent presence and, on the other, to move beyond an idealistic conception of consciousness. Movement is the category that allows us to express these aspects of intentionality. Inserting motion into being is a privilege unique to the soul.

Intencionalidad y representación: comprensión de estos conceptos en la gnoselogía de Tomás de Aquino.

This paper intends to give an answer to the type of entity of the intentional being and the intellectual representation of Thomas Aquinas’ thought. Arguments follow the direction of the cognitive act that expresses the own nature of the human being. Intentionality and representation account for a mediation allowing cognitive access to the object itself, so that the referential character of knowledge can be emphasized.

Oxytocin modulates human communication by enhancing cognitive exploration

Oxytocin is a neuropeptide known to influence how humans share material resources. Here we explore whether oxytocin influences how we share knowledge. We focus on two distinguishing features of human communication, namely the ability to select communicative signals that disambiguate the many-to-many mappings that exist between a signal’s form and meaning, and adjustments of those signals to the presumed cognitive characteristics of the addressee (“audience design”). Fifty-five males participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled experiment involving the intranasal administration of oxytocin. The participants produced novel non-verbal communicative signals towards two different addressees, an adult or a child, in an experimentally-controlled live interactive setting. We found that oxytocin administration drives participants to generate signals of higher referential quality, i.e. signals that disambiguate more communicative problems; and to rapidly adjust those communicative signals to what the addressee understands. The combined effects of oxytocin on referential quality and audience design fit with the notion that oxytocin administration leads participants to explore more pervasively behaviors that can convey their intention, and diverse models of the addressees. These findings suggest that, besides affecting prosocial drive and salience of social cues, oxytocin influences how we share knowledge by promoting cognitive exploration.

Evandro Agazzi’s Scientific Objectivity and its Contexts

Evandro Agazzi’s volume Scientific Objectivity and its Contexts is here introduced. First, the genesis and the content of the book are outlined. Secondly, an overview of Agazzi’s philosophy of science is provided. Its main roots are epistemological realism in the Aristotelian/scholastic tradition, and contemporary science-oriented epistemology, especially in Logical Empiricism. As a result, Agazzi’s thought is nicely balanced between empiricism and rationalism, it avoids gnoseologistic dualism by stressing the intentionality of knowledge, and it insists on the operational and referential character of science. Finally, an account is given of Agazzi’s view of the origin and nature of scientific objects, which allows to understand how his sophisticated and “perspectival” realism differs both from naive realism and constructivism.

Η απαιτητική ανάγνωση των εικόνων στα εικονογραφημένα βιβλία του Σαραμάγκου

Postmodern picturebooks have gained increasing importance in the field of theory of children’s literature, because they «Provide the most accessible examples of postmodern eclecticism: the breaking of boundaries, the abandonment of linear chronology, the emphasis on the construction of texts, and the intermingling of parodying genres» (Pantaleo and Sipe 2008). Τhese picturebooks invite a more active reader. Mc Callum (1996) notes that metafictive narratives pose «questions about the relationships between the ways we interpret and represent both fiction and reality». Trites ( 1994) also identifies that the changes in picturebooks reflect «the sort of cultural fragmentation that seems to be the hallmark of the postindustrial age» As today's children live in a world characterized by fragmentation, decanonization and interactivity literacy educators focus on the ways in which literacy education will need to change in order to develop student’s «self-knowledge about reading» (Ryan& Anstey, 2003) and enrich reader’s capacity to decode the rapidly change, rich in symbols, visual culture. (Callow, 2008, Goldstone, 2001, Walsh, 2003, Serafini, 2004 O'Neil, 2011 ) Saramago’s picture books are a good example of work that disrupts expectations of the reader through the self-reflexive narrative structure of the visual text. While the verbal text tells rather a simple fairly story, the visual language in pictures evoke multiple levels of meaning, depending on how the reader (children or adult) chooses to interpret it. One common aspect of the illustrations in both books is the self referential qualities of the illustrations that reveal the process of memories restoration and perception. The illustrators of the books employ a range of metafictive devices that self consciously draws attention to the status of the memories as artifacts and systematically poses questions about the way we recall the past. In this paper we examine fifth graders’ responses to several metafictive devices in Saramago’s picturebooks. The books were read and discussed in depth over a two week time period, where the children participated in small groups and whole-class interactive read-aloud sessions. The fifth graders noticed many of the visual elements and took them into account for the (re)construction of the story, such as intertextuality, indeterminacy in illustrative text, disruptions of traditional time and space relationships, pastiche of illustrative styles, illustrative framing devices including a book embedded within another book, description of the creating process. The data concerning children’s reading of both books lead to the conclusion that ten-years-old children paid great attention to the illustration and did not confine their readings only to words. They have incorporated the visual text in the construction of the story, and proved that they can decipher many of the challenging visual puzzles of both books. The study concludes that using visual literacy in the classroom can help children to develop a “critical eye” and to negotiate our visually rich contemporary culture. Key-words: picturebooks, metafiction, childrens’ perception, memories

Comparative-Analysis Based Study of Synonymous Relational Adjectives in Tatar and English

This research was conducted to demonstrate the denotational similarity and differences of the Tatar synonymous relational adjectives and their English counterparts. It helped to depict all the nuances of the meanings expressed by synonyms and may help to solve the difficulty of choosing the appropriate word in the communication discourse. The research deals with the Tatar relational adjectives related to the notions of place, time, activity and occupation and their English counterparts. In the article we disagree with the opinion widely stated in Tatar linguistic literature and textbooks that due to their referential character relational adjectives can hardly synonymize. The findings revealed that 69 Tatar relational adjectives may be organized into synonymic rows. Though Tatar and English are non-related languages, the comparative analysis demonstrated the fact that the synonymic rows denote similar denotations either as lexico-semantic unities or as separate lexical items; the differences may represent the culture-connected peculiarities. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n3s2p394

A Complementarity Resolution of the Black Hole Information Paradox

The E-infinity theory particle-wave duality used to compute the density of ordinary and dark energy of the cosmos is extended to meet the black hole complementarity of Susskind and ‘tHooft. A black hole is essentially a relativistic as well as a quantum object. Therefore the information paradox of black holes is a consequence of the clash between these two most fundamental theories of modern physics. It is logical to conclude that a resolution of the problem requires some form of a quantum gravity theory. The present work proposes such a resolution using set theory and pointless spacetime geometry coupled to the afore mentioned extension and the inbuilt self referential character of Cantorian fractal sets.

Les tweets sont des chats par Bernard Pivot

oral and written productions? (ii) Do individual differences play a role in learners’ acquisition of PC and IMP? The last three chapters describe the context of the study, its participants, the conditions under which the study was conducted, and the tasks that were used for data collection. The study contained three groups: a recast group, a clarification recast group, and a control group. The reported results suggest that the type of CF provided to learners is vital, as it appears to affect their performance of the targeted French structures. Recasts were found to be more effective than clarification requests. In addition, the study suggests that“CF in the form of recast had significantly contributed to the participants’ improved linguistic performance [as well as their] level of accuracy” (152). Moreover, the study implies that language learning may be different from other types of learning, since analytical ability, for example, did not influence incidental learning. This book has clear implications for the teaching of foreign languages in general and of French in particular. In terms of methodological applications, the author asserts that recasts“can be successfully incorporated into communicative tasks and teacher-student classroom interaction”(156). Like any study, the one described in this book has several limitations that are explained in the concluding remarks. These limitations involve the number of the participants, the role of the teacher as investigator,and the type of institution where the experiment was conducted, among other factors. Despite these cautionary observations, it is useful for language teachers to be familiar with the book’s findings, which aid in choosing the type of CF to provide to students. University of Delaware Ali Alalou Pivot, Bernard. Les tweets sont des chats. Paris: Albin Michel, 2013. ISBN 978-2-22624852 -7. Pp. 162. 12 a. Host of the long-running literary forum Apostrophes and the grueling televised dictation Dico d’or, Pivot seems an unlikely twitteur. After all, the only constraint of a tweet is its length. The receivers revel more at its freshness and novelty than at its careful crafting or attention to grammatical and spelling conventions. For this champion of linguistic prescriptivism, however, a tweet can transcend its often ephemeral nature: form need not trump content. Pivot’s allusion to haiku is apt. The year’s worth of Pivot’s tweets assembled in this volume displays not the contingent “here and now” tweet, but rather those crafted with epigrammatic vigor. His project is announced in the title: tweets are cats because, like the feline, they move about silently. Moreover, his cats get along with birds, that is, the Twitter pictogram. This simile along with the easy slippage between the animate and its pictorial symbol tip Pivot’s hand. In his tweeting, Pivot valorizes the metalinguistic and poetic functions over the immediate, informational , and referential qualities of the“paradigmatic”tweet. Not surprisingly, he insists that the act of writing should foster literacy: “Écrire, c’est faire entrer la grammaire 280 FRENCH REVIEW 88.3 Reviews 281 dans son âme” (41). Pivot proscribes the acronyms, phonetic spellings, and other orthographic deformations that signify a breathless rush to broadcast news within the 140-character constraint. Rather, he constructs a Twitter bon usage that respects the users of the language, rather than treating them as“engourdis du cervelet”(11). Pivot’s tweets can be self-reflexive as well, in both an invigorating and nostalgic sense. He is eager to explain why a man in his seventies should take up this medium, which appears to be the domain of the younger and the more dynamic members of society. In yet another play on words, Pivot explains that he takes pleasure in the action of gazouiller. In Quebec, the verb is close in meaning to jaser. It has also been proposed as a replacement for tweeter. As an aging writer, he laments the imposition of glasses: one can no longer pretend not to see or recognize. Finally, he finds the existence of the verb mourir and its derivatives unfair. They signify an act in which they will not participate:“‘Mort’, ‘mourir’ sont des mots en pleine forme, menacés d’aucune maladie. Ils ne mourront pas. Ce n’est pas juste” (27). I...

História da construção do Código de Ética Profissional do Psicólogo

A historia da construcao do Codigo de Etica profissional do Psicologo, narrada neste texto, articula os elementos do passado com a percepcao da autora sobre os mesmos, sua analise e forma de descreve-los, sem a pretensao de preencher vazios deixados pela Historia Oficial. Porem, contribuir para lancar luz a uma das mais respeitaveis conquistas da Psicologia apos sua regulamentacao: a construcao do seu codigo de conduta. O texto traz uma visao sobre o sentido de um codigo de conduta tanto para o profissional quanto para a sociedade e, posteriormente, apresenta dados historicos contextualizados sobre origem dos quatro Codigos de Etica Profissional do Psicologo (CEPP) e demais Resolucoes do Conselho Federal de Psicologia a eles relacionadas. Ao final, faz-se uma analise critica sobre o atual CEPP e um apontamento sobre o carater referencial deste, de modo que os profissionais psicologos devem considerar, alem do CEPP, os valores e principios nutridos ao longo de sua formacao pessoal e profissional.

EPA-0547 - Do you look at me?

Introduction Delusional ideas disorder is characterized by the appearance of a single delusional theme or a group of related ideas together, which normally are very persistent. This, plus the fact that the definition of the disorder have been changing and that these patients rarely seek psychiatric help, makes it difficult to accurately assess their epidemiology, but it is estimated that delirious take between 1 and 4% of psychiatric entries and its prevalence in the general population is 0.03%. Objectives Analyze the variables that influence the clinical evolution. - Risk factors - Protective Factors Rate the treatments tested in Mental Health since the patient is diagnosed. Method Analysis of the clinical history of the patient's mental health. Results-Case report Male, 36, who was diagnosed with delusional disorder at the age of 21, after starring an episode of hetero-aggressiveness to objects. From the beginning is characterized by delusional interpretations of referential character, gradually reaching a systematic structure delusional. Secondarily, this causes episodes of behaviour disorders with occasional psychomotor agitation, important social isolation and withdrawal, seriously affecting their daily functioning. During a year, he required four hospitalizations for exacerbation of clinical psychotic delusional self-referential and prejudice delusional ideation, with intense feelings of hopelessness and suicidal ideation. Conclusion Since the possibilities of treatment of this disorder are limited by little or no disease awareness and that his delusions are usually highly structured, we find it important continue investigating the keys to achieving higher therapeutic adherence and successful social adaptation despite continue with chronic delusional ideation.

Leadership as an Ideograph: A Rhetorical Analysis of Military Leadership Training Material

AbstractThe current rhetorical study used McGee's theory of ideographs to identify how cultural politics influence efforts to portray “leadership” in a military setting. Such an approach seeks to better address some of the enigmas that have complicated the understanding of military leadership—and leadership in general—for decades. McGee's theory emphasizes that language reflects political as well as referential qualities and, in some instances, these attributes come into conflict. Acknowledging this reality in an applied setting can help address ambiguous issues that escape the net of prevailing social‐science approaches to leadership inquiry. The rhetorical analysis, which examines U.S. Air Force leadership training material, documents the manner in which ideographic portrayals of leadership were pervasive in each training program, and it considers practical implications of such a situation. Most notably, the analysis provides an explanation of how ideographic portrayals of leadership implicitly emphasize cultural indoctrination over promoting social influence skills. Such an orientation fortifies the military hierarchy and perpetuates romantic views of the military profession, but it also blurs key distinctions between social control and social influence. It is suggested that because ideographs reflect vital cultural motives, associated problems are inherently difficult to remedy.

The cultural mediational dynamics of literary intertexts: An approach to the problem of generative and transformational dynamics

The paper raises the theoretical question of the cultural mediational nature of literary intertexts from the point of view of generic and transformational dynamics. The intertextual complex as mediational operator is examined at two levels – (1) in the context of cultural diachrony by observing how the literary work establishes its place in the history of literature closely connected to the metapoiesis of the text; (2) at various kinds of intratextual interlevel movements regulating the evolution of a whole intertextual system within the work. Differentiating the ontological, generative and transformational conceptualization of intertextual poetics, an attempt is made to define the basic textual modes of the pretext, the intext and the intertext by describing their functionality in the building of an intersemiotic literary system. The relevant functions are grasped by shedding light upon the types of the sign of which the given signifying structures consist (here a terminological clarification and re-evaluation are added) and their textual semantics in terms of referential and relational quality (cf. the different versions of referential and relational semantics). In the first place, however, the paper aims at outlining the structure and content of the generic-transformational semiotic processes in which the dynamic aspects of intertextual semiosis are revealed. Within this framework, the processuality of the development of the intertextual signifying structure is elucidated, shown as a chain of reciprocal sign activities resulting in constantly evolving semantic shifts within the intra- and intertextual semiosis processes, all relying on mediational operations. Text examples are taken from and references made to works by A. S. Pushkin, I. S. Turgenev, F. M. Dostoevsky and J. M. Coetzee.

Staging of reality:the end or sumit os fiction?

Starting in the past two decades of the XX century, the current of thought that minimizes the referential character of historic discourse rises to an outstanding position, which is a factor leading to the dilution of history, myth and fiction frontiers. The idea that everyone lives in fiction is being settled then, there being no reason for the anthropologist to assign to the object of his investigation, a mythical time different from his own. On the other hand, anxiety by the “fictionalization of everything” is increasing. The text starts from this tension, which punctuates contemporary theories, to ponder on the new current fiction regimes, and it takes Eduardo Coutinho’s and Maria Augusta Ramos’ films as the object of analysis.

QUALIDADE DE LATOSSOLOS VERMELHOS E VERMELHO-AMARELOS SOB VEGETAÇÃO NATIVA DE CERRADO

Soil quality can be defined as the capacity that the soil presents to perform its functions on ecosystems, being considered a good tool for studying and planning sustainable land use. This study aimed to describe the Red and Red-Yellow Oxisols quality under native Savannah vegetation, in order to establish reference values for their main attributes. The experiment was carried out at the Fazenda Agua Limpa, Distrito Federal, Brazil, where the following soil quality attributes were evaluated: physical (soil density and porosity, aggregate stability, and flocculation index), chemical (cation exchange capacity, base sum and saturation, and organic matter content), and microbiological (microbial biomass carbon content and basal respiration). The results showed a great similarity among the soils attributes evaluated and provided the organization of radial graphics, with area delimitation defined as referential quality for all soils, which can be used for evaluating the natural equilibrium that takes place when these soils are submitted to diversified uses and agricultural managements.