Reference Triangle Research Articles

Estudi lèxic de la <i>Poesia Escènica</i> de Joan Brossa. Anàlisi de les concordances

This paper studies the structure of the lexicon in the prolific poetic work of Joan Brossa (1919-1998) by applying corpus-linguistic methodology for the analysis of his literary and visual poetry and, particularly, to his poesia escènica, i.e. to his theatre plays. Through the analysis of frequencies and collocations found in concordances of Brossa’s texts, it is shown that his most productive and prominent vocabulary belongs to the semantic fields of nature and the human body. Furthermore, the various creative processes and strategies used by the author and playwright in his ludic approach to the semiotic triangle of designation, concept and reference are detailed and illustrated. In following this empirical methodology, the study is able to confirm important findings concerning the style of Brossa which have been suggested in previous, interpretation-based literary studies on this important avant-gardist author.

Exploring the construction of “reference” triangle through unitarity

Motivated by the possibility of the low value of sin2\beta in the measurements of BABAR and BELLE collaborations, we have explored the possibilty of construction of reference unitarity triangle using the unitarity of the CKM matrix, the existence of nonzero CP violating phase \delta and the experimental values of the well known CKM elements, without involving any inputs from the processes which might include the new physics effects. The angles of the reference triangle are evaluated by finding \delta through the Jarlskog's rephasing invariant parameter J. The present data and the unitarity of the CKM matrix give \delta=50^o \pm 20^o, which translates to 130^o \pm 20^o in the second quadrant. The corresponding range for sin2\beta is 0.21 to 0.88. This range is broadly in agreement with the recently updated BABAR and BELLE results. However, a value of \sin2 \leq 0.2, advocated by Silva and Wolfenstein as a benchmark for new physics, would suggest a violation in the three generation unitarity and would hint towards the existence of a fourth generation. Further, the future refinements in the CKM elements will push the lower limit on sin2\beta still higher.

Implications of a low sin2 β: A strategy for exploring new flavor physics

We explore the would-be consequences of a low value of the CP-violating phase sin2 β ψK . The importance of a reference triangle obtained from measurements that are independent of B–B̄ and K–K̄ mixing is stressed. It can be used to extract separately potential New Physics contributions to mixing in the B d , B s and K systems. We discuss several constructions of this triangle, which will be feasible in the near future. The discrete ambiguity is at most two-fold and eventually can be completely removed. Simultaneously, it will be possible to probe for New Physics in loop-dominated rare decays.

Overlapping Schwarz Methods for Unstructured Spectral Elements

A parallel and scalable domain decomposition method for unstructured and hybrid spectral element discretizations of elliptic problems is introduced and studied. The spectral elements are affine images of the reference triangle or square in two dimensions and of the reference tetrahedron, pyramid, prism, or cube in three dimensions. The method is based on overlapping Schwarz techniques applied to the Schur complement of the discrete system and is implemented as a preconditioner for a Krylov space method. Numerical results in two and three dimensions show that the iteration counts of our method are bounded by a constant independent of the spectral degree and the number of subdomains. The resulting elliptic solver can be used in Navier–Stokes simulations using the spectral element code NekTar.

Preliminary report: Monocular spatial localization in children with strabismic amblyopia

Defective spatial localization is an important feature of strabismic amblyopia. Based on our experience from testing adult strabismics under various test conditions, we developed a test for assessing vertical alignment in strabismic children. Patients had to align a vertical test line with the apices of two vertically arranged reference triangles, under the control of both the dominant eye and the amblyopic eye. Means and standard deviations of several judgements represent systematic errors and uncertainty of alignment. We tested 27 strabismic and 34 age-matched control children aged 4.5-10 years. Control children showed a scatter of mean systematic alignment around the correct position of up to 7 minarc. In the amblyopic eyes of strabismic children, uncertainty was consistently higher than in the eyes of the control children. Systematic errors outside the normal range frequently occurred. In children tested repeatedly during occlusion therapy, uncertainty decreased as visual acuity improved. In several cases we observed changes of systematic vertical alignment during therapy, sometimes unexpectedly in the sense of a change in the direction of mislocalization or an initial increase and later decrease of errors. Thus, children with strabismic amblyopia show spatial localization deficits which are similar to those of adult strabismic amblyopes. Both spatial uncertainty and systematic distortions are susceptible to change due to enforced use of the amblyopic eye during occlusion therapy.

Three-dimensional ultrasonography and intraoperative navigation:a new application of ultrasonograms in osteotomy of the proximal femur

As precise operative control is difficult to achieve, the accuracy of femoral osteotomies can only be estimated. Therefore, a computer-assisted ultrasound navigation system was developed in order to apply an on-line control for femoral osteotomies. Three ultrasound emitters were fixed on a triangle. The exact position of triangles could be determined by measuring the time the ultrasound beam takes to reach microphones positioned in a frame. With a reference triangle fixed distally to the osteotomy and a second triangle fixed on the surgical chisel the exact correction angle can be determined three-dimensionally. A high degree of accuracy was found in both laboratory trials and in simulation trials using pig femurs. The deviation of measured values compared to a laser beam control was less than 0.5 degrees. The system was introduced into our operating theatre as an optimised control device that can provide excellent support to the surgical procedure.

Shape Statistics: Procrustes Superimpositions and Tangent Spaces

The shape of a set of labeled points corresponds to those attributes of the configuration that are invariant to the effects of translation, rotation, and scale. Procrustes distance may be used to compare different shapes and also serve as a metric that may be used to define multidimensional shape spaces. This paper demonstrates that the preshape space of planar triangles Procrustes aligned to a reference triangle corresponds to a unit hemisphere. An overview of methods used as linear approximations of D. G. Kendall's non-Euclidean shape space is given, and the equivalence of several methods based on orthogonal projections is shown. Some problems with approximations based on stereo graphic projections are also discussed. A simple example using artificial data is included.

A Schemata Model for Intercultural Encounters and Case Study: The Emperor and the Envoy

A recognized condition for successful intercultural business communication is the more like one's own cultural, psychological, economic, educational, and occupational environment the other party's environment is, the greater the chance of successful communication (Samovar & Porter, 1991; Torbiorn, 1988; Kim, 1988, Triandis, 1959, 1960a, 1960b). It follows that if the culture of another person or organization is unlike one's own, or is so unfamiliar that similar meanings cannot be attributed, the more one finds out about the unlike/unknown culture, the better one's chance of success in communicating with it (Gudykunst, 1984). Anecdotal reports of failed intercultural communication episodes in business applications support the idea that ignorance of another culture's priorities is the basis for costly errors. Specifically, the assumption is that enough knowledge will eliminate outsider behavior that obstructs effective communication; some communication will go awry even among members of the same culture, of course, but these failures are the result of cultural insiders' behaviors. The difficulty is knowing one knows about another culture; more to the point, the difficulty is knowing one does not know (metacognition). How close is one's understanding of another culture to the reality experienced by insiders in that culture? Except for being a member of another culture, how completely can one know it? When one supposes one's knowledge is sufficient, will communication succeed? While space does not allow for the full exploration of these questions here, they are answered indirectly in the following discussion. The basis for this discussion is that knowing about another culture is crucial in order to communicate successfully with that culture. This comes down to an inquiry into meaning and cognitive processes. This paper is in four parts: the first discusses communication models and meaning; the second proposes a model for how intercultural communicators structure meaning concerning another culture, the third section is an extended analysis of a specific historical case of intercultural business communication using the model, and the fourth section summarizes seven hypotheses for further research into the model's usefulness for modern international business encounters. Communication Models and the Issue of Meaning The standard communication model, derived from the Shannon and Weaver transmission model of 1949, shows a process that begins with a sender who transmits a message having first encoded it, through a channel to a receiver, who decodes it and who responds. Subsequently, various researchers have suggested modifications for these models that take into account the cultural basis for the codes, and the inescapable complications when cultural codes are different (Beamer, 1992; Campbell & Level, 1985; Gudykunst, 1984; Haworth & Savage, 1989; Lewis, 1987; Samovar & Porter, 1991; Targowski & Bowman, 1988; Thayer, 1968). In other words, these models attempt to consider the semantic issues of communication: how is meaning understood among communicators? This leads to the corollary question that concerns us here: how is meaning understood among communicators whose cultures differ, given that meaning is culture-based? The disciplines of psychology and linguistics have sought answers to questions about how communication has meaning and why; philosophy has wanted to know what it is to have meaning. Meaning is linked to language; but communication is more than simple eqnivalencies between word and thing, as Ogden and Richards first showed in their triangle of reference in The Meaning of Meaning (1923) and as has been investigated more thoroughly since (Hardy, 1978). Ogden and Richards suggested that in communication, language (symbol) refers to a thing or referent, which triggers thought. Thought or reference is pre-existent, independent of the symbol or the referent. The word does not represent the thing, in a kind of word-magic as it was dismissively called by scholars in the 1920s and 1930s (Hardy, 1978). …

Registration of dental radiographs using projective geometry.

Dunn and van der Stelt recently introduced a new model of radiographic image registration which makes use of the correspondence of 3D structures (Dunn SM, van der Stelt P. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 1992; 21: 142-7; Dunn SM et al. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 1993; 22: 77-80). Using a synthetic projective geometry, an algorithm was developed that utilized five-point projective invariants to describe the relative location of each image pixel. A limitation of this synthetic approach is that there will always be a single line passing through the image that cannot be registered. In this paper, an algorithm which is based upon an analytical projective geometry is introduced. This algorithm describes each image pixel by using a coordinate system called a reference triangle. It was shown experimentally that this algorithm successfully registers the entire image. It can also perform the registration almost six times faster than the original algorithm.

Unified multiple-feature color display for MR images.

A display method is proposed in which the spin-lattice relaxation time T1, the spin-spin relaxation time T2, and the proton density rho of each pixel in a MR image are simultaneously expressed in color features in a unified way that allows international standardization. MR images were made from a phantom, a healthy volunteer, and patients in such a way that T1 and T2 and proton density images could be derived. T1 and T2 data were compared with accurate relaxation time measurements of the phantom content. Color images were computed from the acquired T1 and T2 images using matrix multiplication on a pixel base. In this way the color combination in each pixel represents the properties of that particular pixel by a unique mixing of the elementary colors red, green, and blue. Color resolution could be modified using different choices of the reference triangle in which the color combinations were defined. This method of representation offers a means for displaying multiple features as T1 and T2 in one directly interpretable image, independent of instrumental settings.

Stochastic analog-to-digital converter based on the asynchronous sampling of a reference triangle

An analog-to-digital (A/D) converter is presented based on the repeated comparison at random intervals of the input voltage with the instantaneous value of a triangular waveform. This asynchronous sampling of a triangular waveform results in a converter, which features simplicity, both in conversion principle and circuit design, as the linearity merely depends on short-term stability of nonprecision components. The resolution increases with the number of samples and a tradeoff is possible between resolution and conversion time. In intelligent sensors the transducer, the signal conditioning circuits, and the A/D converter are integrated in a single chip. The required IC-process compatibility of all these subsystems narrows the range of the possibilities for implementing special processing steps to realize precision components, which favors the application of the stochastic A/D converter. >

A pencil of four-nodal plane sextics

Wiman, in 1895, found ((5), p. 208) an equation for a 4-nodal plane sextic W that admits a group S of 120 Cremona self-transformations; of these, 24 are projectivities, the other 96 quadratic transformations. S is isomorphic to the symmetric group of degree 5 and Wiman emphasizes that S does permute among themselves 5 pencils (4 pencils of lines and 1 of conics) and 5 nets (4 nets of conics and 1 of lines). But he gives no geometrical properties of W. The omission should be repaired because, as will be explained below, W can be uniquely determined by elementary geometrical conditions. Furthermore: W is only one, though admittedly the most interesting, of a whole pencil P of 4-nodal sextics; every member of P is invariant under S+, the icosahedral subgroup of index 2 in S, while the transformations in the coset S/S+ transpose the members of P in pairs save for two that they leave fixed, W being one of these. When the triangle of reference is the diagonal point triangle of the quadrangle of its nodes the form of W is (7.2) below. Wiman referred his curve to a different triangle.

Distance coordinates with respect to a triangle of reference

Distance coordinates with respect to a triangle of reference

Numerical integration over the triangle

describes a method for the evaluation of integrals over a triangle, based on a formula developed in [1]. The mid-points of the sides of the triangle are used as the points of evaluation in this method. Other possibilities may be used; for example, the trisection points of the medians that are not the centroid could be used as the points of evaluation. These points are symmetrically spaced and the weights, wi, again are equal. The centroid could also be used as a single point of evaluation with wi equal to the area of the triangle. As another modification to this method, one could calculate the appropriate mid-points of the reference triangle for a reasonable number of subdivisions, then retain them as constants rather than calculate each point as it is used. Recently, (1958) Mr. Walter Leffin carried out computations by the use of these methods.

A "Reference Triangle" for Hyperbolic Functions

A "Reference Triangle" for Hyperbolic Functions

1993. The equation, in areal coordinates, to the circle circumscribed to the triangle of reference

1993. The equation, in areal coordinates, to the circle circumscribed to the triangle of reference

Hamilton's Extension of Feuerbach's Theorem

The following treatment is perhaps easier than, and is in son respects an expansion of, that given by Professor H. F. Baker in h Principles of Geometry, vol. ii, pp. 58-60.1. A,B,C,O are four given points ; AO meets BG in D, BO meet CA in E, CO meets AB in F. Then DEF is the diagonal point triangle of the quadrangle ABCO. Take this as triangle of reference for areal coordinates and let O be (u, v, w). Then A is (-u, v, w) B is (u, - v, w) and C is (u, v, -w).

Conjugate Diameters in Areals

Principles. 1. If K be the centre of a conic and P a point not on it, the diameter conjugate to KP is parallel to the polar of P.2. Conjugate diameters form a pencil in involution. Hence if S=0 and S' =0 be the equations of two known pairs of conjugate diameters, the general equation is S + λS' =0.The method then is to find the diameters conjugate to KA, KB, KC, where ABC is the triangle of reference, by means of 1, and then to write down the general equation by means of 2.

Some Isochordic Circles Related to the Triangle

Taking ABC as the triangle of reference, with the usual notation for its sides and angles, let l = s − a, m = s− b, n = s − c. Let I, I1, I2, I3 be the centres of the inscribed and escribed circles DEF, D1E1F1, D2E2F2, D3E3F3.Through A, B, C draw parallels to the opposite sides forming the triangle A1B1C1, so that AAl, BB1, CC1 are the medians of the triangle ABC, and there are then ten triangles like ABB1, ACB1, etc., of the same area.

The Triangle of Reference in Elementary Analytic Geometry

The Triangle of Reference in Elementary Analytic Geometry