Reference Pattern Research Articles

Mass variability in drops of multidose eyedrops: a quality and reliability study

This quality and reliability study aimed to identify the mass variability of multidose eyedrops and to verify the existence of a reference pattern for the drop volume of eyedrops using standard lubricant eyedrops available on the Brazilian market. Five brands of lubricant eyedrops were evaluated. An ideal standard 20 µL drop of eyedrops from each manufacturer was captured using an adjustable micropipette. The eyedrop bottles were randomly selected, and five measurements of the samples' masses were collected using calibrated precision scales. The mass of the 20 µL samples varied significantly (p<0.001) among the different manufacturers. However, among eyedrops of the same brand, mass variation was not statistically different. The global mean mass of all weighed drops was 18.24 mg, and non-uniformity was identified across all eyedrop brands. Significant variations in the drop masses of common lubricant eyedrops were identified using standard laboratory equipment. Heterogeneity in the drop volume of standard eyedrop medications suggest that potential dosage discrepancies exist, possibly altering treatment efficacy. A pre-established reference measure may lead to the production of more appropriately sized eyedrops for use in human eyes.

A Study on the Predictive Maintenance of 5 Axis CNC Machine Tools for Cutting of Large Aircraft Parts

In the process of cutting large aircraft parts, the tool may be abnormally worn or damaged due to various factors such as mechanical vibration, disturbances such as chips, and physical properties of the workpiece, which may result in deterioration of the surface quality of the workpiece. Because workpieces used for large aircrafts parts are expensive and require strict processing quality, a maintenance plan is required to minimize the deterioration of the workpiece quality that can be caused by unexpected abnormalities of the tool and take maintenance measures at an earlier stage that does not adversely affect the machining. In this paper, we propose a method to indirectly monitor the tool condition that can affect the machining quality of large aircraft parts through real-time monitoring of the current signal applied to the spindle motor during machining by comparing whether the monitored current shows an abnormal pattern during actual machining by using this as a reference pattern. First, 30 types of tools are used for machining large aircraft parts, and three tools with relatively frequent breakages among these tools were selected as monitoring targets by reflecting the opinions of processing experts in the field. Second, when creating the CNC machining program, the M code, which is a CNC auxiliary function, is inserted at the starting and ending positions of the tool to be monitored using the editing tool, so that monitoring start and end times can be notified. Third, the monitoring program was run with the M code signal notified from the CNC controller by using the DAQ (Data Acquisition) device, and the machine learning algorithms for detecting abnormality of the current signal received in real time could be used to determine whether there was an abnormality. Fourth, through the implementation of the prototype system, the feasibility of the method proposed in this paper was shown and verified through an actual example.

What Does “a Reliable Source” Mean?

Purpose/Thesis: The paper aims to describe the types and structure of references to different sources as cited by the selected Polish Wikipedia articles from the category of people related to the Austrian Partition and all the categories below.&#x0D; Approach/Methods: The research data consisted of references from 50 randomly selected articles from Polish Wikipedia, including 1007 citations and 758 references. The references have been gathered, processed, and analyzed mainly employing R language. They have been categorized, and then the descriptive statistics for the chosen elements have been provided and analyzed.&#x0D; Results and conclusions: The study shows that the majority of sources used in the research sample were of primary nature. Consequently, it demonstrates that the analyzed articles about historical persons can be regarded more as a product of research than simple imitative work to a certain extent. Polish Wikipedians mainly utilized government directories and newspaper or magazine articles, often from digital libraries. Secondary sources, on the other hand, chiefly consisted of books, webpages, and book sections. The structure of references was diverse, and bibliographic descriptions sometimes lacked important elements. The findings confirm difficulties in analyzing sources in Wikipedia. Moreover, they support the need for researching different editions and subject areas of the largest online encyclopedia.&#x0D; Research limitations: Due to the exploratory character of research, which focuses on references from selected articles about historical persons from Poland, one should not readily extrapolate its results to other parts of Polish Wikipedia. The research sample only comprised citations and references, which were collected at one specific point of time. Additionally, the categorization of references has been done by a single researcher, and intercoder reliability has not been checked.&#x0D; Originality/Value: Most of the studies into sources used in Wikipedia articles have been limited to its English edition so far. Moreover, articles about historical persons in this encyclopedia have not been analyzed from the perspective of utilized sources, their types, and reference patterns. The paper broadens the understanding of sources usage in Wikipedia by focusing on the Polish edition of the encyclopedia.

Direct derivation of the crystalline fraction of highly potent active pharmaceutical ingredients by X-ray powder diffraction

Direct derivation (DD) is a novel Powder X-ray diffraction quantification method based on intensity–composition equation, which can determine the weight fraction of individual phases in a mixture of components by chemical formulas . The DD method was applied to determine crystallinity degree of binary mixtures containing amorphous hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and crystalline monohydrate α-lactose in weight percentage ≤ 15% w/w. Three different scenarios were considered: a) the unit cell parameters of the crystalline phases are available b) the unit cell parameters are unknown but the patterns of pure crystalline and amorphous references are available and c) only the mixtures’ patterns are available. Relative errors in scenarios a and b were comparable and reasonable (<20%), while in c, the crystalline degree was clearly underestimated evidencing the importance of determining the maximum number of crystalline reflections This can be easily achieved when the unit cell parameters and/or the patterns of pure references are available. To simulate the quantification of high potent API, the method was evaluated considering the scenario b, in samples covered by Kapton® film as containment system. In this case, an accurate quantification was achieved by subtracting the film signal from the observed pattern.

Western educational historiography and the institutionalization of normal schools in modern China (1901–1944)

PurposeThis paper traces the incorporation of western educational histories in the development of normal-school curricula during the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China (1901–1944). It uses publication networks to show how the study of comparative educational history facilitated the international circulation of knowledge in the teaching profession, and how the “uses” of educational history were shaped by larger geopolitical forces.Design/methodology/approachThis paper analyzes the international exchange of texts between normal schools in China and Japan and, subsequently, between normal schools in China and the United States. A database of 107 publications in the field of western educational history that were adopted in China reveals specific patterns of textual citation, cross-reference, and canon-formation in the field of educational historiography.FindingsWith conclusions derived from a combination of social network analysis and clustering analysis, this paper identifies three broad stages in China's development of normal-school curricula in comparative educational history: “Japan as Teacher,” “transitional period” and “America as Teacher.”Research limitations/implicationsStatistical analysis can reveal citation and reference patterns but not readers' understanding of the deeper meaning of texts – in this case, textbooks on the subject of western educational history. In addition, the types of publications analyzed in this study are relatively limited, the articles on the history of education in journals have not become the main objects of this study.Originality/valueThis paper uses both quantitative and qualitative methods to uncover the transnational circulation of knowledge in the field of comparative educational history during its formative period in China.

PDG81 Patients Comments on Social Networks about Paracetamol Misuses

Social media are an important way for patients to share experiences, opinions and concerns regarding health issues and treatments. Paracetamol is a well-established OTC medication and has a good safety profile when used as recommended. However, the number of reports of paracetamol misuses has increased these last decades. The goal was to detect within social media discussions paracetamol misuses leading to overdose, dependence or unapproved indications. Posts containing key words related to paracetamol products were retrieved from 18 French forums between 2003 and 2019. Text mining algorithms were developed for the detection of drug misuses. Unapproved indications were detected in posts with drug intake expression and medical concepts identified through Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities. The medical concepts were compared with the approved indications found within the products’ Summary of Product Characteristics. Dependence was determined by calculating a similarity score through the BM25 algorithm between a message and a reference pattern composed from a lexical field expressing drug dependence. The overdose algorithm detected expressions composed by digits, dosage and duration terms (e.g. 10 grams per day). The paracetamol overdose was calculated as a percent above 4 grams, the recommended daily dose. In the 44 283 posts extracted, the method identified fatigue as the most common unapproved indication, with 190 posts, followed by dependence with 148 posts. Reference to overdose was made by 245 users across 291 posts. Posts with reference to dependence were made by 136 users, accounting for 171 posts. The use of social media provides valuable data on patient’s behavior and allows the monitoring of drugs use. These findings highlight the necessity to raise awareness of the toxicity risks of paracetamol and that accessible healthcare information for the general public would be beneficial.

PSIX-2 Amino acid digestibility and digestible indispensable amino acid scores of a few protein isolates and concentrates derived from cereal grains, plant proteins, or dairy proteins

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acid (AA) and digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS) for brown rice protein concentrate (BRPC), pea protein concentrate (PPC), two rapeseed protein isolates (RSP-1 and RSP-2), soy protein isolate (SPI), and whey protein isolate (WPI). Seven cannulated barrows (36.51 ± 1.61 kg) were randomly allotted to a 7 × 7 Latin square design and fed a diet containing each protein as the sole source of AA. A nitrogen-free diet was also used. The DIAAS was calculated for children from 6-mo to 3-yr and persons &amp;gt;3-yr. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS in a randomized complete block design with pigs as the experimental unit. Among proteins, WPI had the greatest (P &amp;lt; 0.05) SID of all indispensable AA (IAA), except Lys and Thr, and RSP-1 had the least (P &amp;lt; 0.05) SID of most IAA. The SID of all AA, except Leu and Met, did not differ between RSP-2 and SPI, and the SID of all IAA, except Arg and Lys, was greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) for RSP-2 than for PPC and BRPC. For DIAAS (Table 1), RSP-2 was the only protein with a DIAAS greater than 100 for children 6-mo to 3-yr, and both RSP-2 and WPI had a DIAAS greater than 100 for persons &amp;gt;3-yr. For both reference patterns, the DIAAS for RSP-2 and WPI was greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than for SPI. The DIAAS for RSP-1 was less (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than for SPI and greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than for PPC, which had a DIAAS greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than BRPC. In conclusion, RSP-2 resulted in an excellent quality protein for persons &amp;gt;6-mo, and WPI is an excellent quality protein for persons &amp;gt;3-yr.

Methylammonium Metal Iodide Perovskite Film Preparation from Gaseous and Liquid Sources

IntroductionPerovskite solar cells have attracted great expectation as next-generation solar cells since they were invented in 2009[1] due to their high power conversion efficiency (PCE), which is 25.2 % in 2020[2], and low cost. Now methylammonium lead iodide (MAPI, CH3NH3PbI3) is mainly used for a light-absorbing layer, but the toxicity of lead is the problem for commercial use. Recently, methylammonium bismuth iodide (MABI, (CH3NH3)3Bi2I9) is attracting attention for a new perovskite material because of its low toxicity, and high durability[3,4,5].For fabricating perovskite thin film, solution process is widely used due to its simplicity. However, it is impossible to use for the industrial scale. Therefore, development of a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process is required for large-area fabrication of thin films. In this study, a novel CVD process to synthesize MAPI thin films from gaseous and liquid reactants is proposed. Thin films were also synthesized by solution process. The properties of MAPI and MABI were compared in terms of the component metals and the processes.ExperimentalSolution process— MAPI and MABI were synthesized respectively by dropping the precursor solution containing stoichiometric mixture of methylammonium iodide (MAI) and MI (M = Pb, Bi) on FTO substrates (10 ×10 ×1.1 mm3) set on the spin coater. The precursor solution was synthesized in reaction of 40 wt% MAI and MI (M = Pb, Bi) in -butyrolactone or N,N-dimethylformamide. After spin-coated, the solution film was annealed on the hot plate at 413 K.CVD process— As shown in Fig. 1, the reactor consisting of 3 parts, the iodide generation part, the mixing part, and the film deposition part, was used for CVD. In the iodide generation part, molten Pb was placed in a tube heated at 873 K, and 0.3 % HI in He was supplied for generating PbI2 vapor in Reaction (1).Pb + 2HI → PbI2 + H2 (1)PbI2 and HI were mixed with 10 % methylammonium (MA) in He in the mixing part and supplied for the film deposition part where MAPI film was synthesized on FTO substrates (8 ×10 ×1.1 mm3) coated with TiO2 at 413 K in Reaction (2).PbI2 + HI + MA → MAPI (2)The total pressure was approximately 2 kPa. HI and MA were supplied at a stoichiometric ratio of 3:1. Respective gases were supplied to inlets 1, 2, and 3 at flow rates of v 1 : v 2 : v 3 = 1 : 1 : 2.Obtained samples were analyzed by an X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku, Ultima), a UV-vis spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, UV-3100PC), and an SEM (Keyence, VE-7800).Results and DiscussionFig. 2 shows the film XRD patterns synthesized by the CVD and solution process. Both patterns show good agreement with MAPI reference pattern. MAPI thin film was successfully obtained by the proposed CVD process. The film synthesized by CVD has higher orientation and crystallinity. Stronger PbI2 peak is observed in the film synthesized by solution process. MAI, due to the lower molecular weight, may evaporate from the surface of solution while annealed.Fig. 3 shows the MAPI and MABI XRD patterns synthesized by the solution process. Full width at half maximum of main peak of MABI is greater than that of MAPI. Judged from the SEM images, the grain size of MABI is about 20 though MAPI is around 5 . The relatively less domain boundary in MABI thin film is expected to improve the power conversion efficiency.ConclusionsA novel CVD process from gaseous and liquid sources was developed and MAPI thin film was successfully obtained by the proposed process. More highly oriented and crystallized film were obtained by CVD process than solution process. MABI has higher crystallinity and its grain size was greater than what MAPI has.

Depth structure analysis by surface scanning in near-field microscopes.

High-resolution imaging of the surfaces of samples can be performed using near-field optical microscopes by scanning a small light spot; however, structures located deep beneath cannot be observed because the light spot spreads in three directions. In this study, we propose an observation technique for near-field optical microscopes that can obtain depth information within the resolution of the diffraction limit of light by analyzing interference patterns formed with divergent incident light and scattered light from a sample. We analyze depth structures by evaluating correlation coefficients between observed interference patterns and calculated reference patterns. Our technique can observe both high-resolution surface images and the diffraction-limited three-dimensional structure by scanning a near-field light source on a single plane.

Sensitivity analysis of correspondence ghost imaging

In this letter, sensitivity analysis is adopted to interpret why correspondence ghost imaging can restore better images with fewer reference patterns which have larger bucket value fluctuation: these selected patterns are more alike with regard to the target to be restored. The contribution of reference patterns to imaging can be quantified as sensitivity coefficients. In addition, the peak signal-to-noise ratio and mean square error are calculated to compare the restored image quality, and results confirmed that sensitivity coefficients are more robust than bucket value fluctuation in the presence of noise for selecting reference patterns.

Integrated correction of optical distortions for global HR-EBSD techniques

Optical distortions caused by camera lenses affect the accuracy of the elastic strains and lattice rotations measured by high-angular resolution techniques. This article introduces an integrated correction of optical distortions for global HR-EBSD/HR-TKD approaches. The digital image correlation analysis is directly applied to optically distorted patterns, avoiding the pattern pre-processing step conducted so far while preserving the numerical efficiency of the Gauss-Newton algorithm. The correction implementation is first described and its numerical cost is assessed considering a homography-based HR-EBSD approach. The correction principle is validated numerically for various levels of first-order radial distortion over a wide range of disorientation angles (0 to 14°) and elastic strain (0 to 5×10−2). The errors induced when neglecting such distortions as well as the influence of both the radial distortion coefficient and the pattern centre and optical centre locations are quantified. Even when both reference and target patterns are distorted, the correction appears necessary whatever the disorientation between those patterns. The required accuracy on the true distortion parameters for an effective correction is consequently determined.

Brightness perception changes related to pupil size

Dilating the pupils allow more quanta of light to impact the retina. Consequently, if one pupil is dilated with a pharmacological agent (Tropicamide), the brightness of a surface under observation should increase proportionally to the pupil dilation. Little is known about causal effects of changes in pupil size on perception of an object’s brightness. In a psychophysical procedure of brightness adjustment and matching, we presented to one eye geometrical patterns with a central square (the reference pattern) that differed in physical brightness within backgrounds of constant luminance. Subsequently, with the other eye, participants (n = 30) adjusted to the same luminance a similar pattern (target) whose central square luminance was randomly set higher or lower in brightness than the reference. As only one eye was treated with Tropicamide, we assessed whether the subjective brightness of the target square shifted in a consistent direction when viewed with the dilated pupil compared to the untreated (control) eye. We found that, as the pupil increased post drug administration, so significantly did the sense of brightness of the pattern (i.e., higher brightness adjustments followed viewing the reference pattern with the treated (Tropicamide) eye). A reversed effect was observed when the control eye viewed the reference pattern first. The results confirm that even slight pupil dilations can result in an enhanced perceptual experience of brightness of the attended object, corresponding to an average increase of 2.09 cd/m2 for each 1 mm increase in pupil diameter.

SVD-CNN: A Convolutional Neural Network Model with Orthogonal Constraints Based on SVD for Context-Aware Citation Recommendation.

Context-aware citation recommendation aims to automatically predict suitable citations for a given citation context, which is essentially helpful for researchers when writing scientific papers. In existing neural network-based approaches, overcorrelation in the weight matrix influences semantic similarity, which is a difficult problem to solve. In this paper, we propose a novel context-aware citation recommendation approach that can essentially improve the orthogonality of the weight matrix and explore more accurate citation patterns. We quantitatively show that the various reference patterns in the paper have interactional features that can significantly affect link prediction. We conduct experiments on the CiteSeer datasets. The results show that our model is superior to baseline models in all metrics.

Morphometric Characteristics of the Spermatozoa of Blue Fox (Alopex lagopus) and Silver Fox (Vulpes vulpes).

Simple SummaryThe present study describes a detailed morphometric analysis of the sperm of the blue fox (Alopex lagopus) and silver fox (Vulpes vulpes), together with determination of the shape indices of the sperm head. Staining with silver nitrate enables precise identification of the acrosome and reveals structural details of the sperm tail, so that they can be accurately measured. Statistically significant differences were found for most of the morphometric parameters of the two fox species. The blue fox sperm were generally larger, but the acrosome area and coverage were greater in the silver fox. There are no clear recommendations regarding sperm staining techniques for foxes, and no reference values for morphometric parameters of the sperm of foxes or for canines in general. Staining with silver nitrate for evaluation of the morphometry of fox sperm can be used as an independent technique or an auxiliary technique in routine analysis of canine semen.The results presented in this study are the first such extensive characterization of the sperm morphometry of the blue fox (Alopex lagopus) and silver fox (Vulpes vulpes), as representatives of the family Canidae. Canine spermatozoa, especially the sperm of farmed foxes, are not often described in studies on reproduction. The aim of the study was a detailed comparison of the morphometric dimensions and shape of the sperm of two fox species: silver fox and blue fox. Semen collected from 10 silver foxes and 10 blue foxes was used for the study. The specimens were stained with silver nitrate. Measurements were performed of the length, width, perimeter, and area of the head; the area of the acrosome and its coverage; the length of the midpiece and its coverage; the length of the tail; and the length of the end piece of the tail. In addition, four head shape indices were calculated: ellipticity, elongation, roughness and regularity. The following values for the morphometric parameters and shape indices were obtained for blue fox and silver fox, respectively: head length—6.72 µm and 6.33 µm; head width—4.54.µm and 4.21 µm; head perimeter—18.11 µm and 17.37 µm; head area—21.94 µm2 and 21.11 µm2; acrosome area—11.50 µm2 and 10.92 µm2; midpiece length—12.85 µm and 12.79 µm; tail end piece length—3.44 µm and 3.28 µm; tail length—65.23 µm and 65.09 µm; acrosome coverage—52.43% and 52.83%; midpiece coverage—19.71% and 19.65%; sperm length—71.95 µm and 71.42 µm; ellipticity—1.49 and 1.52; elongation—0.19 and 0.20; roughness—0.84 and 1.88; regularity—1.09 and 0.99. The significance of differences between species was verified by Tukey’s test at p ≤ 0.05. Statistically significant differences between species were found for the following parameters: head length, width, perimeter and area; acrosome area; tail, end piece, and total sperm length; roughness and regularity. The differences in the size and shape of sperm can be used to establish reference patterns for fox sperm enabling more accurate species identification.

Patterns of Physical Activity Progression in Patients With COPD

IntroductionAlthough mean physical activity in COPD patients declines by 400–500steps/day annually, it is unknown whether the natural progression is the same for all patients. We aimed to identify distinct physical activity progression patterns using a hypothesis-free approach and to assess their determinants. MethodsWe pooled data from two cohorts (usual care arm of Urban Training [NCT01897298] and PROactive initial validation [NCT01388218] studies) measuring physical activity at baseline and 12 months (Dynaport MoveMonitor). We identified clusters (patterns) of physical activity progression (based on levels and changes of steps/day) using k-means, and compared baseline sociodemographic, interpersonal, environmental, clinical and psychological characteristics across patterns. ResultsIn 291 COPD patients (mean±SD 68±8 years, 81% male, FEV1 59±19%pred) we identified three distinct physical activity progression patterns: Inactive (n=173 [59%], baseline: 4621±1757 steps/day, 12-month change (Δ): −487±1201 steps/day), ActiveImprovers (n=49 [17%], baseline: 7727±3275 steps/day, Δ:+3378±2203 steps/day) and ActiveDecliners (n=69 [24%], baseline: 11 267±3009 steps/day, Δ: −2217±2085 steps/day). After adjustment in a mixed multinomial logistic regression model using Active Decliners as reference pattern, a lower 6-min walking distance (RRR [95% CI] 0.94 [0.90–0.98] per 10m, P=.001) and a higher mMRC dyspnea score (1.71 [1.12–2.60] per 1 point, P=.012) were independently related with being Inactive. No baseline variable was independently associated with being an Active Improver. ConclusionsThe natural progression in physical activity over time in COPD patients is heterogeneous. While Inactive patients relate to worse scores for clinical COPD characteristics, Active Improvers and Decliners cannot be predicted at baseline.

Occurrence and identification of a phytoplasma associated with Pinus brutia witches’ broom disease in Isfahan, Iran

Between 2016 and 2017, symptoms of witches’ broom, proliferation, drying of twigs and ball-like structures formation were observed in Pinus brutia in urban green areas and parks in Isfahan (Iran). All samples from affected P. brutia trees resulted positive in nested-PCR using primer pairs targeting the phytoplasma 16S rRNA gene. Amplicons were obtained only from all the symptomatic pine tree samples and RFLP analyses of R16F2n/R16R2 amplicons with KpnI, AluI, HaeIII, HhaI, HpaII, MseI, RsaI,ThaI, BfaI and TaqI restriction enzymes showed the presence of phytoplasmas enclosed in the 16SrVI group. Four amplicons were sequenced and showed 100% identity to each other. One of these sequences was deposited in the GenBank database (accession number MK158098) and the virtual RFLP pattern was identical (similarity coefficient 1.00) to the reference pattern of 16Sr group VI, subgroup A confirming that the phytoplasma detected in pine is a member of 16SrVI-A subgroup. This is the first report of a 16SrVI-A phytoplasma strain associated with pine tree witches’ broom (P. brutia) disease.

Motion Parameter Identification and Motion Compensation for Shipborne HFSWR by Using the Reference RF Signal Generated at the Shore

The shipborne high-frequency surface wave radar (HFSWR) platform produces six degrees of freedom (DOF) motion at sea, which affects the performance of radar target detection and remote sensing of ocean surface dynamics parameters. Motion compensation can mitigate the effect of six-DOF motion, but motion parameters (including amplitude and angular frequency) need to be known. Motion parameters obtained by using high precision sensors are affected by the precision error and time delay, thus affecting the effect of motion compensation. To obtain the motion parameters accurately and in real time, a method of identifying the motion parameters by using an artificially transmitted reference radio frequency (RF) signal generated at the shore is proposed. Based on the results of the parameter identification, the reference RF signal and the first-order radar cross-sections (RCSs) modulated by six-DOF motion of the shipborne HFSWR platform can be compensated. The identification of angular frequency is divided into two steps: (1) Preliminary identification results are obtained by using the reference RF signal; (2) the pattern search method is used to further improve the identification accuracy of angular frequency. The amplitude of translation (including surge and sway) can be identified accurately through the reference RF signal. Due to the small amplitude of rotation (including roll, pitch, and yaw), it needs to be identified by the reference RF signal and pattern search method. After identifying the motion parameters, division in the time domain is used for motion compensation. Through the simulation results, both translation and rotation have good motion compensation effects. In addition, the method of using high precision sensors to obtain motion parameters and compensation is compared with the method in this paper, the simulation results of motion compensation show that the latter is better.

Comprehensive overview of the quality of plant- And animal-sourced proteins based on the digestible indispensable amino acid score.

Indispensable amino acid (IAA) composition and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of five animal‐ and 12 plant‐based proteins were used to calculate their respective Digestible Indispensable Amino Score (DIAAS) according to the three age categories defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Mean IAA content and mean SID obtained from each protein dataset were subsequently used to simulate optimal nutritional quality of protein mixtures. Datasets revealed considerable variation in DIAAS within the same protein source and among different protein sources. Among the selected protein sources, and based on the 0.5‐ to 3‐year‐old reference pattern, pork meat, casein, egg, and potato proteins are classified as excellent quality proteins with an average DIAAS above 100. Whey and soy proteins are classified as high‐quality protein with an average DIAAS ≥75. Gelatin, rapeseed, lupin, canola, corn, hemp, fava bean, oat, pea, and rice proteins are classified in the no quality claim category (DIAAS <75). Potato, soy, and pea proteins can complement a broad range of plant proteins, leading to higher DIAAS when supplied in the form of protein mixtures and at specific ratios. Such complementarity highlights the potential to achieve an optimal nutritional efficiency with plant proteins alone.

Probability theory of intensity correlation in ghost imaging with thermal light

To well reveal the imaging mechanism of ghost imaging (GI) with thermal light, we propose a probability theory using more general assumptions than existing theoretical explanations that the reference patterns obey an arbitrary identical distribution and the objects are of grayscale. It is not limited to a specific correlation function, even multi-functional variants of reference patterns can be used in correlation calculation. We have proven in both theory and experiments that the reconstruction means are linear transformations of original object's gray values and the probabilities of recovered pixel values in the pixel region of the same original gray value follow a Gaussian distribution, whose variance explains the appearance of reconstruction noise. We also derive the relationship between pattern variance and contrast-to-noise ratio under noisy conditions, which will be instructive for better pattern construction. This work will deepen the understanding of GI and enrich intensity correlation forms.

Strategy for improved characterization of human metabolic phenotypes using a COmbined Multi-block Principal components Analysis with Statistical Spectroscopy (COMPASS).

MotivationLarge-scale population omics data can provide insight into associations between gene–environment interactions and disease. However, existing dimension reduction modelling techniques are often inefficient for extracting detailed information from these complex datasets.ResultsHere, we present an interactive software pipeline for exploratory analyses of population-based nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data using a COmbined Multi-block Principal components Analysis with Statistical Spectroscopy (COMPASS) within the R-library hastaLaVista framework. Principal component analysis models are generated for a sequential series of spectral regions (blocks) to provide more granular detail defining sub-populations within the dataset. Molecular identification of key differentiating signals is subsequently achieved by implementing Statistical TOtal Correlation SpectroscopY on the full spectral data to define feature patterns. Finally, the distributions of cross-correlation of the reference patterns across the spectral dataset are used to provide population statistics for identifying underlying features arising from drug intake, latent diseases and diet. The COMPASS method thus provides an efficient semi-automated approach for screening population datasets.Availability and implementationSource code is available at https://github.com/cheminfo/COMPASS.Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.