Reference Drug Glibenclamide Research Articles

Anti-hyperglycemic effect of Commelina diffusa extracts on diabetic mice model

This study aimed to investigate the blood glucose stabilising effect of extracts from Commelina diffusa Burm.f. on glucose tolerance test and diabetes test in white mice by streptozotocin. The diabetic mice were induced to hyperglycemia by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin in a single dose (170 mg/kg). Water extract, 96% ethanol extract, and 50% ethanol extract of C. diffusa were given orally for 7 days and the reference drug glibenclamide was given orally once on the 7th experimental day. The hypoglycemic effect was evaluated by quantifying fasting plasma glucose concentration and glucose tolerance test. The results of 96% ethanol extract of C. diffusa at two oral doses of 0.21 and 0.42 g/kg showed a more typical hypoglycemic effect than the water extract (0.36 and 0.72 g/kg) and 50% ethanol extract (0.49 and 0.98 g/kg) in both fasting blood glucose and glucose tolerance tests. The hypoglycemic effect of 96% ethanol extract of C. diffusa was equivalent to glibenclamide at a dose of 5 mg/kg measured in fasting state and was weaker than glibenclamide in the glucose tolerance test.

In vivo assessment of antidiabetic activity and safety of polyherbal teas from selected Cameroonian medicinal plants: Persea americana, Ageratum conyzoides and Mangifera indica

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder of the endocrine system which results in persistently high blood glucose levels. Available control measures do not completely cure the disease and most patients in the tropics cannot afford diabetes drugs regularly. Amongst other plants, Mangifera indica (MI), Persea americana (PA), and Ageratum conyzoides (AC) are used individually as traditional medicine by most people for the management of diabetes. This work was set to produce polyherbal teas (water infusion) from these plants and evaluate in vivo antidiabetic activity and safety of the teas. Methods: Three (3) monoherbal teas (MI, PA, AC) and 4 polyherbal of which 3 composed of two plants each (MI+PA, MI+AC, PA+AC) and one including all the plants (MI+PA+AC) were formulated. The antidiabetic activity was assessed by evaluating the hypoglycaemic activity of the teas by carrying out the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in male Wistar albino rats and the subacute antidiabetic assay in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Safety was evaluated using the in vivo acute toxicity test in mouse model. Results: The OGTT revealed a significant drop in post-prandial glucose peak in rats treated with 20mg/kg monoherbal tea from Mangifera indica leaf (MI), as compared to the negative control (distilled water). The polyherbal tea of all three plants (AC+MI+PA) at a dose of 20mg/kg was able to return the glucose levels to normal 30mins after the glucose peak. The tea AC+MI+PA also exhibited a higher antidiabetic activity as it produced a 60% glycemia recovery rate compared to the reference drug glibenclamide and monoherbal tea MI with 40% and 20% recovery rate respectively. Polyherbal tea and MI exhibited hepato-protective and nephron-protective activities. The in vivo acute toxicity test showed that the teas were not toxic as there was no record of mortality and adverse effects in physical appearance, behavior, change in body weight, water, and food intake. Conclusion: Out of the seven teas produced, two showed promising antidiabetic potential, with both acute hypoglycemic effects and significant subacute efficacy. Further investigations are envisaged to pursue the development of improved alternative therapies from these, to address the enduring challenge of diabetes, particularly in resource-limited settings. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus; antidiabetic; activity; polyherbal tea.

Preparation and Evaluation of Novel Antidiabetic Polyherbal Formulation

Polyherbal formulation having more than one plant in the particular dosage form. These formulation shows greater therapeutic efficacy compared to single plant. In the present study. It was intended to formulate antidiabetic polyherbal formulation incorporating different ratio of the Annona squamosa (leaves), Withania somnifera (roots), Tinospora cordifolia (stems)and Azadirachta indica (leaves). The seven different polyherbal formulation (HF1 to HF7) were prepared and administered orally to the streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. The experimental rats treated with the HF1 to HF7 and reference drug Glibenclamide significantly reduced the blood glucose level compared to the diabetic control group. Further, the HF1 to HF7 showed antihyperlipidemic activity by lowering the total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein level as well asenhanced the high-density lipoprotein. The polyherbal formulations and reference drug improve the body wights of the rats. The HF6 demonstrated greater antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity compared to other polyherbal formulations.

SYZYGIUM CUMINI DEPARTS THE NEGATIVES OF THE ALLOXAN INDUCED DIABETES IN SWISS ALBINO MICE

Background: Because of the unfavorable side effects and higher cost of synthetic anti-diabetic medicines, an alternative approach to manage diabetes mellitus from an herbal source would be safe and within the affordability of the common people. Hence we investigated the hypoglycemic and pancreatic islets restoration effect of Syzygium cumini seed extract using glibenclamide as positive control.
 Methods: Six (06) normal control mice and eighteen (18) alloxan induced diabetic mice grouped as diabetic control, Syzygium cumini and standard drug, were used for this experiment. In comparison to a reference drug-glibenclamide (@600μg/kg body weight), Syzygium cumini seed ethanolic extract (@500mg/kg body weight) was given orally once daily for thirty days to counteract alloxan induced alteration in blood glucose level and pancreatic cells morphology. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) level was evaluated at 15 days intervals, whereas mice were ethically sacrificed to collect pancreas at the completion of the experiment and processed for histological examination.
 Results: Research results revealed that in both the Syzygium cumini and standard drug treated groups, FBG level were significantly lower than the diabetic control group (P < 0.05). Histologically, smaller islets and necrosis, present in the pancreas of diabetic mice were returned to normal following treatment with Syzygium cumini seed extract and standard anti-diabetic drug.
 Conclusion: Syzygium cumini seed extract could be recommended as anti-diabetic for humans and animals especially in developing and under developed countries where this plant is readily available and affordable.

Hypoglycemic effects of leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera and Vitex simplicifolia on blood glucose level of Wistar rat

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is as a disorder that is characterized by increase in blood sugar levels, as well as disturbances in the metabolism of the three main classes of food. Whole plants or their parts serve as alternatives in the treatment of many diseases and, have, for a time immemorial, been very important in the health care delivery in many countries. The objective of this study was to compare the relative antihyperglycemic properties of Moringa oleifera and Vitex simplicifolia, as well as the reference drug glibenclamide, on blood sugar levels. DM was induced via intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate; levels of glucose in circulating blood were measured using a glucometer, by tail snip method. Potent oral hypoglycemic properties and thus, a fast onset of anti-diabetic activity was more pronounced in Vitex simplicifolia than in Moringa oleifera. The two were more potent than the reference drug, glibenclamide. The studied leaf extracts are relatively safe and could be used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Evaluation of hydrated extract of phaseolus Vulgaris L. (bean plant) on hypoglycemia and hypolipidemic in streptozotocin-induced diabetic albino Wistar rats

The current research was intended to comprehend hypoglycemic and anti-lipidaemic exercises of hydrated common bean (phaseolus Vulgaris L.) seed extracts on streptozotocin-induced diabetic albino rats. At a set portion fluctuate of 100, 200,300 mg/kg body weight of common bean extracts was orally directed as one portion for every day to polygenic disorder rats for a measure of thirty days. The impact of P.vulgaris L. on hypoglycemic, glycosylated hemoprotein (HbA1c) and blood serum lipid profile (Total cholesterin), Triglyceride (TG), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), High-density lipoprotein (HDL)) in plasma were estimated in the regular and diabetic induced rat. The outcomes demonstrated that quick glucose,serum TC, TG, LDL, VLDL, levels were significantly (p<0.05) attenuate, while blood serum HDL, the level was extensively (p<0.05) upgraded inside the diabetic rats. The inconclusive amount of pace of 300 mg/kg is more reasonable than that of a hundred mg/kg. Our examination so shows that Phaseolus vulgaris L has a powerful adversary to diabetic and anti-lipidaemic impacts on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, and results were comparable to reference drug glibenclamide.

The effect of the complex antidiabetic composition on the histostructure of the pancreas in rats under the conditions of dexamethasone-induced diabetes

Researchers of the National University of Pharmacy (NUPh) have developed a pharmaceutical composition based on glibenclamide and metabolitotropic substances with the proven antioxidant, membrane-protective and hypolipidemic action. Aim. To study the effect of a new antidiabetic composition (NAC) on the pancreatic histological structure in rats under experimental dexamethasone-induced diabetes. Materials and methods. The experimental diabetes mellitus in rats was induced by dexamethasone in the dose of 150 mg/kg for 5 weeks against the background of a high-calorie diet. Rats were divided into the following groups: Group 1 – control pathology (n=10); Group 2 receiving the NAC in the dose of 4.0 mg/kg (n=10); Group 3 receiving the reference drug glibenclamide in the dose of 0.25 mg/kg (n=10). All data obtained were processed using methods of variation statistics. The microscopic examination was carried out under a Granum light microscope, photographing of microscopic images was performed with a Granum DSM 310digital video camera. Photos were processed on a Pentium 2.4 GHz computer using the Toup View program. Results. In animals of the control pathology group introduction of dexamethasone against the background of a hypercaloric diet led to a marked decrease in the optical density of pancreatic islets in the microslide (up to 11.4 ± 1.0), their uneven distribution in the lobes, and redistribution of the percentage ratio between the islets. The percentage of large islets increased by 2.4 times, the islets themselves were hypertrophied, often had an elongated shape. Pancreatic islets in the middle practically disappeared. Although not significantly, the share of small islets increased by 26.61 %. There were mosaic lesions of pancreatic islets. There were hypertrophic, dystrophic changes in some of them, or beta-cells in the state of necrosis. The widening of the lumen of the excretory ducts, and focal expressive perivascular sclerosis were observed. Introduction of the NAC against the background of the experimental dexamethasone-induced diabetes significantly inhibited destruction of the pancreas compared to the control pathology. The volume density of pancreatic islets increased (by 57.89 %), their shape was much more common. The share of large islets decreased by a factor of 4.4. The share of medium (by the number of beta cells) pancreatic islets was restored to the intact level. At the same time, small islets still occupied a rather high share – 37.5 %. Morphologically, the beta cells in islets were more complete. There no «budding» of small islets from the mother one, and the membrane between the islets. The signs of hypertrophy of islets were clearly reduced. There was no sclerosis in the interlobar connective tissue layers, perivascular sclerosis, and dilatation of ductula. Introduction of the reference drug glibenclamide in the dose of 0.25 mg/kg to a lesser degree normalized the histological structure of the pancreas than the NAC. Although the state of pancreatic beta cells in a significant number of islets was normal, some of them had signs of vacuolization. Some islets were not too clearly separated from the acinar parenchyma; there was necrobiosis of some beta cells. The morphometric analysis of islets showed that the relative proportion of small islets still remained elevated compared to the intact control and even higher than in the control pathology group (by 20 %) although not significantly. The bulk density of pancreatic islets in microslides increased by 61.40 %. Conclusions. A new antidiabetic composition based on glibenclamide and metabolitotropic substances has a corrective effect on the state of the endocrine apparatus of the pancreas of female rats, it leads to a marked increase in the total number of islets (primarily small and medium ones) compared to the control pathology, a visualized increase in morphologically more complete insulin cells. The NAC exhibits a significant protective effect on pancreatic cells.

Antihyperglycaemic activity of the methanol extract from leaves of Eremophila maculata (Scrophulariaceae) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

This study was designed to evaluate the antihyperglycaemic activity of the methanol leaf extract of Eremophila maculata (EMM) both in vitro and in vivo. The antihyperglycaemic activity was assessed in vitro using differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, whereas in-vivo effect was evaluated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Chemical profiling of EMM was done using LC-ESI-MS techniques. Molecular modelling experiments of the identified compounds were performed using C-Docker protocol. Eremophila maculata slightly enhanced cellular glucose uptake and utilization in vitro by 3.92% relative to the untreated control. A stronger in-vivo effect was observed for EMM and its dichloromethane fraction. A pronounced elevation in serum insulin by 88.89 and 66.67%, respectively, accompanied by an apparent decline in fasting blood glucose (FBG) level by 65.60 and 70.37% comparable to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was observed. This effect was stronger than that of the reference drug glibenclamide (GLB). Chemical profiling of EMM revealed that leucoseptoside A, verbascoside, syringaresinol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, pinoresinol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and pinoresinol-4-O-[6″-O-(E)-feruloyl]-β-D-glucopyranoside are the major compounds. Molecular modelling showed that martynoside, verbascoside and phillygenin exhibited the highest inhibition to human pancreatic α-amylase (HPA), maltase glucoamylase (MGAM) and aldose reductase (AR), respectively. Eremophila maculata offers an interesting relatively safer antihyperglycaemic candidate comparable to synthetic analogues.

In-vivo potential of Musa paradisiaca Linn. (Stmn.) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Objective: Musa paradisiaca belonging to family Musaceae is a well-known herb having many pharmacological properties including antidiabetic activity. In ancient text, Basavaraju was reported the stamen of this plant as antidiabetic agent in a dietary recipe. The main aim of this study was to explore the in-vivo antidiabetic property of its stamen. Materials and Methods: Aqueous extract of M. paradisiaca stamen (AqMP, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) was evaluated for hypoglycemic effect in normoglycemic rats and consequences on oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) by measuring the tail blood glucose concentrations. Further, blood glucose level was measured after 7th, 14th, and 21th days in streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ 65 mg/kg, i.p. and NDA 110 mg/kg, i.p.) induced-diabetic rats treated with AqMP and reference drug glibenclamide (5 mg/kg, b.w. p.o.). Results: The result with normoglycemic rats shows that the AqMP (400 mg/kg, p.o.) did not have any hypoglycemic effect, and it effectively control the blood glucose level in OGTT within 30-60 min after glucose (2 g/kg) administration without causing any hypoglycemic effect. Moreover, the drug (400 mg/kg, p.o.) was also found to be effective in controlling the blood sugar level in STZ-NDA induce diabetic rat as compare to glibenclamide. Conclusion: The study shows that the drug exhibit significant in-vivo antidiabetic potential as well as support its traditional use in diabetes.

Hepatoprotective and antidiabetic effects of Pistacia lentiscus leaf and fruit extracts

Pistacia lentiscus (Anacardiaceae) is commonly used in folk medicine to treat various diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of extracts of P. lentiscus leaves (PL) and fruits (PF) against experimentally induced liver damage. Furthermore, characterization of extracts was attempted by a spectroscopic methodology (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection analysis. A hepatoprotective potential against paracetamol [165 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)] toxicity was noticed in mice pretreated with the same dose of PL or PF extract (125 mg/kg b.w.) or a combination of both (PL/PF 63/63 mg/kg b.w.), as revealed by an analysis of biochemical parameters (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase activities and total bilirubin). These results were confirmed by histological examination of the liver, which revealed significant protection against paracetamol-induced hepatic necrosis. Furthermore, PF extract exhibited a promising antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, similar to the reference drug glibenclamide (0.91 g/L), a result confirmed by in vitro inhibition of α-amylase. We demonstrated that the leaf crude extract showed the best effect in all tested methods, compared to its fruit counterpart, probably due to the presence of higher amounts of phenolic compounds, as determined by phytochemical and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses. Moreover, high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection led to the identification of six compounds for each part of the plant. Gallic acid, a characteristic compound of Pistacia species, was most abundant in leaves and fruits, while luteolin was detected for the first time in fruits. Obtained activities of P. lentiscus extracts may well be due, at least in part, to the presence of the above compounds.

Investigations on the anti-diabetic potential of novel marine seaweed <i>Sargassum longiotom</i> against alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus: A pilot study

The present study evaluated the hypoglycemic effect of brown algae Sargassum longiotom in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. After the treatment with S. longiotom extract, there is a significant reduction (p<0.001) in blood glucose when compared with the diabetic control group. Moreover the ethanolic extract of S. longiotom significantly reduces (p<0.001) the levels of triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol dose dependent manner. Alternatively, it increases the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level in the treated groups. The values of SGOT, SGPT and ALP have been significantly reduced (p<0.001) in the treated rats when compared to diabetic control. Thus, the present study indicates that the ethanolic extract of seaweed S. longiotom posses very effective hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect on the alloxan-induced diabetic rats compared to the reference drug glibenclamide.

Synthesis, hypoglycemic activity and molecular modeling studies of pyrazole-3-carbohydrazides designed by a CoMFA model

Diabetes and obesity are two universal health problems that constitute a research objective of several groups due to the lack of efficient and safe drug treatment. In this sense, cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) has attracted interest because of its role in food intake and metabolic balance, two targets in the control of metabolic syndrome. In this work, novel 1,5-diaryl pyrazole derivatives were synthesized in accordance with the pKi prediction of a previously reported CoMFA model by our group. To further investigate the biological activity of these compounds in metabolic disorders, their hypoglycemic activity in an in vivo model was tested. Interestingly, a high degree of correlation was observed between the predicted pKi and hypoglycemic effect 7 h after administration. Compounds 4, 9 and 13 showed the most significant plasma glucose reduction with decreases of 60%, 64% and 60% respectively. This result not only surpasses the activity of the lead rimonabant, but also that of the reference drug glibenclamide. Moreover, PASS prediction and molecular docking in an excellent validated homology model of CB1 suggest that these compounds would probably act as CB1 antagonists/inverse agonists and therefore, anti-obesity agents. The ligand–receptor complexes demonstrate that 1,5-diaryl pyrazole derivatives bind to the proposed binding site where a hydrophobic moiety interacts with the phenyl rings in the pyrazole nucleus and Lys192 forms a hydrogen bond with the oxygen of the carbonyl group. Dynamics simulations were also carried out to study the stability of the ligand–receptor complexes where the most active compounds showed smaller ΔG values and more hydrogen bonds throughout the simulation. These compounds are considered useful leads for further optimization in the treatment of such metabolic illnesses.

Isolation and quantification of flavonoids from ethanol extract of Costus igneus rhizome (CiREE) and impact of CiREE on hypoglycaemic, electron microscopic studies of pancreas in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats

The aim of the study was to isolate and quantify flavonoids from ethanol extract of Costus igneus rhizome (CiREE) and to find the impact of CiREE on hypoglycaemic effect, electron microscopical study of pancreas in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Quercetin (Rf- 0.72, 0.794%) and kaempferol (Rf- 0.35, 4.2%) were quantified by HPTLC using solvent ratio of Toluene:Ethyl acetate:Acetic acid:Methanol (2:7:0.25:0.25) and Toluene:Ethyl acetate:Methanol:Formic acid (6:3:0.2:0.4) respectively. Quercetin derivative compound was characterized by H1, C13 NMR. The CiREE at a dose of 100, 200mg/kg were orally administered as a single dose per day to diabetes-induced rats for a period of 30 days. The effect of CiREE on blood glucose, plasma insulin, liver glycogen, HbA1c and serum lipid profile (Total cholesterol [TC], Triglyceride [TG], Very low density lipoprotein [VLDL], Low density lipoprotein [LDL], High density lipoprotein [HDL]) were measured, histopathological and electron microscopical studies of pancreas were done in normal and diabetic rats. The results showed that fasting rat's blood glucose, serum TC, TG, LDL, VLDL levels were significantly (P<0.05) increased whereas serum HDL, glycogen and insulin level were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in the diabetic rats, after treatment with CiREE these levels were reverse back to normal. The dosage of 200mg/kg is more effective than that of 100mg/kg. Histopathological and Electron microscopical study of pancreas revealed that number of β-cells and insulin granules are increased in diabetes-induced rats after treatment with CiREE for 30 days. Our investigation thus shows that CiREE has potent antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects in STZ-induced diabetic rats and these effects were much comparable to that of the standard reference drug glibenclamide.

Evaluation of the anti diabetic activity of column fractions obtained from the bark extract of Soymida febrifuga A. Juss

Diabetes has become a worldwide problem afflicting humans irrespective of age. Even though a number of synthetic drugs are available for the treatment of diabetes, plant drugs are generally preferred due to the assumption that they have less side effects and low cost. This study reports the hypoglycaemic and antihyperglycaemic actions of the methanolic bark extract of Soymida febrifuga A. Juss. (fam: Meliaceae) in euglycaemic and alloxan-induced diabetic rats, respectively. The results revealed that three column fractions obtained from the methanol extract of S. febrifuga possess maximum hypoglycaemic and antihyperglycaemic activities 6 h after treatment. At a dose of 200 mg/kg, the relatively nonpolar column fraction obtained by using 20% chloroform in acetone as an eluent was by far the most potent fraction which showed comparable activity with that of the standard drug glibenclamide (10 mg/kg). At a dose of 200 mg/kg, the same column eluate showed maximum antihyperglycaemic effect reducing blood glucose level by 33.00%. At a dose of 10 mg/kg, the reference drug glibenclamide brought about 33.46% reduction of blood glucose level. In light of the results obtained from the current study, it could be concluded that the bark of S. febrifuga has genuine antidiabetic activity.

Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity of ethyl acetate:Isopropanol (1:1) fraction of Vernonia anthelmintica seeds in Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

Ethanolic extract prepared from the seeds of Vernonia anthelmintica was evaluated for its antihyperglycemic activity in STZ (Streptozotocin) induced diabetic rats. Administration of ethanolic extract at a dosage of 0.50 g/kg bw produced the maximum fall (82%) in the blood glucose levels in diabetic rats after 6 h of treatment. Bioassay-directed fractionation using silica gel column chromatography was performed. Among the five fractions (A1, B1, C1, A2 and B2) obtained, of an initial chromatographic separation of the ethanolic extract, fraction A2 (100 mg/kg bw) showed the maximum antihyperglycemic activity which is significantly higher than that of the reference drug glibenclamide (20 mg/kg bw). Administration of the active fraction (100 mg/kg bw) for 45 days resulted in significant reduction in plasma glucose, HbA1 C, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL, free fatty acids, phospholipids and HMG-CoA reductase in STZ diabetic rats. In addition to that, significant decrease in plasma insulin, protein, HDL and hepatic glycogen observed in STZ diabetic rats, was normalized after 45 days of treatment with the active fraction of V. anthelmintica seeds. From the present study, it is evident that, the seeds of V. anthelmintica possess significant antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic property without evident toxic effects.

Antihyperglycemic and antilipidperoxidative effects ofTephrosia purpurea seed extract in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antihyperglycemic and antilipidperoxidative effects of ethanolic seed extract ofTephrosia purpurea (TpEt) in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Hyperglycemia associated with an altered hexokinase and glucose 6 phosphatase activities, elevated lipid peroxidation, disturbed enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants status were observed in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Oral administration of "TpEt" at a dose of 300mg/kg bw showed significant antihyperglcemic and antilipidperoxidative effects as well as increased the activities of enzymatic antioxidants and levels of non enzymatic antioxidants. We also noticed that the antihyperglycemic effect of plant drug (TpEt) was comparable to that of the reference drug glibenclamide. Our results clearly indicate that "TpEt" has potent antihyperglycemic and antilipidperoxidative effects in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats and therefore further studies are warranted to isolate and characterize the bioactive antidiabetic principles from "TpEt".

Antihyperglycemic and antilipidperoxidative effects of Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Pierre flowers in alloxan induced diabetic rats

Our aim was to evaluate the antihyperglycemic and antilipid peroxidative effect of ethanolic extract of Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Pierre (Leguminosae) flowers (PpEt) in normal rats and alloxan induced diabetic rats. Hyperglycemia, elevated lipid peroxidation [thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)] and disturbed nonenzymatic [Vitamin E, Vitamin C and glutathione] and enzymatic antioxidants status were noticed in alloxan induced diabetic rats. The oral administration of ethanolic extract of Pongamia pinnata flowers (300 mg/kg bw) showed significant antihyperglycemic, and antilipidperoxidative effects and enhancement in antioxidants defense system in alloxan induced diabetic rats. However, no significant characteristic changes were noticed in blood glucose level as well as in lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in normal rats treated with “PpEt” alone. We have also observed that the “PpEt” considerably reduced the blood glucose concentration in a similar extent to that of the reference drug glibenclamide (600 μg/kg bw) in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Our results thus suggested that the “PpEt” could be used as a safe alternative antihyperglycemic drug for diabetic patients.

Antidiabetic effect of Gymnema montanum leaves: effect on lipid peroxidation induced oxidative stress in experimental diabetes

Gymnema montanum is widely used in ancient medicine for the ailment of various diseases. Oral administration of 200 mg kg −1 (body weight) BW of the alcoholic extract of the leaf for 3 weeks resulted in a significant reduction in blood glucose and an increase in plasma insulin, whereas the effect of 50 and 100 mg kg −1 BW was not significant. The alcoholic extract also resulted in decreased free radical formation in plasma of diabetic rats. Thus, this study shows that Gymnema montanum leaf extract (GLEt) possess antihyperglycemic and antiperoxidative effect. The decrease in lipid peroxides and increase in reduced glutathione (GSH), ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and α-tocopherol (Vitamin E) clearly show the antioxidant properties of GLEt. The effect of GLEt was most prominently seen in the case of animals given 200 mg kg −1 BW. In addition, the results suggest that GLEt was highly effective than the reference drug glibenclamide.

Hypoglycemic effect of Equisetum myriochaetum aerial parts on streptozotocin diabetic rats

The hypoglycemic effect of water as well as butanolic extracts prepared from aerial parts of Equisetum myriochaetum (Equisetaceae) was examined in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. A single oral administration of the water extract (WE) at doses of 7 and 13 mg/kg and of the butanol extract (BE) at doses of 8 and 16 mg/kg significantly ( P<0.001) lowered the plasma glucose levels in diabetic rats after three hours of the administration. As a reference drug glibenclamide was used and showed, at a dose of 3 mg/kg, similar hypoglycemic effect like the tested extracts. Three kaempferol glucosides and one caffeoyl glucoside were isolated from the drug and were shown to be the main constituents in both extracts.