Reference Atlas Research Articles

Statistical confirmation of the UV spectral classification system based on IUE Low-Dispersion stellar spectra

In theIUE Low-Dispersion Spectra Reference Atlas (Hecket al., 1984a), a new spectral classification system specific to the UV had to be introduced because of the lack of one-to-one correspondence between the UV and visible ranges. It was elaborated from a classical morphological approach (Jaschek and Jaschek, 1984). This paper presents an independent confirmation of the correctness of this system. A statistical methodology working in a multidimensional parametric space has been applied to variables expressing, as objectively as possible, the information contained in the continuum and the spectral features of a set of stellar low-dispersion IUE spectra. This was done through, on the one hand, an asymmetry coefficient describing the continuum shape and empirically corrected for the interstellar reddening, and, on the other hand, the intensities of sixty objectively selected lines. These line intensities have been weighted in a way we called the ‘variable Procrustean bed method’ because, contrary to a standard weighting where a variable is weighted in the same way for all the individuals of a sample, the spectral variables were weighted here according to the asymmetry coefficient which varies with the star at hand. The statistical algorithm consisted of a Principal-Component Analysis followed by a Cluster Analysis. The choice of the lines used for the morphological approach in the Atlas is shown to be correct. With respect to the UV classification system introduced in the atlas, the groups constructed by the cluster analysis display good homogeneity and discrimination for spectral types and luminosity classes, especially in the early spectral types which are well represented in the sample used for this study. The UV standard stars can be found in the neighbourhood of the barycenters of the groups. Moreover, the methodology developed here could be used in a later stage to predict UV spectral classifications.

Bregma, lambda and the interaural midpoint in stereotaxic surgery with rats of different sex, strain and weight

Craniometric and stereotaxic data from rats of different sex, strain and weight were compared. It was found that stereotaxic atlases can be used with rats of different sex and strain provided that the weights of the rats conform to those used in the reference atlas. If rats of different weights are used, greater accuracy can be achieved if bregma is used as the reference point for work with rostral structures and the interaural line for work with caudal structures.

The Historical Atlas of Canada: A Preview

IN the spring of I979 the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada provided funds for a historical atlas of Canada. Under the general direction of historical geographers, the project would be an interdisciplinary research undertaking to create a scholarly reference atlas that would also serve the general public. The atlas would emphasize the economic and social evolution of early Canada in three volumes of seventy plates each (a plate being a pair of open pages). Along with maps and graphs drawn at different scales as required and printed in color, there would be 8o,ooo words of text per volume, an average of 500 words on each plate and the rest in essays introducing groups of plates. Each volume would comprise approximately 200 pages (each page 26.5 cm x 36.5 cm) and would be published in separate French and English editions; the last volume (Canada from I 890 to I 960) would appear in the late i g80s. Audacious in conception and courageously funded, the project is now nearly four years old, and parts of it are nearing completion. Readers of the William and Mary Quarterly should find volume I of the Atlas, treating Canada before i 8oo, of particular interest. Following is a short account of that volume at mid-stream and a suggestion of what can be expected when it is published in i985. The challenge for volume 1, as for the other volumes, has been to determine what aspects of Canada's socioeconomic past should be treated and where emphases should lie. Like any account of the past, a historical atlas is an interpretation grounded in the points of view of its creators. But each volume of this atlas has many authors-for volume I there are forty from seven disciplines-and overall pattern has had to be imposed on individual enthusiasm. At a time when there is no accepted interpretation of the Canadian past that could begin to encompass the range of possible atlas topics, patterning has been the work of the editors and the editorial boards of each volume. Volume I's editorial board comprises some of the most able scholars in Canada: Louise Dechene, historian, McGill University; W. J. Eccles, historian, University of Toronto; Conrad Heidenreich, geographer, York University; Alan MacPherson, geographer, Memorial University; Wayne Moodie, geographer, University of Manitoba; Richard Ruggles, geographer, Queen's University; Bruce Trigger, anthropologist, McGill University; and James Wright, archaeologist, Archaeological Survey of Canada. Among this group there is as much disagreement as consensus, but within the discussion some principles have seemed self-

Practical Map Production

This book is based on a one year lecture course entitled Map Production delivered to undergraduate students of land surveying at the University of Nairobi. It is intended not only to help students and lecturers but to be retained as a reference manual by land surveyors during those phases of their careers when they may be engaged in map production. Although based on actual or recommended practice in Kenya it is hoped that it might be useful in other anglophone developing countries (most of which are situated in the tropics). Map producers comprise two main groups: in the first group are both official and commercial mapping agencies, who se main task is the production of new and revised basic topographical and cadastral mapping together with a limited amount of specialized mapping and mapping at small scales derived from the basic mapping. In the second group are specialized map publishers who use the national mapping as a base and edit it to suit their particular purposes. Their products include reference atlases, school atlas es , motoring maps, tourist guides, and various environmental studies. Such organizations usually have to be self-financing and their staff does not normally include surveyors. There are some differences between the two groups in training and objectives. Books on cartography have generally been written by and for the second group. This book is designed mainly for the first group although the greater part of it must be relevant to the work of all map producers. Basic map production begins with aerial photography, ground control surveys, computing, and photogrammetric plotting. This book do es not cover these stages but starts at the point where the raw material of maps (control point lists, survey field sheets, photogrammetric plots, computer tapes, etc.) is received in the cartographic office. The main stages that folIoware design, drawing, printing, automation, and records. Obviously many techniques contribute to map production, e.g. land survey, air survey, photogrammetry, computing, drawing, photography, printing, etc. On each of these and other relevant subjects many specialist textbooks and manuais have been published, which should be consulted by the reader requiring more details, always bearing in mind that there are frequent new developments in techniques, equipment, and materials; these are usually first described in professional or trade periodicals, conference reports or manufacturers publicity literature, all of which must be obtained and studied by any map producer who wants to keep his ideas up-to-date. In map production, the philosophy and technology are inextricably intertwined and it is both difficult and inconvenient to separate them, e.g. to describe the theory of hill shading in one part of the book and the technique of applying it in another. The various stages of map production are therefore dealt with as far as possible in the order in which they occur and both principles and practice are described at each stage. No specimen of a completed inap is included in this book. The reader is recommended to obtain a sheet of the standard 1 : 50000 topographical map current in his own country and keep it with the book for easy reference.

Scanning electron microscopy of taxonomic diagnostic criteria of the freshwater sponge, Heteromeyenia tubisperma (Potts, 1881) (Porifera : Spongillidae)

Taxonomic diagnostic criteria of the spongillid freshwater sponge, Heteromeyenia tubisperma (Potts, 1881) were examined using scanning electron microscopy. The species is characterized by a gemmule which bears an unusually long, prominent porous tube. The application of SEM to the systematic studies of the freshwater sponges provides diagnostic capabilities not available with the light microscope. It is desirable that a key, coupled with a reference atlas of scanning electron micrographs illustrating taxonomic diagnostic criteria of freshwater sponge species, particularly utilizing type specimens, be developed.

Computed Tomography of the Brain in Axial, Coronal, and Sagittal Planes

Computerized tomography (CT) has revolutionized the practice of neuroradiology and related clinical sciences. There is a new emphasis on cross-sectional anatomy in normal and pathological conditions. Improved technology has produced images of superior quality, as well as the capacity to reconstruct images in coronal and sagittal planes. The authors of Computed Tomography of the Brain have presented a reference atlas of normal brain anatomy in all of these planes. Superb quality photographs of gross specimens with extensive labelling are cut to correspond to comparable CT images, presented side by side. The specimens are from normal formalin-fixed brains that have been processed to eliminate ventricular air. The bony calvarium has been removed to reduce artifacts. The majority of scans were obtained on an early generation scanner (EMI Mark I 160X 160 matrix). The quality of the CT scans, although adequate, is considerably inferior to the images of current generation scanners. This

Morphanalysis of craniofacial dysharmony

The first stage in the morphanalysis of craniofacial dysharmony involves induction. In this process, individual analytic morphograms are combined to form analytic histograms, which in turn are connected to form analytic histomorphograms, which provide three-dimensional statements about the variation in craniofacial structures in a population. The second stage involves deduction, in which the analytic morphograms of a particular patient are compared with appropriate analytic histomorphograms, so that a diagnosis of the three-dimensional nature of the dysharmony can be made. Craniofacial morphanalysis is performed manually in small scale enquiries but the methods have been converted to computer-graphic technology for large-scale studies. A clinical morphanalysis service is currently conducted and a standard reference atlas is being prepared.

Illustrated Manual of Ultrasonography in Obstetrics and Gynecology

This is a reference atlas for technicians and physicians who will use the B scan ultrasound techniques. The atlas is made up of 674 illustrations, done by the author's wife. The fine quality of Mrs. Kobayashi's work, white ink on black paper, is obvious. Still, a few photographs of actual sonograms would have been appropriate for comparison. The text is very limited and has serious omissions. For instance, the importance of clinical history accompanying the study requisition, the proper prestudy preparation of the patient, and the way to disseminate such information should be stressed, not assumed. It appears that a full bladder and enema are essential for all gynecologic patients, a full bladder at least for all obstetrical ones. Other serious omissions include the lack of curves showing the growth of biparietal diameter and the way to construct these. Nor are comments included on estimating interspinous diameter. The limited text

The Face in Genetic Disorders.

This is an attempt to focus the physician's attention on facial abnormalities occurring in a variety of genetic disorders. The authors have selected well, and have achieved their purposes to a great extent. Descriptive and historical data accompanying each set of pictures is brief but adShortequate. The book can be read quickly or used as a reference atlas. Shortcomings are minor and may only reflect personal preferences. For example, there is a shifting from descriptive terms to scientific in the text. This may be disconcerting to some readers. In the family history (page 3, para 2 ff), the diagnostic importance of family history is perhaps overemphasized. While family history is important in any case, and perhaps more important in genetic disorders, the signs and symptoms presented by the patient (and laboratory data) are always bound to be the necessary determinants in diagnosis, whether or not a positive history of genetic

The Selection of Towns and Other Features on Atlas Maps of Nigeria

Several educational atlases and one reference atlas are selected, and the treatment of Nigeria critically examined. All are found to be deficient, to a greater or lesser degree, in the generalisation of coastline, hydrography, relief and the selection and classification of towns. Concentrating on the last topic, information of both objective and subjective nature is given, derived from the author's research in Nigeria; and based on this, proposals are made and illustrated for a more effective treatment of the selection and classification of towns.

The Selection of Towns and Other Features on Atlas Maps of Nigeria

Several educational atlases and one reference atlas are selected, and the treatment of Nigeria critically examined. All are found to be deficient, to a greater or lesser degree, in the generalisation of coastline, hydrography, relief and the selection and classification of towns. Concentrating on the last topic, information of both objective and subjective nature is given, derived from the author's research in Nigeria; and based on this, proposals are made and illustrated for a more effective treatment of the selection and classification of towns.

The Ocular Fundus: Methods of Examination and Typical Findings

Today, when many medical schools in the United States are devoting only a minimal amount of time to ophthalmology in their curricula, it is especially important that appropriate means for selfeducation be made available to medical students and practitioners. This book helps fill the need. Numerous superb color photographs (98) make this small volume a handy clinical reference atlas of fundus pathology. The descriptive text is both concise and lucid, giving excellent support to the 128 illustrations. The book is divided into two sections. The first primarily describes methods of ophthalmological examination, the second contains fundus photographs accompanied by explanatory text. Frederick C. Blodi, Professor of Ophthalmology at the University of Iowa, in addition to translating the text from German, authored the chapter on ophthalmological examination. It represents an up-date description of instrumentations and procedures useful to physicians and students who desire to evaluate effectively, but with a minimum of

G.P. Maternity Beds

<h3>BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:</h3> Changes in cerebrovascular reactivity can be used to assess disease progression and response to therapy but require discrimination of pathology from normal test-to-test variability. Such variability is due to variations in methodology, technology, and physiology with time. With uniform test conditions, our aim was to determine the test-to-test variability of cerebrovascular reactivity in healthy subjects and in patients with known cerebrovascular disease. <h3>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</h3> Cerebrovascular reactivity was the ratio of the blood oxygen level–dependent MR imaging response divided by the change in carbon dioxide stimulus. Two standardized cerebrovascular reactivity tests were conducted at 3T in 15 healthy men (36.7 ± 16.1 years of age) within a 4-month period and were coregistered into standard space to yield voxelwise mean cerebrovascular reactivity interval difference measures, composing a reference interval difference atlas. Cerebrovascular reactivity interval difference maps were prepared for 11 male patients. For each patient, the test-retest difference of each voxel was scored statistically as z-values of the corresponding voxel mean difference in the reference atlas and then color-coded and superimposed on the anatomic images to create cerebrovascular reactivity interval difference z-maps. <h3>RESULTS:</h3> There were no significant test-to-test differences in cerebrovascular reactivity in either gray or white matter (mean gray matter, <i>P</i> = .431; mean white matter, <i>P</i> = .857; paired <i>t</i> test) in the healthy cohort. The patient cerebrovascular reactivity interval difference z-maps indicated regions where cerebrovascular reactivity increased or decreased and the probability that the changes were significant. <h3>CONCLUSIONS:</h3> Accounting for normal test-to-test differences in cerebrovascular reactivity enables the assessment of significant changes in disease status (stability, progression, or regression) in patients with time.

A German Reference Atlas

A German Reference Atlas

Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of the Knee, A Standard of Reference

This beautifully illustrated reference atlas is an outgrowth of the work initiated in 1926 by the former Professor of Anatomy of the Western Reserve University and Director of the Brush Foundation, T. Wingate Todd. It is to be considered as a companion to the Atlas of Radiographic Standards of the Hands and Wrists, previously published, and this volume should prove quite as valuable to all those interested in the growth and development of children. In this volume, the knee is used and from the films obtained skeletal age and maturation can be assessed with ease and considerable accuracy.

Angiographic Localization of Intracranial Masses.

This book is a companion volume to "The Normal Cerebral Angiogram," which Dr. Ecker wrote in 1951. Like the previous book, it is a reference atlas, composed of a series of cerebral angiograms in proved cases of intracranial masses. Part 1, "Orientation," consists of a single chapter including diagrams of the normal cerebral vascular pattern in different projections, followed by line drawings and descriptions of the vascular displacements produced by masses in each region. Part 2, "Localization," illustrates the effect of a mass in various regions on the local vascular pattern. The classical appearance is generalized in diagrammatic form at the beginning of each chapter, and the subsequent roentgenographic illustrations are supplemented in many instances by reproductions of the plain films, pneumograms, surgical exposures, and pathological specimens. The arbitrary division of intracranial masses into 27 regional sites is justified on the grounds of the distinctive changes in the vascular pattern

The Development of Polish Cartography since the World War

TO the rl6e that maps play in emphasizing national consciousness anyone may bear witness who calls to mind how much more intimate is his knowledge of his own country than of foreign countries, even those immediately adjoining his own. Apart from the greater familiarity inevitably brought about by residence, domestic travel, and early acquaintance with national literature and history, this disparity is in no small measure due to the more detailed treatment accorded his own country in the geographies he used at school and in the general reference atlases he may have been using since. In the post-war era it is naturally the citizens of the newly created states in Europe who have been most in need of this unifying portrayal, and none more so than those of Poland, whose reconstituted territory had been for over a century under the jurisdiction of three powers of widely divergent culture and administrative systems. To provide such a picture in the field of geography, and especially graphically by means of cartography, is the task to which no one has addressed himself with more conspicuous success than Professor Eugene Romer of the University of Lw6w.

A Reference Atlas for High SchoolsThe Oxford Advanced Atlas. John Bartholomew

Previous articleNext article FreeEducational WritingsA Reference Atlas for High Schools The Oxford Advanced Atlas. John Bartholomew H. M. LeppardH. M. Leppard Search for more articles by this author PDF Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 33, Number 5May, 1925 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/438172 Views: 8 Journal History This article was published in The School Review (1893-1979), which is continued by the American Journal of Education (1979-present). Crossref reports no articles citing this article.