Reduplicative Words Research Articles

Comparative Analysis between Vietnamese Reduplicative Words with Hmong Language Reduplicative Ones to Propose Measures to Correct Mistakes in using Vietnamese Reduplicative Words for Hmong Primary School Pupils in Vietnam

Our article “Comparative analysis between Vietnamese reduplicative words with Hmong language reduplicative ones to propose measures to correct mistakes in using Vietnamese reduplicative words for Hmong primary school pupils in Vietnam.” Shows that the similarities and the differences in type, formation, meanings middle of the Vietnamese reduplicative word with the Hmong language reduplicative ones. These similarities and differences create linguistic interferences that help us correctly predict the errors in using Vietnamese reduplicative words of Hmong primary school pupils. To prove this prediction to be correct, we have surveyed, totaled up, and analyzed the causes of errors in using Vietnamese reduplicative words due to language interference of Hmong primary school pupils in Vietnam. From there, we propose and conduct effective experiments to prove the feasibility of measures to correct errors in using Vietnamese reduplicative words for the Hmong primary school pupils in Vietnam. This research has practical significance in language education is to contributes to improving the quality of Vietnamese language teaching for the Hmong primary school pupils in Vietnam.

SUSTEM: An Improved Rule-Based Sundanese Stemmer

Current Sundanese stemmers either ignore reduplication words or define rules to handle only affixes. There is a significant amount of reduplication words in the Sundanese language. Because of that, it is impossible to achieve superior stemming precision in the Sundanese language without addressing reduplication words. This paper presents an improved stemmer for the Sundanese language, which handles affixed and reduplicated words. With a Sundanese root word list, we use a rules-based stemming technique. In our approach, all stems produced by the affixes removal or normalization processes are added to the stem list. Using a stem list can help increase stemmer accuracy by reducing stemming errors caused by affix removal sequence errors or morphological issues. The current Sundanese language stemmer, RBSS, was used as a comparison. Two datasets with 8218 unique affixed words and reduplication words were evaluated. The results show that our stemmer's strength and accuracy have improved noticeably. The use of stem list and word reduplication rules improved our stemmer's affixed type recognition and allowed us to achieve up to 99.30% accuracy.

Binomials in English and French: ablaut, rhyme and syllable structure

Abstract Binomial expressions (e.g., hocus-pocus; dribs and drabs) are irreversible sequences of two types: reduplicative binomials (e.g., pitter-patter) and conjoined binomials (e.g., wheeling and dealing). Both types exhibit similar phonological features such as rhyme, alliteration and ablaut alternation. The present study investigates English and French speaker preferences for phonological templates in binomials. Elicitation of preferences was carried out using nonsense sequences exemplifying the templates Simple Rhyme (e.g., fiply-biply; fudette-budette), Complex Onset Rhyme (e.g., settip and slettip; ni cougui ni crougi), and Ablaut (e.g., gesky and gosky; fudette-fudotte), which were pitted against each other, e.g., gesky and gosky (Ablaut) versus gesky and glesky (Complex Onset Rhyme). Results of two experiments – the first involving nonce sequences containing disyllabic terms, the second involving nonsense items with monosyllabic constituents – reveal that English speakers prefer Simple Rhyme in items containing disyllabic constituents, and Ablaut for items containing monosyllabic terms. In contrast, French speakers prefer Ablaut in both the disyllabic term and the monosyllabic term conditions. In both experiments, Simple Rhyme is preferred to Complex Onset Rhyme. The experimental results for English align with statistical distributions of phonological templates in the Thun (1963. Reduplicative words in English: A study of formations of the types tick-tick, hurly-burly and shilly-shally. Lund: Carl Bloms) corpus of binomials. Our testing of English and French respondents further reveals that certain preferences are dissimilar across languages. Our findings lead us to propose that constraint rankings for reduplicatives in English and French under Optimality Theory should be sensitive to the number of syllables in constituent terms. In sum, the study of binomial expressions is enhanced by experimental evidence of speakers’ preferences when presented with competing sequencing patterns.

Toward enriched decoding of mandarin spontaneous speech

A deep neural network (DNN)-based automatic speech recognition (ASR) method for enriched decoding of Mandarin spontaneous speech is proposed. It adopts an enhanced approach over the baseline model built with factored time delay neural networks (TDNN-f) and rescored with RNNLM to first building a baseline system composed of a TDNN-f acoustic model (AM), a trigram language model (LM), and a recurrent neural network language model (RNNLM) to generate a word lattice. It then sequentially incorporates a multi-task Part-of-Speech-RNNLM (POS-RNNLM), a hierarchical prosodic model (HPM), and a reduplication-word LM (RLM) into the decoding process by expanding the word lattice and performing rescoring to improve recognition performance and enrich the decoding output with syntactic parameters of POS and punctuation (PM), prosodic tags of word-juncture break types and syllable prosodic states, and an edited recognition text with reduplication words being eliminated. Experimental results on the Mandarin conversational dialogue corpus (MCDC) showed that SER, CER, and WER of 13.2 %, 13.9 %, and 19.1 % were achieved when incorporating the POS-RNNLM and HPM into the baseline system. They represented relative SER, CER, and WER reductions of 7.7 %, 7.9 % and 5.0 % as comparing with those of the baseline system. Futhermore, the use of the RLM resulted in additional 3 %, 4.6 %, and 4.5 % relative SER, CER, and WER reductions through eliminating reduplication words.

Lexico-morphosemantic and Structural Variation and Change of Mandaya Courtrship and Marriage Rituals

The purpose of this study was to determine the lexico-morphosemantic and structural variations and changes of Mandaya courtship and marriage rituals in the past and the present time. It sought the reasons for the variations and changes of the rituals of the Mandaya people on this phenomenon against their culture, ethnic identity, and hopes and aspirations in preserving their culture. The study employed an ethnographic qualitative research design with 25 participants involved in an in-depth interview and focus group discussion. The study revealed variations and changes in the lexico-morphosemantics and structures of the courtship and marriage rituals then and now. The lexico-morphosemantic variations and changes were evidenced by affixation, reduplication, deletion, and loan words. The structure of marriage rituals evolved from three major segments to eight segments in the present time. The courtship rituals were not practiced anymore at present. There were three major themes that emerged on the reasons and variations of the rituals, namely language stance, exposure to other languages and religious denominations, and contemporary social indicators. The variations and changes were attributed to religion, migration, intermarriage, and social media influence.

A Study on Translation of Reduplicative Words in Children’s Literature: A Case Study of Bronze and Sunflower

The translation of Chinese reduplicative words plays a key part in the reproduction of the style of the children’s literature and is a decisive factor affecting the quality of the translation. Taking Bronze and Sunflower as an example, the authors find that Helen Wang endeavors to preserve the rhythm and musicality of the novel by employing various translation strategies. However, due to the great disparities between Chinese and English, more than half of the reduplicative words ablate in the process of C-E translation. To remedy it, Helen Wang employs “parallel Structure” “alliteration” “-ing structure” etc. when translating the non-duplicative words. The present study is of some instruction for Chinese Children’s literature “going out”.

The Language Features and Cultural Implication of Cantonese Opera Librettos

Cantonese Opera is a traditional drama popular in Guangfu area. Its script librettos have beautiful language and profound cultural connotation. The beauty of script language is mainly reflected in the rich and colorful vocabularies, which mainly includes nine categories: emotional words, image words, written words, dialect words, reduplicative words, disyllabic words, reduplicative words, archaic words and idioms. The rich and colorful words embody the harmonious unity of “elegance and vulgarity”, “depth and shallowness”, “emotion and scenery”, “movement and stillness” and “truth and beauty”, with distinctive regional cultural characteristics and rich classical cultural connotation. In order to better inherit and develop Cantonese opera, on the one hand, it is necessary to study its language characteristics based on the script librettos; on the other hand, it is necessary to pay attention to the close relationship between language and culture, and fully tap the traditional artistic essence and cultural connotation behind the language.

Irregular Behaviours of Coda /M/ in Tamil Reduplications

In Reduplication, the Base and Reduplicant usually undergo various phonological changes to reconcile and harmonise them. Despite this general view, not many studies have attested to credibility of a single phoneme for its capacity of triggering various reactions, otherwise known as the emergence of the unmarked (TETU). A specific coda of such nature, bilabial /m/, in one of the Dravidian language Tamil is known for registering irregular reactions at the juncture of Base and Reduplicants, forcing the coda to trigger seven types of phonological reactions, a phenomenon that probably hard to witness in universal grammar. This study discusses the phonological and morphological reactions of reduplicative words as the consequences of TETU, which were resolved in language-specific ways, within Optimality Theoretic parameters. The results verify that as long as the conflicting markedness constraints do not interrupt reconciliation of reduplicative words in Tamil, the reconciliations take place systematically without markedness reduction or increase in reduplicant, except in reduplicative words ending with labial /m/. The reduplicants tend to reduce markedness of its prosodically weak position in many ways, while the same markedness is tolerated within the base words, in isolation or otherwise. It responds, at least, in seven different ways (in isolation or simultaneously) in reduplications, suggesting that the markedness reducing and markedness increasing should be addressed as a context-sensitive issue of reduplicant-base, in the lights of natural and prosodic phonology, collectively, but not in the absence of one against another, at least for the sensitive phonemic coda, like /m/, in hand.

Reduplication as a word-formation process in the Jamee Language: A variety of Minang spoken in South Aceh

One of the processes of word formation is reduplication which words or morphemes are repeated. This study focuses on reduplication in Jamee language. This descriptive qualitative study aims at finding out forms of reduplication and the meaning contained in the reduplication in Jamee. The data were collected through ethnographic interview by recording ten native speakers of the Jamee language who live in Labuhanhaji sub-district, South Aceh. They were chosen through purposive sampling. A total of 261 reduplication words were obtained during the interviews, and they were analysed using three stages; data reduction, data display and data verification. Based on the results of data analysis, it was found that there are four types of reduplication in the Jamee language: full reduplication, partial reduplication, lexicalized reduplication, and affixed reduplication. The study also shows that reduplication in Jamee language can be in the forms of verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and pronominals. Despite previous studies show that there is no infix in the Jamee language, hence it does occur in this study even though it is rarely used in this language. It is assumed that it may have come into the language through the borrowing from Bahasa Indonesia.

Kesalahan tata bahasa bidang morfologi pada karangan narasi peserta didik kelas IV semester I sdn tegalsari n0. 60 tahun pelajaran 2019/2020

<p class="Abstract"><em>This research was carried out at SDN Tegalsari No. 60 Surakarta, precisely at 4<sup>th</sup> grade students with a total of 24 students. The purpose of this research was to alakyze and describe thee types of grammatical errors in the field of morphology tata exsited in the narrative essay of fourth gade students at SDN Tegalsari No. 60. This type of research is a qualitative study using descriptive methods. Data collection is done by means of observation and using thu method of documentation, interviews, and field notes. Based on the results of grammatical error analysis in the field of morphologythat has been obtained, then the data is processed trough interactive Milles and Huberman data analysis. The data that has been obtained is then grouped into each type and corrects errors and causes the errors. Bese on the results of research, grammatical errors in the filed of morphology in students narrative essays can be divided into 6 types of errors, writing point errors, comma writing errors, writing errors in capital letters, writing errors in invented words, writing errors reduplication words, and errors diction.</em></p>

Структурно-семантические особенности и коммуникативные функции редупликативных слов в английском языке

В этой статье анализируется типы и функции номинативных единиц, уточняются номинативные особенности сложного слова, рассматривается редупликация как структруно-семантические особенности редупликативных слов представляющие собое универсальное языковое явление. Кроме того, селекция примеров приводилось из лексикографических источников-одноязычных, двуязычных, энциклопедических, фразеологических словарей, а так же из специальных работ посвященных различным вопросам редупликации

Investigating Difficulties Faced by Iraqi EFL Learners in Identifying the Illocutionary Force of the Reduplicative Words

تعد الكلمة التضعيفية ظاهرة مهمة في كل الدراسات اللغوية لأنها تعكس الكثير من الوظائف في توصيل اللغة مثل الجمع والتأكيد والتناقض والتقليد اضافة الى العديد من الامثلة التي تعكس غزارة وتفرد اللغات والثقافة والفكر ولذلك الكلمة التضعيفية هي ظاهرة لغوية موجودة على المستوى النحوي والصرفي والصوتي والدلالي ولهذا السبب تسعى الدراسة الحالية للتحقق من القوة الأنجازية للكلمات التضعيفية على المستوى التداولي في بعض الألفاظ الشعبية الانكليزية ولقد استخدم الباحث المنهج التحليلي التداولي عن طريق تبني نموذج سيرل( Searle 1979) الذي يهدف الى تصنيف افعال الكلام من اجل التعرف وتحديد القوة الانجازية للكلمات التضعيفية . ولقد اظهرت النتائج بان متعلمي اللغة الاجنبية كلغة ثانية يواجهون صعوبات في التعرف على القوة الانجازية لانهم يفتقرون الى الخلفية الثقافية المتعلقة بالكلمات التضعيفية . وان اغلبية الاخطاء التي ارتكبها متعلمي اللغة الاجنبية كانت في اختبار الانتاج بسبب جهلهم وعدم المامهم باستخدام الكلمات التضعيفية لانها تتطلب معرفة ودراية وممارسة مكثفة .اما فيما يتعلق باختبارالتعرف فقد ارتكب هؤلاء المتعلمين اخطاء قليلة وذلك لانهم يمتلكون نوعا ما كفاءة تداولية بخصوص هذه الكلمات .

Investigating Difficulties Faced by Iraqi EFL Learners in Identifying the Illocutionary Force of the Reduplicative Words

A reduplicative word is an important phenomenon in all language studies because it reflects many functions in language communication such as plurality, emphasis, contrast, imitation. The various instances of reduplicative words in a particular language reflect the richness and uniqueness of that language. Moreover, such variation gives insights into both culture and thought. A reduplicative word is a linguistic phenomenon found in the syntactic, morphological, phonological and semantic levels. The current study aims at investigating the illocutionary force of English reduplicative words in some selected English colloquial utterances. To achieve this aim, an analytical -pragmatic approach has been used by adopting Searle’s (1979) classifications of speech acts in order to identify and analyze the illocutionary force of reduplicative words. The results show that EFL learners face difficulties in identifying the illocutionary forces because of the lack of the cultural background concerning these reduplicative words. The majority of errors committed by the participants are found in production test due to the fact that Iraqi EFL learners are ignorant and unfamiliar with producing such words as well as these words require much more awareness, attention and practice.Finally, they have committed less errors in the recognition test due to the fact that they have somehow pragmatic competence and background knowledge regarding these words.

Condicions prosòdiques i minimitat en el tipus reduplicatiu «puput»

The purpose of this paper is to give a description of one of the Catalan reduplication processes: the reduplication of one light syllable at the left edge of the word. This process exhibits some prosodic conditions in the output as well as in the input. The input must be one heavy syllable, and the output cannot exceed two syllables. Both are subject to Minimality: base words contain minimally one foot, reduplicative words contain maximally one foot. The reduplicative template is a light syllable, its segmental melody being mapped from the base. The description of this process provides evidence for a templatic approach within Prosodic Morphology.

PEMARKAH PERTARAFAN DALAM BAHASA SUNDA

Sundanese. It uses the descriptive method. The data were This research aims to describe the qualitative marker in collected with bibliographic study, intuitive technique, and elicitation technique. The sources of data are the spoken and written Sundanese and its variation. The data are analyzed with distributional method and immediate constituent analysis. The result shows that there are 32 the qualitative markers in Sundanese: two affixes and thirty qualitative adverbs. The result of this study consists of four qualitative markers. They are form, distribution, function, and meaning. The form of the qualitative marker consists of four word forms: the simple words, derivative words, reduplication words, and compound words. The distribution of the qualitative marker in adjective phrases consists of four word positions: pre-adjective, postadjective, pre-post-adjective, and mobile position. The function of the qualitative marker consists of two kinds of functions: the inflective function and attributive function. The meaning of the qualitative marker consists of two quality degree. The first is quality degree which divides at positive, intensive, elative, excessive, augmentative, and extenuative. The second is a comparison degree which divides at equative, comparative, and superlative.

Acceptability of Arabic Reduplicates

The relative importance attached to reduplication in spoken or written discourse, or acceptability or non-acceptability of a collocation with reference to formal/ informal use of language has not yet been accounted for. To find out how much reduplication is absorbed and acquired almost unconsciously, and to find out what informal pairs are considered acceptable or unacceptable in the formal use of language, a list of 123 reduplicative words was compiled and presented to fourteen undergraduate students studying a course of Semantics at Petra University. Responses were checked with reference to a three-point scale: acceptable, unacceptable and dubious by two professors of Arabic. The purpose was to pinpoint what collocations could be summoned from the mental lexicon.The objectives of this study are the following: (i) to consider the type of input an adult native speaker of Arabic has been subjected to as far as reduplication is concerned (ii) to determine the ranges of collocates that reduplicative words exhibit in normal everyday speech )iii) to explore acceptability or non-acceptability of reduplicative collocations and (iv) to shed light on differences between the mental lexicon of reduplicates and matching dictionary entries . Judging by the acceptability/unacceptability test conducted, one may conclude that each class of reduplicative verbs has a limited range of collocates and that some collocations are perfectly normal and acceptable, while others were felt to be unacceptable and unusual.

Expressive Alliteration in Mon and Khmer

UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Report (2005) Expressive Alliteration in Mon and Khmer Christian DiCanio dicanio@berkeley.edu University at California, Berkeley I. Introduction: One need not look very deeply into Mon-Khmer languages to discover a plethora of expressions which are used to convey specific manners of motion, sound, feeling, and gesture. These types of descriptive words are often called expressives in the Southeast Asian linguistic literature (Diffloth, 1976). In fact, in some languages, like Semai (Aslian, Mon-Khmer; ibid), there is ample morphological, syntactic, and semantic evidence to treat these words as a separate lexical category. There also tends to be phonological evidence for the existence of expressives as a class; they tend to involve some degree of phonological repetition. 1 This is certainly the case for expressives in Khmer which are par excellence reduplicative compounds (Jacobs, 1992). While expressives are not limited in this way to repetitive structures, the reverse is indeed true; phonological repetition will almost always involve some type of expressive meaning in Mon- Khmer languages. The pattern of repetition used in expressive compounds in Mon-Khmer languages is almost exclusively reduplication with vowel ablaut, or reduplication with rime alternation. Both patterns maintain the same onset between the reduplicant and the base. Hence, I am calling all such patterns alliterative. It is usually the case that repetition is used in more descriptive speech or as a poetic device (Jacobs, 1979) in languages of the world. The use of such English expressions as dilly- dally, zig-zag, or pish-posh, is limited to more decorated speech. However, for speakers of Mon-Khmer languages, phonological repetition is a salient use of language which appears in everything from regular day-to-day speech to formal prose (ibid, Haiman & Ourn, 2001, Bauer, 1989). Whereas English has a relative handful of such words, Mon-Khmer languages have hundreds or thousands. Any serious investigation into the grammar of these languages will include an investigation of these words. Throughout the Mon-Khmer family, this process of alliteration (or reduplication) is either morphologically productive or lexicalized. In contrast to alliteration in Indo-European languages which is marginal in the grammar, alliteration is a common way that phonological repetition takes place in Mon-Khmer languages. This paper is a critical examination of the phonology, morphology, and semantics of alliterative compounds in Mon and Khmer. I will focus exclusively on compounds which have vowel alternations, which are the most common types of expressives in these languages. In a sense, this paper is exploring the many ways in which one could organize the data on alliterative compounds; i.e. by their morphology, semantics, or phonology. I have built on earlier findings by Schiller (1999) and will provide evidence in favor of the claim made by Haiman and Ourn (2001) on the morphological shape of these compounds. Specifically, alliterative compounds are unique in Mon and Khmer because they fit a 2/4 syllable prosodic template with a weak-strong pattern. In addition to other morphological characteristics, alliterating or ablauting compounds compounds in Mon and Khmer are related to the grammatical category of elaborate expressions (Matisoff, 1973) in these languages, and often denote repetitive or mimetic While the category expressive includes both onomatopoeic and other reduplicative words, it is not limited to these types.

Expressive Phonemes in Japanese

It was theorized that phonemes and meaning may be related in a manner that is not arbitrary. Japanese reduplicative onomatopoeia and metaphoric onomatopoeia were used for an investigation of the functioning of the phoneme as a minimal meaningful unit in language. The reduplicative words were broken down into groups according to what phonemes and CV sequences they contained and checked for recurring meaning attributes within those groups. It became apparent that there are sound-meaning correspondences and that there is a relation between the signification of a sound and its articulation. The findings point toward possible universals in phonetic symbolism.

性的語に含まれる感覚的情動的意味

The purpose of the present study was to examine the sensory and emotional meaning of sexual words, through the use of reduplication words. The reduplication were made by the pairing and combining of 110 Japanese monosyllables (e.g. momi-momi). Five hundred and sixty-nine reduplications were chosen from 12, 100, through the preliminay experiment, and fifty subjects were asked to evaluate these reduplications, by assigning them to different categories, (seven sensory, and six affective). The results showed that tactual, visual, and proprioceptive sensations were associated with and sexual words.

Some Reduplicative Words in Colloquial Spanish

Some Reduplicative Words in Colloquial Spanish