Redundant Routing Research Articles

Assessment on resilience of urban agglomeration transportation system considering passenger choice and load-capacity factor

Intercity transportation system (ICTS), characterized by large-scale, high spatial-temporal concentration, and sparser departure frequencies, is more vulnerable in unexpected events. Understanding the resilience characteristics of ICTS is crucial for maintaining the network service capabilities. Aiming to conduct effective resilience assessment on ICTS, we develop the resilience simulation model by introduce dual-regulated parameters for network load and capacity into cascading propagation model under interruption events, and quantify the impact of travel distance, time costs, and route redundancy on travel choice of passengers. Meanwhile, propose service resilience indicators from both the passenger's and the system's perspectives. Finally, we conduct a case study on the resilience of ICTS in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomerations (BTH-UA). The results show that: 1) Multimodal transportation systems usually exhibit better resilience than unimodal systems. 2) For various resilience optimization metrics, it is essential to choose targeted recovery strategies to maximize network resilience. 3) Traveler sensitivity to travel time significantly influences the resilience of passenger-based network services. 4) Changes in transportation supply capacity and travel demand will impact the system's resilience. The research findings can provide valuable references for the resilience development and management of urban transportation systems.

A common druggable signature of oncogenic c-Myc, mutant KRAS and mutant p53 reveals functional redundancy and competition among oncogenes in cancer

The major driver oncogenes MYC, mutant KRAS, and mutant TP53 often coexist and cooperate to promote human neoplasia, which results in anticancer therapeutic opportunities within their downstream molecular programs. However, little research has been conducted on whether redundancy and competition among oncogenes affect their programs and ability to drive neoplasia. By CRISPR‒Cas9-mediated downregulation we evaluated the downstream proteomics and transcriptomics programs of MYC, mutant KRAS, and mutant TP53 in a panel of cell lines with either one or three of these oncogenes activated, in cancers of the lung, colon and pancreas. Using RNAi screening of the commonly activated molecular programs, we found a signature of three proteins - RUVBL1, HSPA9, and XPO1, which could be efficiently targeted by novel drug combinations in the studied cancer types. Interestingly, the signature was controlled by the oncoproteins in a redundant or competitive manner rather than by cooperation. Each oncoprotein individually upregulated the target genes, while upon oncogene co-expression each target was controlled preferably by a dominant oncoprotein which reduced the influence of the others. This interplay was mediated by redundant routes of target gene activation - as in the case of mutant KRAS signaling to c-Jun/GLI2 transcription factors bypassing c-Myc activation, and by competition - as in the case of mutant p53 and c-Myc competing for binding to target promoters. The global transcriptomics data from the cell lines and patient samples indicate that the redundancy and competition of oncogenic programs are broad phenomena, that may constitute even a majority of the genes dependent on oncoproteins, as shown for mutant p53 in colon and lung cancer cell lines. Nevertheless, we demonstrated that redundant oncogene programs harbor targets for efficient anticancer drug combinations, bypassing the limitations for direct oncoprotein inhibition.

Optimized identification for critical metro stations from urban resilience perspective

Urban rail transit systems and metro-led underground space contribute to urban resilience. The critical level of metro-led underground space in a metro network demands different resilience requirements, thereby rendering the identification of critical metro stations before the evaluation of the resilience contribution essential. This study optimized the identification of critical metro stations in terms of network model construction and evaluation methods to suit urban resilience perspective. The optimized metro network model considered the influence of transfers, difference between above-ground and underground routes, and cost between adjacent stations, to construct an undirected weighted graph of a metro network. Three evaluation metrics: node betweenness, network efficiency loss, and route redundancy, were adopted for a comprehensive identification method of critical stations. The optimized identification method was applied to the Shanghai Metro network (402 stations and 481 links by 2023). The betweenness identified the downtown stations to be more critical, whereas the network efficiency loss and route redundancy identified the critical stations at downtown-suburban connections. Moreover, the vulnerability and distribution of above-ground stations influenced the identification result of critical stations. The identification results are expected to facilitate the resilience evaluation of metro-led underground space, to examine whether the contribution is balanced with the demand.

Expression of filaments of the Geobacter extracellular cytochrome OmcS in Shewanella oneidensis.

The physiological role of Geobacter sulfurreducens extracellular cytochrome filaments is a matter of debate and the development of proposed electronic device applications of cytochrome filaments awaits methods for large-scale cytochrome nanowire production. Functional studies in G. sulfurreducens are stymied by the broad diversity of redox-active proteins on the outer cell surface and the redundancy and plasticity of extracellular electron transport routes. G. sulfurreducens is a poor chassis for producing cytochrome nanowires for electronics because of its slow, low-yield, anaerobic growth. Here we report that filaments of the G. sulfurreducens cytochrome OmcS can be heterologously expressed in Shewanella oneidensis. Multiple lines of evidence demonstrated that a strain of S. oneidensis, expressing the G. sulfurreducens OmcS gene on a plasmid, localized OmcS on the outer cell surface. Atomic force microscopy revealed filaments with the unique morphology of OmcS filaments emanating from cells. Electron transfer to OmcS appeared to require a functional outer-membrane porin-cytochrome conduit. The results suggest that S. oneidensis, which grows rapidly to high culture densities under aerobic conditions, may be suitable for the development of a chassis for producing cytochrome nanowires for electronics applications and may also be a good model microbe for elucidating cytochrome filament function in anaerobic extracellular electron transfer.

Ressourcenpartnerschaften für mehr Rohstoffsicherheit

Abstract The transformation of the European industry toward climate-neutral technologies is creating a variety of new resource needs. Current supply routes are prone to disruption and threatened by increasing scarcity. Through the instrument of Strategic Resource Partnerships, the EU aims to build alternative supply chains that meet European needs for greater supply security and higher environmental standards by cooperating with selected third countries. To counter the risk of long-term instability in partnerships, the EU needs to provide sustainable growth perspectives, especially to low-income partner countries. The partner portfolio should be managed by the EU holistically according to risk-return aspects, with a focus on the right degree of supply route redundancy. A prerequisite is permanent monitoring based on, among other things, an expanded system of risk indicators.

Post-pandemic planning: Do we have enough and efficient access to parks?

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has placed neighborhood parks as a key asset in mitigating the negative implications of extended lockdowns, when parks turned into a sanctuary for residents. With increased scholarly work focusing on developing pots-pandemic neighborhoods, providing access to community parks via efficient routes, is central to such debate. Network connectivity provides a comprehensive assessment of the efficiency of network systems.Methods: A total of 16 samples, from the city of Abu-Dhabi, have been selected to study their network connectivity, with regard to accessing parks. Three distance-based connectivity measures are used: the pedestrian route directness (PRD), the count of redundant routes Redundancy Count (RC), and the route redundancy index (RI). The samples reflect different street’s typologies and their urban form attributes are quantified.Results and Discussion: Connectivity analyses results are interrupted with regard to the quantified physical attributes. Findings indicate that gridded, and semi-gridded layouts provide more direct routes to parks, but less route’s redundancy. Conversely, interlocked, and fragmented networks, when having sufficient intersection densities, have less direct routes but more redundancy. The inclusion of alleyways proved to alter typologies into gridded ones and improve both route directness and redundancy. The majority of the selected samples reported sufficient levels of route directness. The current design and planning guidelines, implemented by the Department of Transport and Municipalities are overly descriptive with regard to how neighborhood parks are accessed; therefore, the study’s methodology provides a possible more evidence-based approach to policy development.

Extension Mechanism of Overlay Network Protocol to Support Digital Authenticates

Zero-trust security is a new security model that has recently received much attention. Since the model protects all resources, continuous authentication and authorization of resources are mandatory. Many enterprises currently use cloud systems to manage their resources and provide service. On the other hand, IoT systems typically require cooperation service among IoT devices. As a solution for redundant routes and load on the cloud, a peer-to-peer type system is a good candidate. On the contrary, it requires zero-trust security because each device should guarantee security. Since the authors have proposed and developed CYber PHysical Overlay Network over Internet Communication (CYPHONIC) as a fundamental technology to realize zero-trust security, this paper introduces Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) into CYPHONIC. It proposes an extended device authentication scheme and a key exchange mechanism using digital certificates. According to the PKI mechanism, a certification authority authenticates the system and its authenticity of system, allowing communication with the correct communication partners. The proposed extension performs mutual authentication with digital certificates at the start of communication and secure encryption key exchange for communication between endpoints. We develop the proof of concept of the proposed scheme to confirm the adequacy of the extended mechanisms.

Resilience modeling and pre-hazard mitigation planning of transportation network to support post-earthquake emergency medical response

Earthquakes can cause traffic network disruption, extensive blacked-out traffic signals, considerable dislocation trips, and numerous injuries. To avoid injury-transporting private vehicles jamming on few routes on a first-come, first-served basis, existence of redundant routes is essential for transporting injured people to hospitals in a timely manner. To save as many lives as possible, a resilient transportation network with redundant paths between injured people and hospitals is crucial following major earthquakes. This study aims to support the emergency medical response through improving system resilience with a focus on redundancy by integrating post-hazard emergency response and pre-hazard mitigation planning holistically. First, a new methodology to quantify the resilience of transportation networks is developed with two main contributions: incorporating infrastructure fragility, seismic uncertainty, search-and-rescue activity, and life vitality decay of injured people to quantify the urgency of hospitalization trips; and introducing equivalent resistance theory to model the redundancy of road networks. Second, the feasibility of developing a resilience-based pre-hazard mitigation strategy of vulnerable infrastructures to proactively support post-earthquake emergency medical response is investigated. A comparison with existing resilience metrics is conducted to reveal the advantage of the proposed methodology. Shelby County, Tennessee, is selected as the prototype community to demonstrate the proposed framework.

Segment frame replication and elimination for redundant routing provision in the FlexE-over-WDM networks

Flexible Ethernet (FlexE)-over-WDM is one of the promising technologies of 5G transport networks that aims to provide a variety of Ethernet MAC rates over large capacity wavelength channels. Ultra-reliable communication is a key scenario of 5G, which poses a big challenge to the transport networks. To achieve ultra-reliability, frame replication and elimination for reliability (FRER) was proposed by IEEE. 802.1CB to provide redundant transmission in layer 2. However, previous studies of FRER considered to replicate MAC frames at source node and eliminate them at the destination, which may cause a waste of network resources, especially for the services that require different reliabilities in a condition of network with different packet loss rates of link and node. To this end, we propose a novel redundant routing scheme, called segment FRER (S-FRER), to balance the reliability and network efficiency. And a FlexE group allocation scheme is coming with S-FRER to assign the Flexible Ethernet channels along the path. Two heuristic algorithms, which are end-to-end FRER (E-FRER) and ordinal FRER (O-FRER), are compared with S-FRER. Simulation results show that S-FRER can satisfy diverse reliability requirements of services, and the resource redundancy and equipment cost are condensed.We further take the resource utilization efficiency as the optimization goal, and propose a FlexE Group allocation strategy based on segmented frame repetition and elimination to realize the resource redistribution of service flows on redundant routes. The experimental results verify the effectiveness of the scheme in terms of resource utilization efficiency.

Reliable Task Allocation for Time-Triggered IoT-WSN Using Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization

A wireless sensor network (WSN) constitutes of nodes that are used to sense a certain physical environment phenomena and sends these collected data to a remote node for further processing and decision making. With the proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT), WSN is evolving to be used as reliable, energy efficient, cost effective, and scalable network infrastructure for many IoT applications. To have a robust WSN with IoT (IoT-WSN), it is a challenge to allocate the tasks among different sensor nodes because the distribution of dependent tasks among wireless nodes must satisfy precedence and time constraints, minimize energy consumption, and prevent signal interference. The problem becomes more complex if a system requires high reliability in the event of link or node failures. This article presents an offline discrete particle swarm optimization algorithm for reliable task allocation (DPSO-TA) in IoT-WSN. DPSO-TA defines a utility function to optimize the task allocation problem by iteratively trying to improve the solution. The defined function is designed to satisfy goals, including saving energy, reducing task completion time, and minimizing the failure rates. A load balance mechanism is applied to make balancing of the tasks on several hosts. During the task allocation process, the frame replication and elimination for reliability (FRER) approach is used to support flow fault tolerance by replicating transmitted flows over redundant routes. DPSO-TA considers the periodicity of the time-trigged (TT) flows and applies a physical interference model to prevent signal interference on the transmitted flows through assigning them to conflict-free time slots. The analysis and simulation results show the optimization of DPSO-TA on timeliness, deadline missing ratio, failure rates, and energy efficiency comparing it with algorithms that allocate tasks to hosts that produce the minimum completion time or that use a traditional procedure to find the most suitable nodes during the task allocation process.

Vessel sharing and its impact on maritime operations and carbon emissions

The shipping industry touches approximately 90% of all international trade, producing roughly one billion tons of greenhouse gases each year. Changes in the operations and coordination of global‐shipping vessels can have a substantial impact on vessel's carbon emissions, but these efforts need to fulfill the service expectation of individual firms receiving consignments. We examine the associated gains (or losses) in operational efficiencies and environmental benefits (if there are any) from vessel sharing. We do so by analyzing a dataset that merges multiple years of U.S. port records and maritime emissions data. Using simultaneous regression equation models, our results indicate that the maritime emissions (attributable to receiving firms) drop by 5%, on average, for each additional carrier sharing a vessel. We confirm several operational efficiencies emerging from vessel sharing, such as increased average utilization and reductions in “route redundancy.” These operational changes mediate the total effect of vessel sharing on emissions. However, we do find that vessel sharing is associated with a slight increase in lead time, measured as the number of days it took to deliver the goods. Although our empirical setting is in the global shipping industry, asset sharing is a mechanism that can be adopted by any industry. Our findings show the importance of exploring the conditions and settings where sharing may or may not have operational and/or environmental trade‐offs.

A position-based reliable emergency message routing scheme for road safety in VANETs

Reliable emergency message (EM) transmission in vehicular adhoc networks (VANETs) necessitates an effective routing scheme. Position-based routing is considered more suitable for VANETs for not having to maintain any routing table or sharing connection states with neighbors. However, position-based routing is challenging in VANETs because vehicles change their positions instantly, and the next-hop can often go out of the communication range in greedy forwarding mode. This unstable behavior of the next-hop triggers route redundancy and leads to a high end-to-end delay (ED) and lower packet delivery ratio (PDR). Moreover, routing decisions based on a next-hop (relay) vehicle may be less optimal if we do not consider the stability and predict the position of a next-hop vehicle in such dynamic environments. To that end, we propose a position-based reliable emergency message routing (REMR) scheme based on our mobility metrics, which exploits the vehicle moving behaviors to enhance EM delivery. We describe how the choice of next-hop in greedy forwarding can be enhanced by leveraging neighbor’s future location information. By taking into account the Euclidean distance and position information, REMR predicts the relative positions of neighbor vehicles to exclude unstable neighbors from the list of candidate next-hops. In addition, REMR employs the vehicles’ movement information (e.g., position, speed variation, and moving angle) to minimize a possible link disruption and to choose an optimal next-hop for robust routing of EMs. REMR also offers a beaconing control strategy to enhance message reliability and to deal with the problem of beacons congestion. To minimize beacons congestion, REMR adjusts the beacon interval based on the neighborhood density. By consolidating mobility metrics and beacon control strategy, REMR can respond adequately to variation in the network traffic and frequent topology changes as validated by our simulation results.

Assessing route redundancy of freeway networks in Mega-city regions

• Assess the route redundancy of freeway networks in mega-city regions. • Propose diversity and dispersion of alternative paths as two complementary measures. • Assess route redundancy of mega-city freeway networks at network and city levels. • Consider three major mega-city regions of China in the case studies. In this paper, we investigate the performance of freeway networks in mega-city regions from the perspective of route redundancy—the provision of alternative routes for travelers when their primary routes are disrupted by disasters. Specifically, route redundancy is assessed with two complementary dimensions: the diversity and dispersion of alternative routes. The former represents the number of alternative routes without disruptions, and the latter reflects the robustness of this number during disruptions. Three typical mega-city regions in China, namely the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, and the Yangtze River Delta—are examined as case studies. Results indicate that travelers in first-tier cities (i.e., national economic or political centers) may have inadequate route redundancy. Route diversity increases when more topological cycles are traversed by numerous alternative routes. Additionally, alternative routes of the peripheral cities in mega-city regions are less dispersed, which cause their lack of redundancy and should be improved.

Mapping Processing Elements of Custom Virtual CGRAs onto Reconfigurable Partitions

FPGAs can provide application-specific acceleration for computationally demanding tasks. However, they are rarely considered general-purpose platforms due to low productivity of software development and long reconfiguration time. These problems can be mitigated by implementing a coarser overlay atop the FPGA fabric. Combining this approach with partial reconfiguration allows for the modification of individual processing elements (PEs) of the virtual architecture without altering the rest of the system. Module relocation can be used to share implementation details between functionally equivalent PEs that use identical sets of resources, thus eliminating redundant placement and routing runs. Proper floorplanning is crucial for virtual Coarse-Grained Reconfigurable Architectures (CGRAs) with relocatable PEs considering their tendency to use nearest-neighbor connection patterns. It requires solving two problems—finding identical regions in the FPGA fabric and assigning individual partitions to certain locations. This article presents minor improvements of a state-of-the-art solution for the first and proposes a novel technique for solving the other. The proposed automated floorplanner uses modified breadth-first search with direction-based penalties to create initial floorplan consistent with geometry of logical array, then improves the result with 2-opt local optimization. Compared to simulated annealing solutions, the proposed approach allows for the reduction in the floorplanning time by two to three orders of magnitude without compromising the quality of the results.

Optimasi Protokol LEACH Menggunakan PSO Pada Mobile Ad-Hoc Network

Mobile ad-hoc network is a wireless network with variable topology and communication routes. In a MANET network, nodes have the role of finding and handling routes to each node in the network. There are several challenges such as bandwidth, power, and direction of movement of nodes. A routing protocol is needed to determine the route and ensure that the packets sent successfully arrive at their destination to solve this problem,. In large-scale networks, the routing structure requires redundant route information, resulting in frequent overhead. We investigated the use of the LEACH protocol as a hierarchical protocol to solve the network overhead. The proposed research also adds a PSO algorithm to optimize the performance of the LEACH protocol. The research method uses simulation methods and evaluation of routing models using Network Simulator. Evaluation is prioritized on the use of traffic TCP and UDP. The results show that TCP traffic has better delay, packet loss, and PDR values compared to UDP traffic when using the LEACH protocol. When the PSO algorithm is added, the delay value in TCP traffic decreases by 47%, the packet loss value decreases by 78%, and the PDR value also increases by 0.1%.

Segment Frame Replication and Elimination for Redundant Routing Provision in the Flexe-Over-Wdm Networks

Segment Frame Replication and Elimination for Redundant Routing Provision in the Flexe-Over-Wdm Networks

Plasma Membrane Lipids: An Important Binding Site for All Lipoprotein Classes

Cholesterol is one of the main constituents of plasma membranes; thus, its supply is of utmost importance. This review covers the known mechanisms of cholesterol transfer from circulating lipoprotein particles to the plasma membrane, and vice versa. To achieve homeostasis, the human body utilizes cellular de novo synthesis and extracellular transport particles for supply of cholesterol and other lipids via the blood stream. These lipoprotein particles can be classified according to their density: chylomicrons, very low, low, and high-density lipoprotein (VLDL, LDL, and HDL, respectively). They deliver and receive their lipid loads, most importantly cholesterol, to and from cells by several redundant routes. Defects in one of these pathways (e.g., due to mutations in receptors) usually are not immediately fatal. Several redundant pathways, at least temporarily, compensate for the loss of one or more of them, but the defects trigger systemic diseases, such as atherosclerosis later on. Recently, intracellular membrane–membrane contact sites were shown to be involved in intracellular cholesterol transfer and the plasma membrane itself has been proposed to act as a binding site for lipoprotein-mediated cargo unloading.

TECHNOLOGICAL MODEL AND SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY OF THE MULTISERVICE COMMUNICATION NETWORK FUNCTIONING

The modern development of multiservice communication networks (MÑN) is characterized by the desire of operators to provide users with an unlimited range of services with guaranteed quality of service (QoS). QoS is determined by the stability of the network’s functioning, that is, its ability to function without errors. The existing routing algorithms in modern networks focus the main load on the most productive sections, while the rest of the network is used quite poorly. This is confirmed by the results of studies [1,2], in which the structure of modern global communication networks is assigned to the class of small-world graphs. Obviously, that the increased connectivity of such networks determines high indicators of its stability, but at the same time, this route redundancy is poorly used by existing routing protocols to provide QoS when transmitting different traffic (triple-play: audio, video, and data) [3, 4]. There is also no work devoted to the analysis of the possibilities of sharing different routes (route parallelism) for the implementation of QoS enhancement mechanisms in the MÑN. This article discusses the technological concept of a network with route parallelism in communication networks built on the basis of the IP protocol family.

A router abnormal traffic detection strategy based on active defense

With the rapid development of network attacks, traditional security protection technology is difficult to deal with unknown threats and persistent attacks. Active defense improves the ability to defend against network attacks by building a dynamic, heterogeneous and redundant endogenous security system. Aiming at the problem of single abnormal arbitrament information of routers in mimic defense, a router abnormal traffic detection strategy based on active defense is proposed. By clustering the traffic information of multiple heterogeneous redundant routing function entities and comparing the distance measurement between them, the routing function entities in abnormal state are determined. The experimental results show that the proposed strategy effectively detects the security threats of routing functional entities and expand the method of mimic router arbitrament.

Topological integration of BIM and geospatial water utility networks across the building envelope

Utility networks comprise a fundamental part of our complex urban systems and the integration of digital representations of these networks across multiple spatial scales can be used to help address priority challenges. Deteriorating water utility infrastructure and low routing redundancy result in network fragility and thus supply outages when assets fail. Water distribution network configurations can be optimised for higher resilience but digital representations of the networks used for simulations and analyses are not integrated with the finer scale networks inside buildings. This integration is hindered by differences in conceptualisation and semantics employed by the relevant data standards. We suggest that the geospatial and geometric data contained in Building Information Modelling (BIM) and water distribution network (WDN) models can be used for their integration; and that this supports the use cases of optimising dynamic network partitioning, reducing the risk of underground utility strikes and planning for future network configurations with higher topological redundancy. In this study, we develop and demonstrate the application of a weight-based spatial algorithm for inferring water network connections between urban-scale WDNs and BIM models, showing that spatial data can be used in the absence of complete or consistent semantic representations. We suggest that the method has potential for transferability to infrastructure for other utility resources (such as waste water, electricity and gas) and make recommendations such as standardising the representation of connection points between disjoint utility network models and extending the normal practical spatial remit of BIM MEP modelling to encompass the space between buildings and WDNs.