Redundant Lines Research Articles

Multi-Constrained Optimization Method of Line Segment Extraction Based on Multi-Scale Image Space

Image-based line segment extraction plays an important role in a wide range of applications. Traditional line segment extraction algorithms focus on the accuracy and efficiency, without considering the integrity. Serious line segmentation fracture problems caused by image quality will result in poor subsequent applications. To solve this problem, a multi-constrained line segment extraction method, based on multi-scale image space, is presented. Firstly, using Gaussian down-sampling with a classical line segment detection method, a multi-scale image space is constructed to extract line segments in each image scale and all line segments are projected onto the original image. Then, a new line segment optimization and purification strategy is proposed with the horizontal and vertical distances and angle geometric constraint relationships between line segments to merge fracture line segments and delete redundant line segments. Finally, line segments with adjacent positions are optimized using the grayscale constraint relationship, based on normalized cross-correlation similarity criterion for realizing the second optimization of fracture line segments. Compared with mainstream line segment detector and edge drawing lines methods, experimental results (i.e., indoor, outdoor, and aerial images) indicate the validity and superiority of our proposed methods which can extract longer and more complete line segments.

10,000 lbf-in급 힌지라인 이중화 전기식 구동장치 설계 및 성능평가

항공기용 전기식 구동장치는 유압식 구동장치에 비해 소형/경량화에 유리하고, 힌지라인 형태의 구동장치는 공기저항이 작고 스텔스 등의 특수 목적에 적합한 특징을 가지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 10,000 lbf-in급 힌지라인 이중화 전기식 구동장치의 동작성능시험을 위한 시스템 설계 내용을 기술하였다. 영구자석전동기의 자속 기준 제어와 이중화 구동기의 torque fighting을 고려한 제어기를 설계하고, 구동장치 시스템 모델을 수립하여 성능 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다. 성능시험을 수행하여 시뮬레이션 결과와 비교하였으며 목표성능 만족여부를 확인하였다.

A Simplified Calibration Methodology for On-Chip Couplers

In this paper, we propose a simplified calibration methodology for on-chip couplers to de-embed the unwanted but unavoidable parasitics introduced by the probing pads as well as the effects originating from redundant feeding lines. The traditional TRL (Thru, Reflect, Line) calibration technique for single-ended two-port device is extended and applied to symmetrical 4-port devices that can be decomposed as the odd- and even-mode equivalent circuits. Accordingly, the TRL calibration standards in the balanced format are designed as well. As a final step, single-ended 4-port S-parameters of device under test (DUT) are reconstructed through its de-embedded odd- and even-mode 2-port S-parameters. To validate the efficacy of our proposed calibration methodology in extracting S-parameters of DUT, models in HFSS, such as a branch-line coupler and a coupled-line coupler with probing pads, and balanced TRL calibration standards are generated. After performing the de-embedding procedures proposed in this paper, the extracted S-parameters agree well with the simulated S-parameters of DUT without adding any pads and feeding lines for measurement.

Optimizing the placement of spare amplifier cards to increase the achievable information rate resilience

Abstract We evaluate the impact of optical amplifier failure on the achievable information rate (AIR) of a transmission link. We consider two scenarios to avoid link failure. First, we consider that after amplifier failure the optical signals are switched to a redundant passive optical line card which surpasses the damage amplifier. Second, we assume that the optical signals are switched to a redundant amplifier card. From the evolution of the AIR with the position in the link where the failure occurs we demonstrate which are the critical amplifiers that demand amplifier cards redundancy to avoid a link failure, and in which place a redundant passive optical line card is admissible. We consider polarization multiplexing (PM) quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellations. To evaluate the AIR, we consider the optical amplified spontaneous emission noise and the nonlinear interference optical noise coherent, as well as the receiver thermal and shot noise sources. Results show that for the first scenario the maximum value attainable by the AIR is strongly dependent on the position of the amplifier failure on the transmission link, being the first amplifiers more critical for the performance of the link. Findings also show that a failure of the last amplifier tends to not affect the AIR. We also observe that it is possible to partially compensate the AIR decrease after an amplifier failure in the first scenario, by optimizing the gain of the remain available amplifiers on the transmission link and by optimizing the transmitter power.

Implementing eco friendly highly reliable upload feature using multi 3G service

The current trend of eco friendly Internet access is preferred. In this research the understanding of eco friendly is minimum power consumption. The devices that are selected have operationally low power consumption and normally have no power consumption as they are hibernating during idle state. To have the reliability a router of a router that has internal load balancing feature will provide the improvement of previous research on multi 3G services for broadband lines. Previous studies emphasized on accessing and downloading information files from Public Cloud residing Web Servers. The demand is not only for speed but high reliability of access as well. High reliability will mean mitigating both direct and indirect high cost due to repeated attempts of uploading and downloading the large files. Nomadic and mobile computer users need viable solution. Following solution for downloading information has been proposed and tested. The solution is promising. The result is now extended to providing reliable access line by means of redundancy and automatic reconfiguration for uploading and downloading large information files to a Web Server in the Cloud. The technique is taking advantage of internal load balancing feature to provision a redundant line acting as a backup line. A router that has the ability to provide load balancing to several WAN lines is chosen. The WAN lines are constructed using multiple 3G lines. The router supports the accessing Internet with more than one 3G access line which increases the reliability and availability of the Internet access as the second line immediately takes over if the first line is disturbed.

Comparing methods for merging redundant line segments in maps

Abstract Map building of indoor environments is considered a basic building block for autonomous mobile robots, enabling, among others, self-localization and efficient path planning. While the mainstream approach stores maps as occupancy grids of regular cells, some works have advocated for the use of maps composed of line segments to represent the boundary of obstacles, leveraging on their more compact size. In order to limit both the growth of the corresponding data structures and the effort in processing these maps, a number of methods have been proposed for merging together redundant line segments that represent the same portion of the environment. In this paper, we experimentally compare some of the most significant methods for merging line segments in maps by applying them to publicly available data sets. At the end, we propose some guidelines to choose the appropriate method.

An Improved Droop Control Strategy Based on Changeable Reference in Low-Voltage Microgrids

This paper proposes an improved droop control strategy based on changeable reference in low-voltage microgrids. To restore running frequency of distributed generation to a rated value without affecting its reactive power output, changeable frequency reference, mainly compensating for frequency deviation, are proposed corresponding to various load demands. In terms of active power sharing inaccuracy associated with mismatched line impedance, changeable voltage amplitude reference is proposed to obtain a droop line suitable for the actual voltage of distributed generations. By further improvement of the active droop coefficient, power sharing is accurate with a difference in actual voltages of distributed generations. Virtual negative inductance is used to neutralize the redundant line inductance for strictly improving sharing accuracy. A robust control method based on Lyapunov function is used to handle the robustness problem in case of load variation. The control scheme is entirely decentralized, so communication links among distributed generations are redundant. Finally, simulation studies demonstrate the effectiveness of a control strategy.

On the Loadability Sets of Power Systems—Part II: Minimal Representations

The first part of this two-part paper developed the framework for characterizing the feasibility regions of power systems in the demand space. This characterization, however, leads to the generation of a large number of extraneous constraints as an unwelcome byproduct. This shortcoming motivates the second part of this paper series, whose objective is the achievement of a minimal representation for loadability sets through an offline process. Thus, in this paper, we set forth to eliminate efficiently redundant constraints with the proposal of an enhanced umbrella constraint discovery (E-UCD) problem formulation. The use of E-UCD in this paper is fourfold: 1) It serves to identify redundant line flow constraints not potentially shaping the feasibility regions of power systems in the generation-demand space. 2) It serves to determine the maximum number of line flow limits that could ever become active simultaneously in a given power system. 3) It pinpoints the generators who have the ability to become pivotal in relieving network congestion. 4) It is used to identify redundant constraints generated, while generation dispatch variables are projected from the generation-demand space onto the demand space. Experiments are carried out on the standard IEEE test systems to show that the minimal representations of loadability sets contain a reasonable number of constraints. Thus, the application of loadability sets to operation and planning problems will result in computational savings.

60-GHz 64- and 256-Elements Wafer-Scale Phased-Array Transmitters Using Full-Reticle and Subreticle Stitching Techniques

This paper presents 60-GHz wafer-scale transmit phased arrays with 64- and 256-elements spaced λ/2 apart in the x- and y-directions, and occupying an area of 21.4 × 22 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> (471 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) and 41.4 × 42 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> (1740 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ), respectively. The 64-element phased array is built as a complete reticle and includes 64 independent transmit channels with 5-b phase control, 3-b (9 dB) amplitude control, a saturated output power of 3 dBm at the antenna port, a 1-64 distribution network with redundant line amplifiers, and a high-efficiency on-chip antenna at each element. In addition, redundant serial digital interface and power strips, dual series metal-insulator-metal capacitors, and multiple RF inputs are employed for improved yield. The 256-element array uses the same phased-array blocks as the 64-element design, but is built using a subreticle stitching technique so as to result in a chip which is larger than the standard reticle size (22 × 22 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ). The 64and 256-element arrays result in a half-power beamwidth of 12° and 6° in the E- and H-planes, a directivity of 23 and 29 dB, respectively, and scan to ±55° in the E- and H-planes with near-ideal patterns and a crosspolarization level of lesser than -30 dB. The measured equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) of the 64-element array is 38 dBm at 62 GHz with a 3-dB bandwidth of 61-63 GHz, while that of the 256-element array is 45 dBm at 61 GHz with a 3-dB beamwidth of 58-64 GHz. A 1-4-Gb/s communication system is also demonstrated using the 64-element phased array up to ±45° scan angles, and at 4-, 30-, and 100-m ranges. To the best of our knowledge, this paper represents the first demonstration of large size (64and 256-element) phased-array transmitters on a single wafer.

Development of models and methods of parameters optimization of reliability improving system in 10 kV branched networks

Different devices, such as signs of damaged areas, line disconnectors, circuit bus-sectionalizing machines and devices for automatic entry of reserve are used to improve the reliability of power supply to consumers in the 10 kV distribution network. Optimization of means of improving reliability is an urgent task. However, existing calculated methods does not take into account the possibility of installing the network of several types of devices or require to perform a large number of iterations when searching for the optimum scheme of their deployment. To solve this problem it is proposed a mathematical model for evaluate electricity shortage and average time of search fault location to take into account the existence of different means for improving the reliability of the network. The importance of these results lies in the fact that based on the proposed model has been developed computer program that allows automatically searching for the optimal layout of devices in a redundant and non-redundant power lines.

Epipolar Consistency in Transmission Imaging.

This paper presents the derivation of the Epipolar Consistency Conditions (ECC) between two X-ray images from the Beer-Lambert law of X-ray attenuation and the Epipolar Geometry of two pinhole cameras, using Grangeat's theorem. We motivate the use of Oriented Projective Geometry to express redundant line integrals in projection images and define a consistency metric, which can be used, for instance, to estimate patient motion directly from a set of X-ray images. We describe in detail the mathematical tools to implement an algorithm to compute the Epipolar Consistency Metric and investigate its properties with detailed random studies on both artificial and real FD-CT data. A set of six reference projections of the CT scan of a fish were used to evaluate accuracy and precision of compensating for random disturbances of the ground truth projection matrix using an optimization of the consistency metric. In addition, we use three X-ray images of a pumpkin to prove applicability to real data. We conclude, that the metric might have potential in applications related to the estimation of projection geometry. By expression of redundancy between two arbitrary projection views, we in fact support any device or acquisition trajectory which uses a cone-beam geometry. We discuss certain geometric situations, where the ECC provide the ability to correct 3D motion, without the need for 3D reconstruction.

Fast Search of Dangerous Lines in Power Flow Transferring in Power System

A method for fast search of dangerous lines in power flow transferring was put forward. Search the equal-phase parallel lines of the overload line by graph theory and voltage phasor angle. Search the shortest path between the end nodes of the overload line which went through the equal-phase parallel lines. The lines on the paths belonged to the power flow transferring line set, where the lines with high active power flow distribution coefficient were dangerous lines in power flow transferring. The method is more targeted in the search for power flow transferring path. It will not leave out dangerous lines for only looking for the shortest line between the two nodes of the overload line, and it wil not select the redundant lines for searching the K shortest paths between the two nodes of the overload line. This method is simple and accurate with little calculation. The method is verified by simulation analysis based on IEEE 39 and IEEE 118 bus system.

Оптимизация алгебраической модели конструктивной логики

The authors proposed and evaluated options of optimization of the algebraic model of constructive logic, designed to construct multichannel non-linear mathematical model often used in Russia in the in-depth analysis in medicine and biology. In the basis of optimization of this model are procedures for finding duplicate cases (rows base), relevant to the achievement of goals, and excluding those resulting components that are duplicated other cases the resulting components.&#x0D; &#x0D; Procedures for reviewing the results of the components of a top-down or bottom-up and comparing the numbers corresponding to achievement of objectives are the basis of optimization. If all the numbers viewing the resulting component will be present in other watched the resulting components, then it is removed as redundant. As a result of identifying and eliminating redundant coatings target lines are reducing the number of resulting parts. Reduction of number of resulting components is achieved by identifying and eliminating redundant coatings target lines.&#x0D; &#x0D; The results of two variants of optimization of mathematical model are shown on the example of the mathematical model identification features of the method of oxygen therapy in the treatment of oncological pathology. The authors suggested the possibility of practical use of various optimization algorithms to choose model with a minimal number of components of the resulting/

Recognition of Airport Runways in SAR Imagery

An approach to the recognition of airport runways in SAR imagery was presented. According to the trait of the SAR imagery, firstly some kinds of methods in correlative yawp control were compared to each other, and then based on the interpretation analysis of airport runways in SAR imagery, the lines were detected ,the image was repaired and the redundant lines were got rid of according to themorphologic operation and confidence level ,the runways were detected finally .Many experiments show that the method can recognize the runways exactly and quickly in SAR imagery.

Optimized Allocation of DGs to Improve System Reliability Based on Loading Effects

The results obtained by recent researches on distributed generations (DGs) have shown that distribution systems adequacy can be improved using DGs. The features supported by DGs improving the system reliability are different. DGs can help decrease devices failure rate by improving the current passing through each distribution line and any device of system. In this point of view, DGs have the same effects as redundant lines. It is interesting that by minimum capacity of DG sources, the maximized reliability improvement can be achieved. The placement of DGs is one of the most important parameters of their planning. In this paper, a novel method is proposed to optimize the placement of DGs based on decreasing failure due to the enhancement of loading effects. Average system interruption frequency index is selected to define the objective function. Moreover, the optimization problem is solved by genetic algorithm (GA). MATLAB GA toolbox is used to implement the optimization problem solving. The method is applied to a 20 kV, 33-bus realistic system of Tehran Regional Electrical Company. Test results illustrate by optimal allocation of 2,000 and 1,000 kVA DGs generation capacity according to proposed method, 12.32 % and 6.35 % ASIFI decrement can be achieved, respectively. Furthermore, the system in view point of protective device placements, maximum DGs generation capacity, the critical lines and the most important sections are studied.

Feeder Reconfiguration in Distribution Networks Based on Convex Relaxation of OPF

The feeder reconfiguration problem chooses the on/off status of the switches in a distribution network in order to minimize a certain cost such as power loss. It is a mixed-integer nonlinear program and, hence, hard to solve. In this paper, we propose a heuristic algorithm that is based on the recently developed convex relaxation of the ac optimal power flow problem. The algorithm is computationally efficient and scales linearly with the number of redundant lines. It requires neither parameter tuning nor initialization for different networks. It successfully computes an optimal configuration on all four networks we have tested. Moreover, we have proved that the algorithm solves the feeder reconfiguration problem optimally under certain conditions for the case where only a single redundant line needs to be opened. We also propose a more computationally efficient algorithm and show that it incurs a loss in optimality of less than 3% on the four test networks.

Eliminating Redundant Line Flow Constraints in Composite System Reliability Evaluation

Reliability evaluation of composite systems involves extensive calculations. Current solutions to this computational burden have mainly focused on extracting failure states from the state space. Instead, the evaluation of failure states is accelerated by methods presented in this paper. The scale of optimizations required for generation redispatching and/or load shedding in failure states is reduced by eliminating redundant line flow constraints. First, a sufficient and necessary condition for a line flow constraint to be redundant is established in the form of a linear programming problem, based on the concept of steady-state security region (SSR). Then, two redundancy elimination methods are proposed-a conservative one based on a heuristic, and a radical one based on an analytical condition. Numerical tests are conducted on IEEE-RTS79 and a real-life system. More than half of the line flow constraints are eliminated by the conservative method and nearly 90% by the radical method. The proposed methods can be used in conjunction with most of the existing acceleration techniques to further improve efficiency.

THE POWER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK EXPANSION PLANNING BASED ON STACKELBERG MINIMUM WEIGHT K-STAR GAME

The reliability of power distribution network is important. For high reliability, it is necessary for some nodes to have backup connections to other feeders in the network. The substation operator wants to expand the network such that some nodes have k redundant connection lines (i.e., k redundancy) in case the current feeder line does not work. The corporation is given this task to design the expansion planning to construct new connection lines. The substation operator will choose the minimum charged k redundant connection lines based on both of the existing network and the expansion network, which is designed by the corporation. The existing network has the cost for the redundant connection due to the operational expense. The corporation proposes the design with its own price, which may include the operational expense and the construction expense. Thus, for the corporation, how to assign the low price on the connection lines while maximizing the revenue becomes a Stackelberg minimum weight k-star game for the power distribution network expansion. A heuristic algorithm is proposed to solve this Stackelberg minimum weight k-star game for the power distribution network expansion, using three heuristic rules for price setting in a scenario by scenario fashion. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm always outperforms the greedy algorithm which is natural to k-star game in terms of corporation revenue. Compared to the greedy algorithm, the proposed algorithm improves up to 60.7% in the corporation revenue in the chosen minimum weight k-star, which is the minimum charged k connection lines. The average improvement is 7.5%. This effectively handles k redundancy in the power distribution network expansion while maximizing the corporation revenue.

New Pixel Circuit Design Employing an Additional Pixel Line Insertion in AMOLED Displays Composed by Excimer Laser-Crystallized TFTs

Active matrix organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED) displays are fabricated from polycrystalline silicon, which is formed in the single and double (overlap) scanned area during the excimer laser annealing (ELA) process. A redundant pixel line (RPL) design is proposed to remove the overlapping mura and, as a result, a 5-in AMOLED display is successfully fabricated without any non-uniform line image on the overlapping scanned area. This result indicates that the fabrication of a large-sized AMOLED panel is possible using ELA crystallization through an RPL design.

Integration of miniaturized balun and low‐noise amplifier for single‐in differential‐out applications

AbstractA low‐noise module comprises a low‐noise amplifier and a new type of passive balun, which consists of two λ/8 broadside‐coupled lines and a short redundant line, is presented. The on‐chip balun is not only low lossy and compact size but also provides good amplitude and phase balances at output ports over a quite wide frequency range. The method of designing the new‐type balun fabricated with CMOS IC technology is proposed. An experimental prototype operated at K‐band was designed and fabricated with a commercial 0.18‐μm CMOS technology to verify the effectiveness of the proposed design method. The measured results show the single‐to‐differential gain is about 9 dB, the amplitude imbalance of the output ports is less than 1.0 dB associated with the phase difference of 181 ± 3° over the frequency range of 20–40 GHz. The area of the prototype including the RF probe pads is about 0.73 × 1.28 mm2. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:2117–2121, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26987