Redundant Content Research Articles

Nonlinear Dilation Network for Prediction Applications

This paper presents a neural network that introduce a nonlinear dilation function emulating the nonlinearity of the human sensors, say ear. The introduction of the dilation function reduces redundancy in the information contents of the input variables. This results in minimizing the prediction error as well as the error variance. The applications of time-series prediction and the instantaneous VAr prediction of electric arc furnace are included to corroborate the performance of the nonlinear dilation network.

Effect of nonlinear transformations on correlation between weighted sums in multilayer perceptrons

Nonlinear transformation is one of the major obstacles to analyzing the properties of multilayer perceptrons. In this letter, we prove that the correlation coefficient between two jointly Gaussian random variables decreases when each of them is transformed under continuous nonlinear transformations, which can be approximated by piecewise linear functions. When the inputs or the weights of a multilayer perceptron are perturbed randomly, the weighted sums to the hidden neurons are asymptotically jointly Gaussian random variables. Since sigmoidal transformation can be approximated piecewise linearly, the correlations among the weighted sums decrease under sigmoidal transformations. Based on this result, we can say that sigmoidal transformation used as the transfer function of the multilayer perceptron reduces redundancy in the information contents of the hidden neurons.

Textbook of Pediatric Nutrition

This textbook appears in its second edition 11 years after the first. The number of pages has decreased, but the page size has increased so that, overall, there is about a 16% increase in text. There are 62 authors for some 45 chapters and two appendixes, similar to the first edition, but surprisingly, only about 20% of the original authors are represented this time. Some of the chapters are excellent. A few are rather weak and even confusing. As might be expected, there is some redundancy in content and sharp differences in style among chapters. For example, in one chapter, there are 14 references and another chapter, shorter in text, has 251. In another chapter, one author correctly relates water and electrolyte requirements to energy expended; however, some data are incorrectly given as milliliters per kilogram per day. I have one significant complaint. In the past, a textbook on nutrition

The effect of redundant cues on comprehension of spoken messages by aphasic adults

Aphasic adults with severe auditory comprehension impairment responded to redundant and nonredundant spoken and/or gestured messages by pointing to pictures. Messages of two types (pantomime and emblem) were presented under four conditions (spoken message alone, spoken message repeated, gestured message alone, and spoken message plus redundant gesture). Though spoken messages repeated and spoken messages with gestures were comprehended significantly more often than gestures alone, neither of these stimulus conditions was reliably superior to spoken messages alone. This finding casts doubt on the clinical strategy of supplementing spoken messages with redundant gestures when auditory comprehension is severely impaired, and raises questions about the ability of severely aphasic individuals to utilize semantically redundant message content. Pantomimes were consistently comprehended more frequently than emblems, regardless of stimulus condition. This finding was attributed to a depictability factor: the pictures associated with pantomimes were relatively direct representations of item content, while those associated with emblems were necessarily less direct representations. For this group of subjects, whose range of comprehension deficit was deliberately restricted, neither auditory nor reading comprehension at the single-word level was found to correlate with comprehension of symbolic gestures.

Do you underestimate your students?

To establish a bridge of meaning between old and new knowledge and speed up future perceptual learning, it is necessary to call attention to distinctive features and higher order relations. The prerequisite is identification of existing skills and knowledge and selection of content which will ensure that principles, concepts, and generalizations are taught so transfer of learning will be increased. The clarity with which the instructor presents what is expected will strengthen the relevance of the cues used to arouse a present response that is determined by past learning. The substance of a course is derived by identifying the gap between the student's knowledge base and what the instructor wants her to learn. By providing an opportunity for the student to develop skills early in the program, one can eliminate misconceptions and develop increased discrimination. It also decreases apprehension that previously had been a basis for anxiety, reduces redundancy in content and allows more time for new content; whereas, more time is available for clinical experience as less time is needed in a practice lab. Students are better prepared for the future because they were encouraged to think and react with flexibility, creativity, and spontaneity. To be successful, the idea of relating new concepts to a known body of knowledge for transfer must be positively accepted by the instructor. If the instructor's attitude is negative, the student will react negatively. BE POSITIVE.

Redundancy of information content in the genome of mammalian species as a protective mechanism determining aging rate

Redundancy of information content in the genome of mammalian species may serve as a genetic protective mechanism by insuring a minimum degree of essential information to remain mutation-free over a given length of time. This type of redundancy can provide protection against mutations caused by either random base modification or by replication errors. If the resultant mutation rate is significant, then the degree of redundancy contained in a genome would be expected to play an important role in determining its functional lifespan which may, in turn, determine the aging rate of the entire organism. The possible correlation between the amount of redundant information and the aging rate of different mammalian species was evaluated by a comparison of the nucleotide sequence complexity and the redundancy of ribosomal and messenger RNA genes. No clear correlation was found between percentage reiterated nucleotide sequences or the amount of ribosomal gene redundancy and aging rate. However, there does appear to be a general decrease in the percentage usage of ribosomal and transfer RNA genes as a mammalian species' aging rate decreases. In addition, genes only involved in transcribing messenger RNA in the brain tissues of mouse, cow and human were found to increase by an average redundancy value of 1.3, 1.5, and 2.1, respectively. These results are discussed with respect to a unified theory of aging for mammalian species.

Mitochondrial DNA: I. Intramitochondrial distribution and structural relations of single- and double-length circular DNA

The structure of the DNA of L-cell mitochondria was studied as it may relate to the organelle in vivo. Serial sections of mitochondria revealed two to three DNA-containing regions (nucleoids) per organelle; up to six regions were occasionally observed. Osmotic rupture of freshly isolated mitochondria released 2 to 4% circular DNA dimers (10.1μ, mol. wt 20 × 10 6) in a population of circular monomers (5.2 μ, mol. wt 10 × 10 6). The molecules were unbranched, usually folded in half, and either loosely coiled or extended. Most dimers were single circles, either lying free or attached at a polar region to another dimer or two monomers. It appears that each nucleoid may contain one to several monomers and dimers, to yield an average total of two to six molecules per mitochondrion. About 80% of the monomers were associated at polar regions with the mitochondrial membranes; experiments were performed that reduced the possibility of artifact formation. Osmotically shocked mitochondria of ascites tumor cells and adult rat and chicken liver were also compared. The observed membrane associations and the multiplicity of DNA molecules per mitochondrion or per nucleoid may be related to mitochondrial duplication; the high degree of variation in number of molecules per mitochondrion implies redundancy of informational content.