Redundant Categories Research Articles

SoFL: Clustered Federated Learning Based on Dual Clustering for Heterogeneous Data

Federated Learning (FL) is an emerging privacy-preserving technology that enables training a global model beneficial to all participants without sharing their data. However, differences in data distributions among participants may undermine the stability and accuracy of the global model. To address this challenge, recent research proposes client clustering based on data distribution similarity, generating independent models for each cluster in order to enhance FL performance. Nevertheless, due to the uncertainty of participant identities, FL struggles to rapidly and accurately determine the clusters. Most of the existing algorithms distinguish clients by iterative clustering, which not only increases the computing cost of the server but also affects the convergence speed of the federation model. To address these shortcomings, in this paper, we propose a novel clustering-based FL method, SoFL. SoFL introduces SOM networks, improves the quality of cluster data, and eliminates redundant categories through secondary clustering, encouraging more similar clients to train together. Through this mechanism, SoFL completes the clustering task in one round of communication and speeds up the convergence of federated model training. Simulation results demonstrate that SoFL accurately and swiftly adapts to determine the clusters. In different non-IID settings, SoFL’s model accuracy improvements ranged from 9 to 18% compared to FedAvg and FedProx.

The rise of gemination in Celtic

This study investigates systematically the emergence and establishment of geminate consonants as a phonological class in the Celtic branch of Indo-European. The approach of this study is comparative historical linguistics, drawing on diachronic structuralism combined with aspects of language contact studies and functional approaches to language usage. This study traces the development of geminates from Proto-Indo-European (fourth millennium B.C.), which did not allow geminate consonants, to the Common Celtic period (first millennium B.C.), when almost every consonant could occur as a singleton or as a geminate, and on to the earliest attested stages of the Insular Celtic languages (first millennium A.D.). Although they were prominent in the phonology of Proto- and Ancient Celtic (Gaulish, Celtiberian), ultimately geminates were gotten rid of as a phonological class in the individual Insular Celtic languages. This is probably due to the fact that the contrast between lenited and unlenited sounds took on a central role in Insular Celtic phonology, making gemination a phonetically redundant category. Most instances of geminate consonants in Celtic can be explained by regular sound change operating on inherited clusters of consonants. Each sound change will be discussed in a separate section in a rough chronological order. Effectively, gemination is largely a strategy to reduce the number of allowed consonant combinations. To a limited degree, gemination also had a morphological function, especially in the formation of personal names and in the creation of adjectival neologisms. However, there is a residue of words, especially nouns, in the Insular Celtic languages that defy any attempt at etymologising. They are prime suspects of having been borrowed from prehistoric, substratal languages.

When the types do not make sense: Seven lessons to improve typology-building for energy transitions research

The field of sustainability transitions studies is characterized by the proliferation of different typologies. However, many of these, including highly influential ones, have not been formulated according to any explicit criteria. This can be problematic because such typologies may be based on partially overlapping or redundant categories and systematically miss out on certain dimensions, without even being aware of this. As a result, even attempts to subject such typologies to systematic empirical testing can still remain biassed and therefore reproduce the problems of the initial conceptualization. To exemplify these issues, this paper conducts a literature review of typology-building practices in transitions studies and performs a formal analysis of three influential typologies related to intermediaries, energy justice, and power. Drawing on insights on typology formation from political science, the analysis focuses on whether the categories of each typology are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive. The notion of property space is then used to contrast the difference between the actual and logically implied scope of each typology. Based on the analyses, the paper offers seven lessons for improving typology-building in the study of energy and other transitions.

Category intersections as conceptual combinations: Combining male categories of age and sexual orientation.

We reconcile interactive and additive models of category intersection by recasting these theoretical efforts within the conceptual combination framework. In three studies (Ntot = 364), we showed that, in line with an interactive approach, combining 'elderly men' with 'gay men' generated an atypical subtype with unique attributes that could not be reduced to the sum of the attributes of the constituent categories (Studies 1-3). Moreover, consistent with the additive models, combining 'heterosexual men' with age categories (i.e. young/elderly men, Study 1) made their age typicality particularly salient, and 'young men' with sexual orientation categories (i.e. gay/heterosexual men, Study 2) emphasized their sexual orientation typicality. Also, participants not only appraised 'gay men' and 'young gay men' in part as redundant categories, but they also judged 'elderly men' and 'elderly heterosexual men' to be largely overlapping. These findings take advantage of a multi-method assessment, spanning from measures of perceived typicality to the analysis of attributes freely generated in reaction to the target categories. Our results inform cognitive models of multiple category combinations and shed light on the cognitive 'invisibility' of elderly gay men and its social implications.

Determination of Relationships between Symmetry-Based, Performance-Based, and Functional Outcome Measures in Patients Undergoing Total Hip Arthroplasty.

Due to the high heterogeneity in outcome measures after total hip arthroplasty (THA), the prospective observational study investigated the relationships between symmetry-based (SBMs), performance-based (PBMs), and functional outcome measures in THA patients to determine necessary or redundant categories of tests. The study material consisted of 24 patients with end-stage hip osteoarthritis scheduled for THA. The patients were examined one day before surgery and consecutively on the 4th day, 9th day, and 10th week postoperatively using the SBMs (weight-bearing chair-rising test, measurements of the maximal isometric torque of the quadriceps muscle); the PBMs (10-m walk, timed up-and-go, and stair-climbing tests); and the functional outcome measure (Harris Hip Score). The results obtained in a given category of tests at different time points were compared, and the correlations between the tests were determined. The reliability of the outcome measures was determined. The results of tests in the studied categories statistically significantly (p < 0.05) improved at the 10th week postoperatively compared to preoperative results. No strong correlations were revealed between the three studied types of outcome measures in THA patients. Therefore, none of them can be considered redundant. It also means that the relevance of symmetry for a core measurement set to describe the domain function in THA patients must be further clarified.

The rise of gemination in Celtic.

This study investigates systematically the emergence and establishment of geminate conson-ants as a phono-logical class in the Celtic branch of Indo-European. The approach of this study is comparative historical linguistics, drawing on diachronic structuralism combined with aspects of language contact studies and functional approaches to language usage. This study traces the development of geminates from Proto-Indo-European (fourth millennium b.c.), which did not allow geminate consonants, to the Common Celtic period (first millennium b.c.), when almost every consonant could occur as a singleton or as a geminate, and on to the earliest attested stages of the Insular Celtic languages (1 st millennium a.d.). Although they were prominent in the phonology of Proto- and Ancient Celtic (Gaulish, Celtiberian), ultimately geminates were gotten rid of as a phonological class in the individual Insular Celtic languages. This is probably due to the fact that the contrast between lenited and unlenited sounds took on a central role in Insular Celtic phonology, making gemination a redundant category. Most instances of geminate consonants in Celtic can be explained by regular sound change operating on inherited clusters of consonants. Each sound change will be discussed in a separate section in a rough chronological order. Effectively, gemination is largely a strategy to reduce the number of allowed consonant combinations. To a limited degree, gemination also had a morphological function, especially in the formation of personal names and in the creation of adjectival neologisms. However, there is a residue of words, especially nouns, in the Insular Celtic languages that defy any attempt at etymologising. They are prime suspects of having been borrowed from prehistoric, substratal languages.

Les hybrides – une catégorie redondante d’anglicismes ? Les hybrides dans les textes tchèques

Le présent article examine les anglicismes hybrides en tchèque à partir d’un échantillon de 500 items. Les formations hybrides sont identifiées par la présence de morphèmes lexicaux anglais et tchèques (libres ou liés). L’objectif de notre analyse est (i) d’évaluer la variété et la nature des hybrides dans le but de délimiter le concept des Anglicismes hybrides pour le tchèque ; (ii) d’évaluer et de décrire l’éventail des domaines dans lesquels ces hybrides apparaissent. Alors que dans la littérature linguistique les hybrides sont principalement associés aux composés, dans l’échantillon tchèque ce sont les dérivés hybrides, et tout particulièrement les hybrides polylexicaux, qui prédominent tandis que les composés hybrides sont sous-représentés. Pour en rendre compte, cette étude plaide en faveur d’une approche purement langagière aux hybrides. Plus important encore, plutôt que de trouver un seul type d’hybrides, l’analyse aboutit à cinq types distincts d’hybrides regroupés sous les catégories fondamentales non hybrides des anglicismes. La distribution des hybrides ne semble pas différer de celle des autres anglicismes dans les textes tchèques.

The Impact of Behavioral Anchors in the Assessment of Fellowship Applicants: Reducing Rater Biases.

No standardized evaluation tool for fellowship applicant assessment exists. Assessment tools are subject to biases and scoring tendencies which can skew scores and impact rankings. We aimed to develop and evaluate an objective assessment tool for fellowship applicants. We detected rater effects in our numerically scaled assessment tool (NST), which consisted of 10 domains rated from 0 to 9. We evaluated each domain, consolidated redundant categories, and removed subjective categories. For 7 remaining domains, we described each quality and developed a question with a behaviorally-anchored rating scale (BARS). Applicants were rated by 6 attendings. Ratings from the NST in 2018 were compared with the BARS from 2020 for distribution of data, skewness, and inter-rater reliability. Thirty-four applicants were evaluated with the NST and 38 with the BARS. Demographics were similar between groups. The median score on the NST was 8 out of 9; scores <5 were used in less than 1% of all evaluations. Distribution of data was improved in the BARS tool. In the NST, scores from 6 of 10 domains demonstrated moderate skewness and 3 high skewness. Three of the 7 domains in the BARS showed moderate skewness and none had high skewness. Two of 10 domains in the NST vs 5 of 7 domains in the BARS achieved good inter-rater reliability. Replacing a standard numeric scale with a BARS normalized the distribution of data, reduced skewness, and enhanced inter-rater reliability in our evaluation tool. This provides some validity evidence for improved applicant assessment and ranking.

De la contrainte à la forme ?

In the field of aesthetics, the expression formal constraint is most often used in non-problematic ways by critics, who tend to consider it as a convenient and even redundant category, whose constitution need not be questioned. On the contrary, this paper will closely examine the lexical and conceptual association of constraint and form, to try to understand under what conditions and modalities constraints can give rise to aesthetic forms.

TECHNICAL EDUCATION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

The onset of Industry 4.0 assumes a change in the nature and structure of the labor market. An unintended consequence of macro-structural social changes is the production of actors for whom it is difficult to adapt to the new conditions and who can thus join the socially redundant category. The development of Industry 4.0 threatens particularly low skilled individuals (according to the Czech and Moravian Confederation of Trade Unions, 2017, Industry 4.0 represents a threat to 40% of jobs). The lack of social positions associated with usefulness and recognition, along with the attributes of the contemporary society (social atomization, individualization, and the decline of solidarity within society) and the tendency to psychologization of phenomena caused by structural causation (the individual as the only “party at fault” in his/her life situation) can contribute to social conflicts and the emergence of social pathological phenomena. The simultaneous activity of representatives of generation X, Y and Z with a different character of knowledge and skills, expectations and demands for work-life balance will also be specificity and challenge for the labor market. The aim of the paper is to draw attention to the transformation of labor market requirements not only for graduates of technical universities within the transformation of the structure of job positions. Through data description and analysis, the contribution reflects the change in current theories and trends in education, and focuses on effective methods of interconnecting social sciences and engineering to reduce the risk of social deconversion.

Reliability Modeling of MMCs Considering Correlations of the Requisite and Redundant Submodules

The requisite and redundant submodules (SMs) in modular multilevel converters (MMCs) can ensure the continuous operation of MMC-HVDC systems, but to date, the correlations of the SMs in normal and abnormal operations have always been neglected in the reliability modeling of MMCs. To address the correlation issue, a novel MMC reliability modeling approach is proposed. It is implemented by using the Copula Gumbel Archimedean function that belongs to probability distribution functions. This approach is realized in three steps. First, the reliabilities of the semiconductor switches, capacitors and the grading resistors, the protective switche, and control system of individual SMs are obtained using failure-rate information present in the field statistic data. Second, the reliability of the requisite category SMs is calculated using the series probability model, and the parallel probability model is employed to calculate the reliability of the redundant category SMs. Finally, MMC reliability is calculated using the classic k / N (G) probability model. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is shown using different test cases.

A category-based probabilistic approach to feature selection

&lt;abstract&gt; &lt;p&gt;A high dimensional and large sample categorical data set with a response variable may have many noninformative or redundant categories in its explanatory variables. Identifying and removing these categories usually improve the association but also give rise to significantly higher statistical reliability of selected features. A category-based probabilistic approach is proposed to achieve this goal. Supportive experiments are presented.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/abstract&gt;

AGAINST MORALIZED SECULARISM

Moralized secularism is the view that “secularism” is defined in relation to certain moral values. Jocelyn Maclure and Charles Taylor’s “liberal pluralism” is an influential version of moralized secularism, for it states that freedom of conscience and equal respect are the fundamental moral values of secularism. I present the objection that secularism is a redundant category because it carries no distinctive normative content that cannot be found in the more general, and less divisive, terminology of liberalism and democracy. In order to avoid this objection, I argue for conceiving secularism in a nonmoralized way. According to my view, secularism refers solely to the institutional arrangements that a state can put in place in order to address conflicts with organized religion(s) that might emerge at the moment of advancing its ideological political project (e.g., liberalism, republicanism). Through this interpretation, it is possible to conceptualize expressions of secularism that are either not liberal (i.e., republican) or not motivated by the acknowledgment of new forms of pluralism as being the prime challenge a state faces for advancing its political project (i.e., anticlerical). As the redundancy objection shows, this is a possibility that moralized accounts of secularism preclude.

Automated geometrical evaluation of a plaza (town square)

This paper presents a method for an automated geometrical evaluation (AGE) intended as a design support tool for urban design of a plaza (P). AGE is based on three normalized properties derived from a plan of P, namely: smallness, enclosure, and regularity. 19 worldwide plazas have been evaluated by 20 respondents in, what is called here, human subjective evaluation (HSE). A brief analysis of HSE including the identification of redundant categories is presented. Two P evaluation methods based on all four (S,C,E,R) and selected three (S,E,R) properties are discussed. Good agreement of AGE based on S,E, and R (NPSER) with HSE is shown. P quality rating (excellent, good, fair) based on NPSER is introduced.Exceptional cases are briefly discussed.

From the Guest Editors

Back to table of contents Next article From the Guest EditorsFull AccessFrom the Guest EditorsJohn M. Oldham, M.D., and J. Christopher Fowler, Ph.D.John M. OldhamSearch for more papers by this author, M.D., and J. Christopher FowlerSearch for more papers by this author, Ph.D.Published Online:1 Apr 2013https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.11.2.121AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail Personality disorders (PDs) have been identified in every edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) of the American Psychiatric Association (APA). Specific diagnostic criteria were identified to define each of the PDs in 1980 in DSM-III, and the PDs were placed on Axis II in this first multiaxial version of the DSM. It is interesting that the two main diagnostic categories on Axis II were the PDs and, so called at the time, mental retardation. Although placement of these two groups on Axis II was multidetermined, it is easy to imagine that they were both seen as “life sentences”—one thought to be “psychogenic” and the other “biological” and heritable but both being longstanding and unlikely to change. We know now that some of these distinctions and assumptions are inaccurate. The PDs are moderately heritable conditions, comparably so to such disorders as major depression and schizophrenia. As is true in all of medicine, the combination of heritable risk and environmental stress can lead to the development of an illness, a formula that applies to the PDs as well as to other psychiatric disorders. The PDs generally have their onset in late adolescence or early adulthood, and it is often early life trauma or neglect that impairs the normal attachment process, thus interfering with the development of a healthy sense of self and of healthy and mutually rewarding interpersonal relationships.One advantage of the DSM-III multiaxial system and diagnostic criteria was to encourage clinicians to make multiaxial diagnoses, including the presence or absence of an Axis II PD in all adult patients. Personality research has increased exponentially, and new findings about personality, personality disorders, and Axis I/Axis II comorbidity have proliferated. One theme of this research has been a widely endorsed view that personality and personality disorders are best conceptualized dimensionally, rather than categorically. The DSM-5 Personality and Personality Disorders Work Group developed a new model for the PDs that minimized redundant categories, introduced criteria based on dimensional traits, and reframed the core definition of any PD as moderate or greater impairment in functioning in a sense of self (identity) and in interpersonal relationships. The APA chose to retain the DSM-IV-TR content for the main DSM-5 PD diagnostic system, but the proposal by the Work Group is included in Section III as an “Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders,” for further study.In this special issue of FOCUS, we have selected outstanding leaders in the personality and personality disorder field to present the latest research findings and clinical wisdom in this developing field. We are confident that you will find it informative and clinically relevant. FiguresReferencesCited byDetailsCited ByNone Volume 11Issue 2 Spring 2013Pages 121-121Personality Disorders PDF download

Orientation Selectivity for Representing Dynamic Diversity of Facial Expressions

This paper presents a representation method of facial expression changes using Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) networks. Our method extracts orientation selectivity of Gabor wavelets on ART networks, which are unsupervised and self-organizing neural networks that contain a stability-plasticity tradeoff. The classification ability of ART is controlled by a parameter called the attentional vigilance parameter. However, the networks often produce redundant categories. The proposed method produces suitable vigilance parameters according to classification granularity using orientation selectivity. Moreover, the method can represent the appearance and disappearance of facial expression changes to detect dynamic, local, and topological feature changes from obtained whole facial images.

Model-based gene set analysis for Bioconductor

Summary: Gene Ontology and other forms of gene-category analysis play a major role in the evaluation of high-throughput experiments in molecular biology. Single-category enrichment analysis procedures such as Fisher's exact test tend to flag large numbers of redundant categories as significant, which can complicate interpretation. We have recently developed an approach called model-based gene set analysis (MGSA), that substantially reduces the number of redundant categories returned by the gene-category analysis. In this work, we present the Bioconductor package mgsa, which makes the MGSA algorithm available to users of the R language. Our package provides a simple and flexible application programming interface for applying the approach.Availability: The mgsa package has been made available as part of Bioconductor 2.8. It is released under the conditions of the Artistic license 2.0.Contact: peter.robinson@charite.de; julien.gagneur@embl.de

I Guess Korean Has More Mirative Markers: -Napo and -Nmoyang

I Guess Korean Has More Mirative Markers: -Napo and -Nmoyang

(Post)Modern Subjectivity and the New Expressionism: Howard Barker, Sarah Kane, and Forced Entertainment

In this article, postmodernism is defined as an extension and problematization of modernist questions to which the problem of subjectivity remains a central concern. The concept of subjectivity is considered a redundant category in much of postmodernist theory; however, this is not the case in contemporary drama, theatre and performance, as is demonstrated in analyses of the work of Howard Barker, Sarah Kane and Forced Entertainment. The theoretical framework of this discussion is based on the work of Frankfurt School member Theodor W. Adorno who drew attention to the diminishing possibilities of subjective experience in late-capitalist (postmodern) society. For Adorno, resistance to the reification of the self in post-Auschwitz culture can only be found in an encounter with the aesthetic or, as is argued here, in an encounter with the distinctively theatrical. The examples of ‘new-expressionist’ theatre and performance discussed here engage with the crisis of subjectivity (a modernist trope) in a late-capitalist context, using aesthetic approaches which heighten the ‘damaged’ nature of the subject (Adorno). Subjectivity is articulated in a series of confrontations with outer and inner limitations, in experimental theatrical form, and in the particular immediacy of the performance event.

An intelligent idea categorizer for electronic meeting systems

Research on group decisions and electronic meeting systems have been increasing rapidly according to the widespread of Internet technology. Although various issues have been raised in empirical research, we will try to solve an issue on idea categorizing in the group decision making process of electronic meeting systems. Idea categorizing used at existing GDSS was performed in a top-down procedure and mostly by participants' manual work. This resulted in tacking as long in idea categorizing as it does for idea generating, clustering an idea in multiple categories, and identifying almost similar redundant categories. However such methods have critical limitation in the electronic meeting systems, so we suggest an intelligent idea categorizing methodology which is a bottom-up approach. This method consists of steps to present idea using keywords, identifying keywords' affinity, computing similarity among ideas, and clustering ideas. This methodology allows participants to interact iteratively for clear manifestation of ambiguous ideas. We also developed a prototype system, IIC (intelligent idea categorizer) and evaluated its performance using the comparison experiments with other systems. IIC is not a general purposed system, but it produces a good result in a given specific domain.