Redundancy Index Research Articles

Flow regimes filter species traits of benthic diatom communities and modify the functional features of lowland streams - a nationwide scale study

Changes in land use, climate and flow diversion are key drivers of river flow regime change that may eventually affect freshwater biodiversity and ecosystem functions. However, our knowledge is limited on how the functional features of stream organisms vary along the gradient of hydrological disturbance (i.e. flow regime changes) and how flow regimes mediate the functional features in lowland streams. We analyzed the functional traits of benthic diatoms (unicellular siliceous algae) that are most sensitive and tolerant to flow regime changes along a nationwide scale of 246 sites in Denmark. We combined RLQ and fourth-corner analyses to explore the co-variation between hydrological variables (R table) and species traits (Q table), constrained by the relative abundance of each species (L table) as observed in each of the sampling sites. Further, we examine the relationships between functional features (i.e., functional redundancy and diversity) and hydrological variables by multivariate statistical analyses. Results show that species turnover with displacement of sensitive species by tolerant species was the dominating process in benthic diatom communities during high flow disturbances. Functional features, as indicated by functional diversity and redundancy indices, were mediated mainly by high and low flow magnitude. Median daily flow magnitude shows a consistent positive relationship with functional redundancy and richness indices indicating that larger streams are more resilient to flow perturbations. In addition flow regime changes are less important than median daily flow magnitude and show inconsistent correlation to functional features likely due to the interaction of multiple environmental stressors. Our study highlights the robustness of trait-based approaches for identifying flow regime changes in streams, and strongly suggests that biodiversity conservation and water resource management should focus on protecting natural base flow in headwater streams and generally reduce flow regulation for sustaining stream ecosystems under future global changes.

Characteristics of Chernigov’s population by the presentation data

Aim. The population of the world has a complex hierarchical population structure. At the heart of this hierarchy are elementary populations. Methods. Using the quasigenetic marker – surnames – the genetic indices of the population of the Chernihiv region of the rayon and oblast levels were obtained, comparing them with similar indices of the populations of the Poltava (central) and Odessa (borderline) populations. Results. The Chernihiv region is borderline, but the base indicator is an index of isonomy higher (I = 4.57 × 10-4) than in the border region of Odessa, and also more than in the central - Poltava population. The index of inbreeding in the Chernihiv population is Fst = 11.43 × 10-5. The indicator of migration efficiency was v = 17.37 × 10-4 and occupies an intermediate position between the Poltava and Odessa populations. The value of the index H as a whole for the region is 13.24, the index of redundancy of the distribution of names is R = 34.67. Conclusions. The study complements the picture of genetic peculiarity of Ukrainian populations. The genetic characteristics of the Chernihiv population, its difference from the previously studied central Poltava and border area of Odessa, are explained by the peculiarity of the location of the Chernihiv region, the features of the landscape, the other ethnic and civic belonging of the geographically contacting peoples. Keywords: quasigenetic markers, population, isonymy, inbreeding, migration.

Simplified Vulnerabiltiy Analysis (SVA) preliminary design of the frame structure in the architectural design process

Background: There is a need for a good cooperation between the architects and structural experts in creating of earthquake architecture. Through some ways in the design process, the architects can identify and evaluate the vulnerability of the building from earthquakes. Unfortunately, there is no available evaluation method, so the alternative is adopting SVA (Simplified Vulnerability Analysis) method, a limited engineering analysis based on the information from the architecture and structure drawings of the existing buildings. The Japan Building Disaster Prevention Association (JBDPA) and Matsutaro Seki developed the SVA, and then Seki adopted the SVA of JBDPA and adjusted it to the international earthquake regulation. In principle, the JBDPA and Seki SVA is a safe structure if the seismic structure index ≥ the seismic demand index. The modification of the JBDPA and Seki SVA in this research is that the seismic structure index consists of the column dimension index, column rigidity index; strong column/weak beam index, redundancy index, and structure ductility index. Meanwhile, the seismic demand index is the multiplication between seismic response index and the priority factors of building functions. Methods: It is a quantitative research with experimental research method. The modified SVA formulation was compared with the pushover analysis from other researchers. The results were then \\ovulated and compared. Findings: Generally the modification on SVA formulation from JBDPA and Seki show a relatively good result in evaluating the vulnerability of preliminary design of the frame structure in the architectural design process. Applications: The SVA procedure can be used to underlie the potential status of the selected buildings and subsequently there is a list of the buildings which needs more detailed vulnerability assessment conducted by the structural experts. Keywords: Architectural Design, Earthquake, Irregular, Simplified Vulnerability Analysis, SVA

DEM analysis of the onset of flow deformation of sands: linking monotonic and cyclic undrained behaviours

This study explores the link between the monotonic and cyclic undrained behaviour of sands using the discrete element method (DEM). It is shown that DEM can effectively capture the flow deformation of sands sheared under both monotonic and cyclic undrained loading conditions. When subjected to cyclic shearing, flow-type failure is observed for a loose sample, while cyclic mobility is observed for a dense sample. A strong correlation between the monotonic and cyclic loading behaviour that has been revealed experimentally is also confirmed in DEM simulations: (a) flow deformation occurs in the compressive loading direction when the cyclic stress path intersects the monotonic compression stress path prior to the monotonic extension stress path, and vice versa; (b) the onset of flow deformation in q– $$p^{\prime }$$ space is located in the zone bounded by the critical state line and the instability line determined from monotonic simulations. Hill’s condition of instability is shown to be effective to describe the onset of flow failure. Micro-mechanical analyses reveal that flow deformation is initiated when the index of redundancy excluding floating particles drops to below 1.0 under both monotonic and cyclic loading conditions. Flow deformation induced by either monotonic or cyclic loading is characterized by an abrupt change of structural fabric which is highly anisotropic. The reason why the dense sample dilated during monotonic loading but showed cyclic mobility (temporary liquefaction) during cyclic loading is attributed to the repeating reversal of loading direction, which leads to the periodic change of microstructure.

Integrating entropy theory and cospanning tree technique for redundancy analysis of water distribution networks

A large number of recent studies have addressed the redundancy evaluation of Water Distribution Networks (WDNs) from a hydraulic perspective. There already exist a few topological redundancy metrics, which address very basic structural characterizations of networks and therefore fail to realistically capture the inherent topological redundancy. To remedy this weakness, we introduce, for the first time, a two-tiered approach to evaluate the redundancy of WDNs. Tier one is supported by the cospanning tree technique which offers a novel method to measure the local redundancy of pipes. Tier two uses the results of the level one and posits the informational entropy theory as a tool to measure the global redundancy of networks. An attempt has been made to generate a new robustness index as a measure to quantify the redundancy. The proposed redundancy index can be interpreted as a measure of distance from the maximum possible redundancy. In order to demonstrate the proposed method, the paper presents two case studies, a hypothetical network and a real world WDN of an Australian town. Comparison of the presented method with conventional redundancy measures reveals the superiority of the proposed redundancy method.

A Fast and Accurate Rule-Base Generation Method for Mamdani Fuzzy Systems

The problem of learning fuzzy rule bases is analyzed from the perspective of finding a favorable balance between the accuracy of the system, the speed required to learn the rules, and, finally, the interpretability of the rule bases obtained. Therefore, we introduce a complete design procedure to learn and then optimize the system rule base, called the precise and fast fuzzy modeling approach. Under this paradigm, fuzzy rules are generated from numerical data using a parameterizable greedy-based learning method called selection-reduction , whose accuracy–speed efficiency is confirmed through empirical results and comparisons with reference methods. Qualitative justification for this method is provided based on the coaction between fuzzy logic and the intrinsic properties of greedy algorithms. To complete the precise and fast fuzzy modeling strategy, we finally present a rule-base optimization technique driven by a novel rule redundancy index, which takes into account the concepts of the distance between rules and the influence of a rule over the dataset. Experimental results show that the proposed index can be used to obtain compact rule bases, which remain very accurate, thus increasing system interpretability.

Synergistic Effect Evaluation of Main and Auxiliary Industry of Power Grid Based on the Information Fusion Technology from the Perspective of Sustainable Development of Enterprises

With the development of the diversified economic union, the power grid enterprises’ auxiliary industries are continuing to grow and develop faster. However, in the process of development, power grid enterprises are still faced with the problem of low efficiency of the management of main and auxiliary and resource allocation and utilization. Thus, the synergistic development evaluation for power grid enterprises’ main and auxiliary industries has a strong practical significance. It can help the managers to find the short board of each industry and search for the exploration direction for improvement to promote the sustainable development of the main and auxiliary industries comprehensively. It can also provide the reference for improving the management level of power grid enterprises. Information fusion technology, as a process of information processing for decision making, can make use of multi-source information synergistically to get a more objective and more essential understanding of the same thing or the same goal. It has been applied to many fields in a mature way. Based on the characteristics of each industry, this paper constructs a synergistic effect evaluation index system of the main and auxiliary industries from the aspects of management foundation, resource integration, operational efficiency and effectiveness. The variable precision fuzzy rough set (VPFRS) is introduced to screen the index system, eliminate redundant indexes, retain key indexes and improve the efficiency and accuracy of evaluation effectively. Meanwhile, based on the characteristic of dealing with the imprecise problem of the vague set, this paper establishes the evaluation model based on information fusion technology of the variable precision fuzzy rough set and vague set (VPFRS-Vague). In order to verify the validity of the model, five typical companies belonging to power grid enterprises are selected as examples for analysis to prove the validity and applicability of the evaluation method.

The effects of random geometric graph structure and clustering on localizability of sensor networks

Graph rigidity provides the conditions of unique localizability for cooperative localization of wireless ad hoc and sensor networks. Specifically, redundant rigidity and 3-connectivity are necessary and sufficient conditions for unique localizability of generic configurations. In this article, we introduce a graph invariant for 3-connectivity, called 3-connectivity index. Using this index along with the rigidity and redundancy indices provided in previous work, we explore the rigidity and connectivity properties of two classes of graphs, namely, random geometric graphs and clustered graphs. We have found out that, in random geometric graphs and clustered graphs, it needs significantly less effort to achieve 3-connectivity once we obtain redundant rigidity. In reconsidering the general conditions for unique localizability, the most striking finding in random geometric graphs is that it is unlikely to observe a graph, in which 3-connectivity is satisfied before the graph becomes redundantly rigid. Therefore, in random geometric graphs, it is more likely sufficient to test only 3-connectivity for unique localizability. On the contrary to random geometric graphs, our findings indicate that 3-connectivity may be satisfied before the graph becomes redundantly rigid in clustered graphs, which means that, in clustered graphs, we have to test both redundant rigidity and 3-connectivity for unique localizability.

Quantifying Net Synergy/Redundancy of Spontaneous Variability Regulation via Predictability and Transfer Entropy Decomposition Frameworks.

Objective: Indexes assessing the balance between redundancy and synergy were hypothesized to be helpful in characterizing cardiovascular control from spontaneous beat-to-beat variations of heart period (HP), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), and respiration (R). Methods: Net redundancy/synergy indexes were derived according to predictability and transfer entropy decomposition strategies via a multivariate linear regression approach. Indexes were tested in two protocols inducing modifications of the cardiovascular regulation via baroreflex loading/unloading (i.e., head-down tilt at -25° and graded head-up tilt at 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, and 90°, respectively). The net redundancy/synergy of SAP and R to HP and of HP and R to SAP were estimated over stationary sequences of 256 successive values. Results: We found that: 1) regardless of the target (i.e., HP or SAP) redundancy was prevalent over synergy and this prevalence was independent of type and magnitude of the baroreflex challenge; 2) the prevalence of redundancy disappeared when decoupling inputs from output via a surrogate approach; 3) net redundancy was under autonomic control given that it varied in proportion to the vagal withdrawal during graded head-up tilt; and 4) conclusions held regardless of the decomposition strategy. Conclusion: Net redundancy indexes can monitor changes of cardiovascular control from a perspective completely different from that provided by more traditional univariate and multivariate methods. Significance: Net redundancy measures might provide a practical tool to quantify the reservoir of effective cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms sharing causal influences over a target variable.Objective: Indexes assessing the balance between redundancy and synergy were hypothesized to be helpful in characterizing cardiovascular control from spontaneous beat-to-beat variations of heart period (HP), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), and respiration (R). Methods: Net redundancy/synergy indexes were derived according to predictability and transfer entropy decomposition strategies via a multivariate linear regression approach. Indexes were tested in two protocols inducing modifications of the cardiovascular regulation via baroreflex loading/unloading (i.e., head-down tilt at -25° and graded head-up tilt at 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, and 90°, respectively). The net redundancy/synergy of SAP and R to HP and of HP and R to SAP were estimated over stationary sequences of 256 successive values. Results: We found that: 1) regardless of the target (i.e., HP or SAP) redundancy was prevalent over synergy and this prevalence was independent of type and magnitude of the baroreflex challenge; 2) the prevalence of redundancy disappeared when decoupling inputs from output via a surrogate approach; 3) net redundancy was under autonomic control given that it varied in proportion to the vagal withdrawal during graded head-up tilt; and 4) conclusions held regardless of the decomposition strategy. Conclusion: Net redundancy indexes can monitor changes of cardiovascular control from a perspective completely different from that provided by more traditional univariate and multivariate methods. Significance: Net redundancy measures might provide a practical tool to quantify the reservoir of effective cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms sharing causal influences over a target variable.

Flora en playas y dunas costeras de México

Antecedentes y Objetivos: Se presenta el primer listado florístico de las playas y dunas costeras de México, actualizado y respaldado por ejemplares de herbario.Métodos: Se revisaron 14 herbarios nacionales y extranjeros. Se sobrepuso una retícula de 2 × 2 km al mapa de la costa y de las dunas costeras de México para referir todos los registros que corresponden a 2180 sitios con 12,419 ejemplares de plantas. Se calcularon índices de diversidad, similitud, diversidad taxonómica y redundancia.Resultados clave: La flora registrada consta de 153 familias, 897 géneros y 2075 especies de plantas vasculares, las cuales representan 9.5% de la flora vascular de México. Las cinco colecciones con índices de redundancia altos IR≥0.7 son los herbarios de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (MEXU, IR=0.9), del Centro de Investigación Científicas de Yucatán (CICY, IR=0.8), y los del Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (HCIB), el Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (XAL) y el del Museo de Historia Natural de San Diego (SD), cada uno con un IR de 0.7. Se reconocen cinco regiones florísticas que corresponden a los mares de México. El Pacífico Norte tiene mayor diversidad taxonómica y el Pacífico Sur menor diversidad taxonómica. El Golfo de California, Golfo de México y Mar Caribe tienen diversidades taxonómicas similares. Las especies con más registros son Trianthema portulacastrum (165), Croton punctatus (107), Echites umbelllatus (106) e Ipomoea pes-caprae (90). Por el carácter de ecotono de las dunas costeras, la mayoría de las especies se comparten con los tipos de vegetación vecinos (selvas, matorrales, y humedales como las marismas y manglares).Conclusiones: Esta primera lista de la flora en playas y dunas de México es la base para múltiples estudios florísticos regionales y locales, biogeográficos, y ecológicos; además, que será importante para su uso en temas de impacto ambiental y manejo costero.

Category- and selection-enabled nearest neighbor joins

This paper proposes a category- and selection-enabled nearest neighbor join (NNJ) between relation r and relation s, with similarity on T and support for category attributes C and selection predicate θ. Our solution does not suffer from redundant fetches and index false hits, which are the main performance bottlenecks of current nearest neighbor join techniques.A category-enabled NNJ leverages the category attributes C for query evaluation. For example, the categories of relation r can be used to limit relation s accessed at most once. Solutions that are not category-enabled must process each category independently and end up fetching, either from disk or memory, the blocks of the input relations multiple times. A selection-enabled NNJ performs well independent of whether the DBMS optimizer pushes the selection down or evaluates it on the fly. In contrast, index-based solutions suffer from many index false hits or end up in an expensive nested loop.Our solution does not constrain the physical design, and is efficient for row- as well as column-stores. Current solutions for column-stores use late materialization, which is only efficient if the data is clustered on the category attributes C. Our evaluation algorithm finds, for each outer tuple r, the inner tuples that satisfy the equality on the category and have the smallest distance to r with only one scan of both inputs. We experimentally evaluate our solution using a data warehouse that manages analyses of animal feeds.

一种基于调色板冗余颜色索引匹配的混合进制信息隐藏算法

本文提出了一种基于GIF图像的信息隐藏算法。该算法先根据各颜色索引在图像数据中的频次，将颜色索引分为有效颜色索引与冗余颜色索引；其次根据调色板颜色索引之间的色差，先对调色板中有效颜色索引分组，得到相似颜色索引子集，再将调色板中的冗余颜色索引以一定的规则分配到各相近颜色索引子集中。隐写时，先对秘密文件进行分组及混合多进制转换，继而采取分组混合多进制的方式嵌入到图像数据中。实验表明，相比现有方法，该算法不但提高了隐写容量，且由于嵌入信息时需要的载体像素点更少，在安全性上反而有了巨大的提升。 This paper presents an information hiding algorithm based on GIF image. Firstly, the algorithm divides the color index into the effective color index and the redundant color index according to the frequency of each color index in the image data. Secondly, on the basis of the color difference between the palette color index, the effective color indexes are divided into several groups to get the similar color index subsets. Finally, the redundant color index in the palette will be assigned to each similar color index subset according to certain rules. When embedding information, the secret file is grouped and converted into M-ary code stream, and then the code stream data is embedded into the image data by the method of grouping and Mixed M-ary. The experimental results show that compared with the existing methods, the proposed algorithm not only improves the steganographic capacity, but also has a great improvement in security because of the fewer carrier pixels needed to embed the information.

RKEM: Redundant Keypoint Elimination Method in Image Registration

Image features can be identified using keypoints, and there are various algorithms to detect these important points of an image. Scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) is one of the most applicable algorithms in keypoint extraction. One of the deficiencies of SIFT and its modifications is that they extract redundant keypoints along with the important ones. A keypoint is called redundant if it is very close to another keypoint, and its sum of distances to all other keypoints is smaller. Elimination of a redundant keypoint increases the speed of algorithms in addition to image matching precision. In this study, redundant keypoint elimination method (RKEM) is proposed to remove redundant keypoints of the SIFT algorithm. To do this, the distances between keypoints are calculated. Then if the distance is smaller than a pre-defined threshold, the redundant point is discarded based on the redundancy index. The proposed RKEM method is applied on basic SIFT, and some recent modification of SIFT such as auto-adaptive SIFT and uniform robust SIFT. To investigate the efficiency of the proposed method, a set of experiments is done in image matching and registration. Experimental results show that the proposed RKEM method can improve the efficiency of SIFT family in terms of TP-rate, precision, repeatability, and root-mean-square error.

A Study of Redundancy Index on Road Network in a Local City:Consideration of Overlap Section between Alternative Routes

A Study of Redundancy Index on Road Network in a Local City:Consideration of Overlap Section between Alternative Routes

香溪河水生昆虫功能性状及功能多样性空间格局

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 香溪河水生昆虫功能性状及功能多样性空间格局 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201510292183 作者: 作者单位: 枣庄学院生命科学学院,中国科学院水生生物研究所,中国科学院水生生物研究所 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项（2012ZX07501002-007）；枣庄学院国家自然科学基金预研项目（2014YY03） Spatial distribution patterns of trait composition and functional diversity of aquatic insects in the Xiangxi River system Author: Affiliation: College of Life Sciences,Zaozhuang University,Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:近年来，生物多样性研究已从群落物种多样性拓展至功能多样性层面，使用功能性状表征功能组成及功能多样性是当前底栖动物生态学研究的热点之一。物种功能性状对环境变化敏感，对群落和种群沿环境梯度的演替具有许多潜在的指示作用。为了解香溪河水系水生昆虫功能性状空间分布格局及环境因子对功能多样性的影响，于2005年12月及2006年1月、2月对该水系的香溪河、九冲河、高岚河、古夫河4条河流的水生昆虫进行了调查，并对理化指标进行了测定；参考相关文献资料，本研究选择化性、漂移性、游泳能力、吸附能力、形状、个体大小、流态偏好、温度偏好、生活型、营养习性等10个功能性状纳入分析。研究结果发现，香溪河水系共鉴定水生昆虫127种，四节蜉（Baetis sp.）、高翔蜉（Epeorus sp.）、短尾石蝇（Nemoura sp.）为区域优势分类单元，相对丰度分别为38.6%、9.1%、6.7%；4条河流间优势物种组成差异较大。10个功能性状中相对丰度最高的等级性状分别为1世代/a（Volt2）、高漂移率（Drft3）、无游泳能力（Swim1）、无吸附能力（Atch1）、流线型（Shpe1）、小型个体（Size1）、沉积/侵蚀流态兼好型（Rheo2）、广温型（Ther2）、附着型（Habi4）、收集者（Trop1）；单因素方差分析及独立样本T检验表明，化性、附着能力、大小、流速偏好、温度偏好、漂移性、生活型、营养习性等性状级别间差异显著，而游泳能力、形状性状等级间无显著差异。对10个功能性状的33个等级性状在4条河流间相对丰度的差异性进行研究，结果发现，Volt1、Drft2、Swim2、Atch1、Atch2、Size3、Rheo1、Ther3、Habi2、Habi3、Trop3、Trop5等12个等级性状相对丰度在4条河流间差异显著。功能性状多样性、树状图功能多样性用来描述4条河流功能多样性，结果表明，功能性状多样性指数均值在古夫河、高岚河、九冲河、香溪河分别为2.8、3.2、6.9和5.4；树状图功能多样性指数均值在分别为4.8、5.7、11.1、8.8。功能冗余度均值在4条河流分别为 2.9、3.4、4.6、3.9。运用逐步回归分析功能多样性、功能冗余度与环境参数的关系，结果表明，功能性状多样性指数受总氮、水深影响显著；树状图功能多样性指数受总氮、水深、流速影响显著；功能冗余度指数受硝态氮、溶解氧、二氧化硅影响显著。 Abstract:Recently, biodiversity research has expanded from community species diversity to functional diversity. The use of species traits to characterize the functional composition of benthic invertebrate communities has become well established in ecological literature. This approach could potentially predict changes of both species and communities along environmental gradients in terms of traits that are sensitive to local environmental changes. With the aim of understanding the influence of environmental factors on the spatial distribution patterns of trait composition and functional diversity of aquatic insects, macroinvertebrates were surveyed at 12 sites along 4 rivers (i.e., Xiangxi, Jiuchong, Gaolan, and Gufu Rivers) in the Xiangxi River system during a period of low flow (from December 2005 to February 2006). Simultaneously, water samples were collected at each site and transported to the laboratory, where the concentrations of 6 parameters (TN, TP, NO2-N, NO3-N, NH4-N, and PO4-P) were determined. Other physical and chemical parameters were measured in the field. Based on published datasets and expert opinion, we compiled information on 10 biological and ecological traits of aquatic insects including voltinism, occurrence in drift, swimming ability, attachment, shape, size at maturity, rheophily, thermal preference, habit, and trophic habit. A total of 127 taxa were collected; Baetis sp., Epeorus sp., Nemoura sp. were the dominant taxa, with relative abundances of 38.6, 9.1, and 6.7% respectively; the dominant taxa compositions were significantly different among the 4 rivers (P <0.05). One-way ANOVA and independent samples T test were performed to compare the traits which showed that the proportion of Volt1 (univoltine), Drft2 (common occurrence in drift), Swim2 (weak swimming ability), Atch1 (none of attachment), Atch2 (some of attachment), Size3 (large size at maturity), Rheo1 (depositional rheophily only), Ther3 (warm eurythermal), Habi2 (climber), Habi3 (sprawl), Trop3 (herbivore), Trop5 (shredder) were significantly different among the 4 rivers (P <0.05). Modified functional attribute diversity and functional diversity based on a dendrogram were calculated to characterize functional diversity in the Xiangxi River system, and the results showed that the Jiuchong River had the highest modified functional attribute diversity (6.9), followed by the Xiangxi (5.4), Gaolan (3.2), and Gufu (2.8) Rivers; functional diversity based on a dendrogram and functional redundancy index also showed the same pattern. One-way ANOVA analysis showed that these 2 functional diversity indices all showed Jiuchong River > Xiangxi River > Gaolan, Gufu Rivers; and the functional redundancy index showed Jiuchong River ≥ Xiangxi River ≥ Gaolan River ≥ Gufu River. Finally, a stepwise regression analysis was conducted to exam the relationship between functional indices and physicochemical parameters. The results showed that modified functional attribute diversity was significantly impacted by total nitrogen, and water depth; whereas functional diversity based on a dendrogram was impacted by total nitrogen, water depth, and flow velocity; and functional redundancy was affected by nitrate-N, dissolved oxygen, and silicon dioxide. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

THE EVALUATION OF REDUNDANCY FOR ROAD TRAFFIC NETWORKS

This paper presents two redundancy indices for road traffic network junctions and also an aggregated network redundancy index. The proposed redundancy indices could be implemented to identify optimal design alternatives during the planning stage of the network junctions whereas the aggregated network redundancy index could assess the best control and management policies under disruptive events. Furthermore, effective measures of network redundancy are important to policy makers in understanding the current resilience and future planning to mitigate the impacts of greenhouse gases. The proposed junction indices cover the static aspect of redundancy, i.e. alternative paths, and the dynamic feature of redundancy reflected by the availability of spare capacity under different network loading and service level. The proposed redundancy indices are based on the entropy concept, due to its ability to measure the system configuration in addition to being able to model the inherent uncertainty in road transport network conditions. Various system parameters based on different combinations of link flow, relative link spare capacity and Relative Link Speed (RLS) were examined. However, the two redundancy indices developed from the combined RLS and relative link spare capacity showed strong correlation with junction delay and volume capacity ratio of a synthetic road transport network of Delft city. Furthermore, the developed redundancy indices responded well to demand variation under the same network conditions and supply variations. Another case study on Junction 3A in M42 motorway near Birmingham demonstrated that the developed redundancy index is able to reflect the impact of the Active Traffic Management (ATM) scheme introduced in 2006.

Identification of relationship between pork colour and physicochemical traits in American Berkshire by canonical correlation analyses

This study was carried out to predict the relationship between the colour and physicochemical traits in pork by using canonical correlation analysis. The variables of pork colour traits were lightness (L*), redness (a*) and yellowness (b*), whereas the variables of physicochemical traits were post-mortem pH24 h, water-holding capacity (WHC), collagen content, fat content, moisture content, protein content, drip loss, cooking loss and shear force. The canonical correlation coefficient (0.819) between the first pair of canonical variates, V1 and W1, was significant (P &lt; 0.01). According to cross loadings, drip loss, cooking loss and fat content provided the relatively high positive correlations with the variates of colour traits (V1), while pH24 h, WHC and moisture content displayed negative relationships with the variates. Otherwise, L* and a* strongly contribute to the variates of physicochemical traits (W1). In addition, a redundancy index of 0.256 suggests that 25.6% of the variance in V1 is explained by W1. Therefore, in order to obtain the reddish pink colour in pork that is preferred by consumers depending on the relationships between the pork quality traits, we suggest that producer leads to the proper maintenance of post-mortem pH24 h, higher WHC, lower drip loss and cooking loss in pork.

Parametric Study on the Influence of Bays Number and Frame-Span Length on the Redundancy Indices of Reinforced Concrete Structures

The role of redundancy in a structure that receives earthquake load is very important. It provides alternative possibilities of load distribution in the event of a local collapse of the system before it reaches the total collapse of the structure. This mechanism of load distribution provides time for the users of the building to escape. A parametric study is carried out to investigate the effect of bays number and frame-span length in order to identify factors affecting the redundancy of the reinforced concrete structural system. Non-linear analysis (pushover) using SAP2000 on three-dimensional structural frames system are performed to obtain the capacity curves of the structures from which redundancies are calculated. Redundancy on the system is determined into two redundancy indices i.e. redundancy strength index (rs) and redundancy variation index (rv) which are, respectively, deterministic and probabilistic measure of the stuctural redundancy. This study points out that frame-span length has more significant effect on redundancy indices compared to the bays number. It is also shown that a reinforced concrete structure with a higher redundancy strength index tends to have a lower redundancy variation index.

Optimal Placement of PMUs Using Adaptive Genetic Algorithm Considering Measurement Redundancy

With the extensive use of PMUs in power system, how to implement the optimal PMU placement for complete system observability is becoming more and more significant. Against simple genetic algorithm, easy to fall into local minima, this paper proposed a simple and effective adaptive genetic algorithm, aimed at determining the optimal placement of PMUs. The proposed algorithm provides adaptive crossover and mutation probability in iterations and has better convergence and global search ability than simple genetic algorithm, confirmed in many practical applications. Generally speaking, minimum PMU placement problem has multiple solutions, and this paper proposed an index of observability redundancy to rank these multiple solutions. Moreover, several observability rules were also put forward and proved with great help in obtaining the optimal solution. Simulations using MATLAB are conducted on IEEE 7 bus, 14 bus, 24 bus, 30 bus, 57 bus, 118 bus and New England 39 bus test systems in order to verify the validity of this adaptive method. Results compared with other existing methods show that the proposed adaptive method is simple to realize and obtains the optimal solution with high redundancy in very few generations, which is much more effective than the results by major existing algorithms and shows a good reference value.

Graph invariants for unique localizability in cooperative localization of wireless sensor networks: Rigidity index and redundancy index

Rigidity theory enables us to specify the conditions of unique localizability in the cooperative localization problem of wireless sensor networks. This paper presents a combinatorial rigidity approach to measure (i) generic rigidity and (ii) generalized redundant rigidity properties of graph structures through graph invariants for the localization problem in wireless sensor networks. We define the rigidity index as a graph invariant based on independent set of edges. It has a value between 0 and 1, and it indicates how close we are to rigidity. Redundant rigidity is required for global rigidity, which is associated with unique realization of graphs. Moreover, redundant rigidity also provides rigidity robustness in networked systems against structural changes, such as link losses. Here, we give a broader definition of redundant edge that we call the “generalized redundant edge.” This definition of redundancy is valid for both rigid and non-rigid graphs. Next, we define the redundancy index as a graph invariant based on generalized redundant edges. It also has a value between 0 and 1, and it indicates the percentage of redundancy in a graph. These two indices allow us to explore the transition from non-rigidity to rigidity and the transition from rigidity to redundant rigidity. Examples on graphs are provided to demonstrate this approach. From a sensor network point of view, these two indices enable us to evaluate the effects of sensing radii of sensors on the rigidity properties of networks, which in turn, allow us to examine the localizability of sensor networks. We evaluate the required changes in sensing radii for localizability by means of the rigidity index and the redundancy index using random geometric graphs and clustered graphs in simulations.