Reduction In Power Output Research Articles

Examining the Application of Neural Networks in Predicting Temperature and Solar Cell Power

Cost-effective and efficient engineering of solar cells, in addition to creative design, necessitates a detailed examination of the physics involved in solar energy absorption. Solar energy does not operate at night without storage means such as batteries, and cloudy weather can render this technology unreliable during the day. Since solar cells are used to convert light into electricity, they must be composed of materials efficient in light absorption. Like any other power generation source, solar cells face challenges, including reduced output power with increasing cell surface temperature. With each degree rise in temperature, efficiency can decrease by up to 54.0%, highlighting the importance of addressing and implementing solutions to this issue. This study explores different specifications of solar cells after a general overview and modeling. It investigates methods for estimating solar cell temperature using ambient temperature and solar radiation, comparing them with a proposed neural network approach. If the neural network can achieve lower error rates than the desired thresholds, it would offer advantages over mathematical estimators mentioned in the literature. Additionally, this neural network demonstrates the capability to predict future solar cell temperatures, unlike instantaneous mathematical estimators for temperature and radiation. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/pst.558

Cooling the future: Peltier thermoelectric solutions for photovoltaic panels

The integration of thermoelectric-generator (TEG) systems into photovoltaic (PV) generators is examined in this paper. Temperature increases have a detrimental effect on PV panel efficiency, which reduces power output. When testing solar modules at a temperature of 25°C (STC), heat can reduce output efficiency by 10–25%. In order to solve this problem, Peltier modules are used to reduce PV-cell temperature. This improves the longevity, power capacity, and efficiency of the system. An IoT platform transmits the gathered data to deliver real-time feedback. According to the investigation, installing a reliable cooling system dramatically lowers the temperature of the PV panels, with noticeable temperature declines seen in situations with cooling systems as opposed to those without. Conditions with cooling systems, such as B2, B3, and B4, showed substantial percentage temperature decreases, ranging from roughly 38.3% to 39.2%, 20.8% to 24.6%, and 36.4% to 36.8%, respectively. These results underline how crucial it is to establish effective cooling systems for the best PV panel performance. B2 also has the best cooling performance, with the resulting 4.5% power savings. Superior cooling effectiveness, increased thermal management, are all demonstrated by the configuration of connecting 4-TEG Peltier modules in a 2 × 2 series-parallel-configuration with a heat-sink.

Heat dissipation and temperature control method for quantum cascade lasers in external cavity spectral beam combining systems

The thermal effects of quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) can cause wavelength locking instability and reduce output power in external cavity spectral beam combining (EC-SBC) systems. We propose a micro-channel structure (MCH) for heat dissipation and temperature control that rapidly stabilizes the QCL at 20.159°C, showing a linear relationship with the controlled temperature. Experimental comparisons demonstrate that MCH enhances the heat transfer rate within the structure, reducing the time required to stabilize and control QCL temperature. The output power and locked wavelength remain stable in the EC-SBC system under high currents. This study provides technical support for heat dissipation QCL arrays.

Comparison of rolling resistance, propulsion technique and physiological demands between a rigid, folding and hybrid manual wheelchair frame

Background When selecting a manual wheelchair frame, the choice between rigid and folding frames carries significant implications. Traditional folding frames are expected to have more rolling resistance and power dissipation caused by frame deformation, while they are more convenient for transportation, such as in a car. A new hybrid frame, designed to be more rigid, aims to minimize power dissipation while still retaining foldability. Aim This study aimed to assess rolling resistance, power output, propulsion technique and physiological demands of handrim wheelchair propulsion across three different frames: a rigid frame, a hybrid frame and a conventional folding frame. Materials and Methods Forty-eight able-bodied participants performed coast-down tests using inertial measurement units to determine rolling resistance. Subsequently, four-minute submaximal exercise block under steady-state conditions at 1.11 m/s were performed on a wheelchair ergometer (n = 24) or treadmill (n = 24) to determine power output, propulsion technique and physiological demands. Results Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that the hybrid frame exhibited the lowest rolling resistance (7.0 ± 1.5N, p ≤ 0.001) and required less power output (8.3 ± 1.0W, p ≤ 0.001) at a given speed, compared to both the folding (9.3 ± 2.2N, 10.8 ± 1.4W) and rigid frame (8.0 ± 1.9N, 9.4 ± 1.6W). Subsequently, this resulted in significantly lower applied forces and push frequency for the hybrid frame. The folding frame had the highest energy expenditure (hybrid: 223 ± 44 W, rigid: 234 ± 51 W, folding: 240 ± 46 W, p ≤ 0.001). Conclusion The hybrid frame demonstrated to be a biomechanically and physiologically beneficial solution compared to the folding frame, exhibiting lower rolling resistance, reduced power output, and consequently minimizing force application and push frequency, all while retaining its folding mechanism.

Elevated muscle pain induced by a hypertonic saline injection reduces power output independent of physiological changes during fixed perceived effort cycling.

Pain is a naturally occurring phenomenon that consistently inhibits exercise performance by imposing unconscious, neurophysiological alterations (e.g., corticospinal changes) as well as conscious, psychophysiological pressures (e.g., shared effort demands). Although several studies indicate that pain would elicit lower task outputs for a set intensity of perceived effort, no study has tested this. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of elevated muscle pain through a hypertonic saline injection on the power output, psychophysiological, cerebral oxygenation, and perceptual changes during fixed perceived effort exercise. Ten participants completed three visits (1 familiarization + 2 fixed perceived effort trials). Fixed perceived effort cycling corresponded to 15% above gas exchange threshold (GET) [mean rating of perceived effort (RPE) = 15 "hard"]. Before the 30-min fixed perceived effort exercise, participants received a randomized bilateral hypertonic or isotonic saline injection in the vastus lateralis. Power output, cardiorespiratory, cerebral oxygenation, and perceptual markers (e.g., affective valence) were recorded during exercise. Linear mixed-model regression assessed the condition and time effects and condition × time interactions. Significant condition effects showed that power output was significantly lower during hypertonic conditions [t107 = 208, P = 0.040, β = 4.77 W, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) [0.27 to 9.26 W]]. Meanwhile, all physiological variables (e.g., heart rate, oxygen uptake, minute ventilation) demonstrated no significant condition effects. Condition effects were observed for deoxyhemoglobin changes from baseline (t107 = -3.29, P = 0.001, β = -1.50 ΔμM, 95% CI [-2.40 to -0.61 ΔμM]) and affective valence (t127 = 6.12, P = 0.001, β = 0.93, 95% CI [0.63 to 1.23]). Results infer that pain impacts the self-regulation of fixed perceived effort exercise, as differences in power output mainly occurred when pain ratings were higher after hypertonic versus isotonic saline administration.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study identifies that elevated muscle pain through a hypertonic saline injection causes significantly lower power output when pain is experienced but does not seem to affect exercise behavior in a residual manner. Results provide some evidence that pain operates on a psychophysiological level to alter the self-regulation of exercise behavior due to differences between conditions in cerebral deoxyhemoglobin and other perceptual parameters.

Fault-Tolerant Control of Floating Wind Turbine With Switched Adaptive Sliding Mode Controller

The fast-growing development of floating wind turbines demands control systems capable of both reducing output power fluctuations and fault-tolerant function. In this paper, we propose an adaptive switched sliding mode controller to enhance the performance of floating wind turbine systems in the presence of environmental uncertainties and actuator faults. A control-oriented switched linear model for floating wind turbines is introduced, considering the average dwell time. Based on the proposed controller, a full-order state observer and an adaptive law compensate for the debilitated control outputs resulting from detecting errors, disturbances, and faults. The control parameters are derived by solving stability theorems, which are proved by the Lyapunov stability theory, linear matrix inequality technique, and average dwell time technique. The proposed model and controller are validated on the NREL 5MW wind turbine and spar-buoy platform using the high-fidelity fatigue, aerodynamics, structures, and turbulence (FAST) code. The performance of the proposed controller is compared with an optimal gain-scheduling proportional-integral controller under different wind-wave combined conditions. The results show that the proposed controller improves the power quality and attenuates mechanical loads of floating wind turbine under healthy and faulty conditions. <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Note to Practitioners</i> —Floating wind turbines have drawn significant interest in renewable energy. When operating in the ocean far from shore, it is of great importance for floating wind turbines to have fault-tolerance capabilities for achieving stable power quality when faults occur in one or more components. A challenging problem is how to mitigate the fault effects on the wind turbine system. This paper proposes an adaptive fault-tolerant control strategy in the case of actuator fault occurrence in floating wind turbines.

Investigation on the Effects of Volute Geometric Parameters on the Performance of Pico Francis Turbines Used in Water Pipes

The development of new hydro turbines or the optimization of traditional hydro turbines is one of the research directions that scholars have been interested in to broaden the source of hydropower and improve energy efficiency. In our previous work, a Francis turbine was used in the water supply systems of high-rise buildings to properly control water pressure inside the pipeline and recover excess water energy. In this paper, an optimization study of the volute for the sectional shape, design method, inlet parameters, outlet width, and tongue was conducted using numerical simulations to improve the hydro turbine performance. The simulated results show that a circular section could better enhance the flow velocity inside the volute and make the flow velocity distribution more uniform at the volute outlet, and the equal mean velocity method is a more suitable volute design method in this special condition. The results of range analysis show that the water head reduction increases significantly with the increase in the inlet height, and both inlet height and outlet width have a significant effect on the efficiency. In addition, in the tongue optimization, a larger tilt angle corresponds to smaller output power and water head reduction; a larger stretch length in the limited angle range corresponds to larger output power and lower efficiency. Ultimately, the output power of the hydro turbine was increased by 18.65% and the efficiency by 2.1% through the volute optimization.

EXPLORING FACTORS AFFECTING NITROGEN ISOLATION BY CATION EXCHANGE MEMBRANE AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR MICROBIAL FUEL CELL PERFORMANCE IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT

This study explores the utilization of a cation exchange membrane (CEM) in a microbial fuel cell (MFC) system to isolate nitrogen from wastewater influents. While employing a CEM in an MFC system has drawbacks, such as increased internal resistance and reduced power output, it also provides a means for optimal energy recovery from organics while allowing isolated nitrogen to be treated in subsequent steps. This study evaluated the diffusion of ammonium through CEM in a dual-chamber MFC under different operating conditions. Results indicated that the MFC reactor with CEM as a separator isolated 88-93% of the nitrogen input, demonstrating the feasibility of this approach for nitrogen separation in wastewater treatment applications. Factors affecting nitrogen isolation, including COD input at the anode, dissolved oxygen (DO) at the cathode, and external resistance (ER), are identified. Higher COD input at the anode and the DO at the cathode were found to enhance nitrogen separation, while increased ER had an adverse effect on nitrogen isolation capacity. Additionally, changes in the surface characteristics of the CEM during operation could impact nitrogen isolation, emphasizing the need for careful monitoring and maintenance of the CEM to ensure consistent performance over time. In conclusion, this study highlighted the potential of using a CEM in MFC systems for nitrogen isolation, provided insights into the factors affecting the efficacy of nitrogen separation, and underscored the need for monitoring and maintenance of the CEM. These results could significantly impact the development of more efficient and sustainable wastewater treatment using the MFC system.

Performance enhancement and techno-economic analysis of photovoltaic modules under dynamic weather conditions using dual exponential sawtooth method

The maximum output power extracted from the Photovoltaic (PV) modules is mainly dependent on ambient temperature and solar irradiance. The photovoltaic modules performance is hugely influenced by the Partial Shading (PS) effect, which results in the reduction of output power. It is caused by shadows of buildings, trees, moving clouds and towers. Under PS conditions, shaded modules receive less irradiance as compared to the unshaded modules, and this leads to overheating of PV array. The present work has been developed by a technique based on Dual Exponential Sawtooth (DES) pattern to reconfigure the PV modules so as to increase the PV output power under PS conditions along with the energy savings and economical aspects. In this technique, the PV modules of Total Cross Tied (TCT) technique and their physical locations are arranged as per DES pattern to distribute the shading effect over the entire array without altering the electrical connections of the PV modules. The DES arrangement gives the enhanced power of 41.48% by reducing the effect on any row of the shaded modules. Further, it provides the details about power sharing percentage as the number of shaded modules increase and also the affect of dynamic shade variation over the entire PV array. The proposed method validation with the existing methods for the analysis, simulation and hardware experimentation shows better performance in terms of mismatch losses and fill factor. Further, the analysis has been extended for units generated and energy savings with each module rating of 1.5KW on 4×4 PV modules.

Multi objectives optimization of wind turbines’ power and fatigue loads using perturbation free extremum seeking control

This manuscript introduces a perturbation-free extremum-seeking control strategy specifically designed to enhance the operational performance of wind turbines under optimal conditions. The strategy employed utilizes a perturbation-free extremum-seeking approach to ensure the wind turbine farm operates at maximum power efficiency while also reducing power output fluctuations. By employing this control system, the wind turbine generators are maintained at their optimal power output level, effectively navigating through disturbances such as tower shadow, wind shear, and the erratic nature of wind speeds without introducing external perturbations.The algorithm is adept at managing the blade pitch angles and the turbines’ rotational speed, ensuring a controlled and efficient operation. Furthermore, this paper outlines a perturbation-free method to optimize energy production and decrease fatigue loads, thereby extending the operational lifespan of a wind turbine. The superior operational efficiency of the wind turbine array generators achieved through this approach underscores its effectiveness.The robustness and effectiveness of this perturbation-free control system are validated through comprehensive simulation tests on an array comprising four wind turbine generators. The outcomes of these simulations solidly back the extremum-seeking control system’s proficiency in reaching maximum power output without relying on perturbative methods, highlighting its innovative contribution to wind turbine efficiency optimization.

Designing of a Reduced Switch MLI-Based Standalone Solar Inverter Suitable for Water Pump Application

Designing of a reduced switch multi-string cross-connected source type multilevel inverter (CCS-MLI)-based solar pump is introduced in this article. Integration of the Photovoltaic (PV) system with the inverter is achieved through a DC–DC converter equipped with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) to enhance overall reliability. The asymmetrically switched CCS-MLI utilizes only 8 switches to generate 13-level waveform and facilitates power control between battery-assisted PV panels and the single-phase Induction Motor (IM). Multicarrier Pulse Width Modulation (MCPWM) is employed for frequency and fundamental component control in the output voltage. Solar-powered drive systems face the challenge of maintaining intended motor operation amid varying power generation from the PV array. The addition of batteries through a bidirectional DC/DC converter, mitigates this issue by supporting the load during reduced power output from PV panels due to unpredictable solar irradiation levels. Besides ensuring power quality, the proposed control technique realizes constant (V/f) control enabling stable drive operation. The efficacy of the proposed scheme is tested in MATLAB SIMULINK platform with a solar battery combination, considering changing environmental conditions. Furthermore, a hardware prototype of the battery-assisted CCS-MLI-based solar inverter is implemented, and various results are rigorously tested and analyzed using an equivalent machine circuit.

Synchronized Dynamic Induction Control: An Experimental Investigation

Wind turbines in farms face challenges such as reduced power output and increased loading when their rows align with the wind direction—a phenomenon known as the wake effect. To address this issue, dynamic induction control has been proposed, which involves dynamically adjusting the induction of upstream turbines to enhance the mixing of the wake with the free stream. As a continuation of this method, downstream turbines could potentially leverage the periodic structure in the upstream turbines’ wake to improve power production further downstream by synchronizing their dynamic induction control actions. This study investigates the potential of such an approach using a three-turbine scaled setup in a wind tunnel. The findings reveal that synchronization not only improves wake mixing downstream but also results in a substantial power gain on the synchronizing turbine, suggesting potential for a synchronization controller.

Aerodynamic and Structural Assessment of Floating Wind Turbine Rotor Under Varying Tilt Angle

Predicting the aerodynamic performance of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) proves challenging due to platform motion induced by waves. The effect of wind and waves results in a six-degree-of-freedom motion of the platform, directly influencing turbine performance. Understanding the impact of specific degrees of freedom (DOF) motions on aerodynamics and structural response is crucial for effective wind turbine design. This research examines the impact of rotor tilt on both aerodynamic performance and structural response. The investigation employs computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis and mapping aerodynamic loads onto the finite element (FE) mesh for structural analysis. The study employs a comprehensive 3D simulation, utilizing the moving reference frame (MRF) method for the NREL 5 MW reference wind turbine CFD simulations. It explores different rotor tilt angles (5°, 10°, 15°, and 20°) encountered by offshore structures during their operation and examines their impact on aerodynamic performance. Predicted aerodynamic loads were mapped onto the blade FE mesh using the radial basis function (RBF) interpolation technique and solved using the open-source FE solver CalculiX. The analysis shows that the turbine performance is relatively unaffected up to a tilt angle of 10°. However, further increase in rotor tilt angle adversely impacts turbine performance, leading to notable reductions in thrust and power output. The fluid-structure coupled analysis provided insights into the deformations and stresses experienced by the turbine blade, indicating a notable increase in flap-wise displacement for larger tilt angles, while edge-wise displacement is not as significantly affected. The maximum stress location on the blade generally correlates well with actual observations.

Power Augmentation of Gas Turbine Using Exhaust Flue Gas Operated Vapor Absorption Machine

Industrial gas turbines (GT) that operate at constant speed are constant-volume-flow combustion machines. As the specific volume of air is directly proportional to the temperature, an increase in air density results in a higher air mass flow rate at low air ambient temperatures. This results more mass of air is now passes through same volume gas turbine space. Consequently, the gas turbine power output increases proportionally with the increase in air mass flow rate. For geographic regions where warm and humid months are predominant throughout the year, significant power loss occurs during these months, and a higher rate of expensive fuel is fired at reduced power output. A gas turbine inlet air cooling technique is a useful option to enhance GT output. One of the innovative options for power augmentation of gas turbine is inlet air conditioning using a vapor absorption machine (VAM). Using VAM for GT intake air conditioning has the advantage over other systems in that it can be operated from waste heat. Many gas turbine machines, particularly natural gas pumping stations, are operated without heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) or heat recovery option. Valuable heat energy is escaped with exhaust flue gas in these systems. This paper demonstrates how GT exhaust waste heat can be utilized for its own power generation enhancement. In this study, a flue gas-based vapor absorption machine is selected for cooling the inlet air of a 26 MW gas turbine, which is used to drive the booster compressor of a natural gas pumping station. The capacity of the VAM for the required cooling effect has been calculated. The expected GT power enhancement from intake air gas conditioning has also been estimated in this paper.

I-V response test of 60–150 W mono-crystalline solar panel

This work investigates the discrepancies in electrical parameters of mono-crystalline solar panels between Ago-Iwoye weather conditions and the manufacturer’s specified ideal conditions. Manufacturer’s specifications are typically based on 1,000 W/m2 global solar irradiance, AM 1.5, and 25°C operating temperature, while actual weather conditions at installation sites can vary significantly. Mono-crystalline (single-crystal) silicon solar panels of capacities 60, 80, 100, and 150 W were evaluated through current-voltage (I-V) response tests at an installation site in Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria, with solar irradiance exposure from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. The analysis of I-V and P-V curves revealed a significant reduction in maximum power output by 28.6%, 25.9%, 28.9%, and 19.36%, respectively, compared to the manufacturer’s stated values. This deviation underscores the importance of considering local weather conditions during solar PV projects, and we recommend adding an additional 20%–30% of the total solar panel capacity during installations to account for variations in solar irradiance and operating temperatures, ensuring optimal performance and effective solar power generation in Ago-Iwoye and similar areas.

Analysis of Artificial Intelligence Based MPPT in PV Grid Connected System

The There has been a rise in the demand for electrical power during the past 10 years. Installing a new power generator (PG) is a costly and time-consuming procedure. For this reason, solar power plants are considered a viable alternative for meeting the current energy demand. But crucial maintenance and output power balance are the key issues facing solar power facilities. In order to reduce output power balance and maintenance problems in solar plants, an appropriate approach is required. This study offers a novel method for tracking the maximum power for hybrid photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy systems (WES): single maximum power point tracking, or MPPT. In the proposed MPPT technique, a radial basis function network (RBFN) control mechanism is based on an artificial neural network (ANN).

Effects of climatic conditions of Al Seeb in Oman on the performance of solar photovoltaic panels

Human activities and climatic elements, including temperature, humidity, and wind speed, have an impact on natural dust deposition. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of wind speed, relative humidity, and ambient temperature on the performance of soiled photovoltaic panels in Al Seeb, Oman. The study was conducted by exposing the solar PV panels to outdoor sunlight for a duration of two months. Parameters such as solar radiation, voltage, current, solar panel temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, and ambient temperature were collected in a short time interval. It was observed that the dust densities of 20.7 g/m2, 27 g/m2, and 41.3 g/m2 resulted in electrical power reductions of 18 %, 33 %, and 40 % for the panels uncleaned for one week, two weeks, and three weeks, respectively. The effect of daily dust resulted in an energy reduction of 14 %. Moreover, dust deposition decreases when the wind speed increases, resulting in a higher power output and vice versa. The higher the humidity, the stronger the dust's adhesion to the surface, resulting in more deposition and reduced power output. The maximum power output of 82.3 W was achieved at the wind speed of 10 m/s, 34.9 % relative humidity, and ambient temperature of 38.5 °C.

Improving the efficiency of solar photovoltaics by means of geothermal cooling: A year-long test campaign

Heating up of photovoltaic modules during operation results in a significant power output reduction. This effect is especially relevant in regions with the highest photovoltaic potential, where irradiance and ambient temperature are particularly high. In this paper, a novel low enthalpy geothermal cooling system that improves the efficiency of a commercial solar module is described and experimentally validated. Two heat exchangers, one attached to the backside of the module, and another introduced inside a 15 m deep borehole, are connected in a closed circuit. A water-based coolant is pumped through the system, evacuating the excess heat from the module, and dissipating it underground in a clean and efficient manner, without additional water consumption after filling the system.The performance of the cooling system was experimentally tested by implementing it, for the first time, in a single-axis solar tracking isolated photovoltaic facility. Extensive tests were carried out in Spain, between September 2021 and August 2022 under a wide variety of environmental conditions. The efficiency improvement system has demonstrated its technical feasibility over a one-year period, showing a peak net efficiency improvement up to 13.4 %. Moreover, a positive net efficiency improvement has been demonstrated all year long, even during the winter months.

Enhancing photovoltaic systems using Gaussian process regression for parameter identification and fault detection

In recent years, significant efforts have been made to enhance the power-harnessing capacity of photovoltaic (PV) systems. Despite advancements, PV systems remain less efficient. Faults occurring in the PV system are one of the major reasons for reduced output power. Improving PV system efficiency reduces overall costs and extends the system’s operational lifespan. This research utilizes a machine learning-based non-linear Gaussian posterior distribution (GPR) algorithm for detecting, classifying, and localizing various faults in PV systems. The proposed technique uses solar cell parameters to classify the faults based on the severity levels. The experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, emphasizing its potential to improve PV system performance and reliability. The model statistics show that training time for squared exponential GPR is shorter than exponential and rational quadratic GPR models, with squared exponential GPR taking 2771.5 s, while exponential GPR and rational quadratic GPR took 4227.6 s and 6660.5 s, respectively. Despite longer training time, rational quadratic GPR has the lowest root mean squared error (RMSE) validation, ranging from 0.016598 to 0.025616, among the three approaches. Exponential GPR, with an RMSE range of 363.59 to 397.1 across various faults, was chosen for its superior performance when compared to the other approaches.

Hybrid wind-solar energy resources mapping in the European Atlantic

The complementarity of offshore wind and solar resources can enhance the energy output of a hybrid farm and reduce its variability relative to a stand-alone, conventional offshore wind farm. In this work offshore wind and solar resources are characterised and mapped in a large study area covering the European Atlantic, the North and Baltic Seas, and the Canary Islands. The intra-annual and overall variabilities of wind power density and solar irradiance are investigated, and their complementarity is evaluated on the basis of their correlation. Negatively correlated regions include the seas around Ireland and Great Britain, with vast wind resources (mean wind power density ~1500 Wm−2 off W Ireland) and comparatively limited solar resources (mean solar irradiance ~100 Wm−2). Positively correlated regions include notably the Canary Islands, with the highest values of solar irradiance in the study area (mean values of ~280 Wm−2). Two study sites are chosen for more detailed investigation – one with a negative correlation, off W Ireland; the other with a positive correlation, off the Canary Islands. Even in the positively correlated regions, it is found that the correlation coefficient is never large (always under 0.2), which signals an opportunity for reducing power output variability through hybrid or co-located wind-solar farms. This, along with the other advantages of hybrid or co-located wind-solar farms (optimised use of scarce marine space, shared electrical infrastructure, shared O&M crews and vessels, etc.), attests to their potential in the European Atlantic. This potential could be realised through new hybrid or co-located wind-solar farms, or by retrofitting floating solar PV into existing offshore wind farms.