Reduction In Body Fat Percentage Research Articles

Relationship between Waist Circumference, Waist-Height Ratio, Body Fat Percentage, Visceral Fat and Bone Mineral Density in Middle-Aged and Elderly Zhuang of China

Objective: To understand the correlation between different degrees of obesity and bone mineral density (BMD). Methods: 772 cases (300 men and 472 females) of Zhuang over 40 years old were randomly selected. The BMD and T score were calculated by measuring the right heel bone using a quantitative-ultrasound densitometer. Body composition index of body weight, waist circumference (WC), waist height ratio (WtHR), body fat percentage (BFP) and visceral fat (VF) were measured using a bioelectrical impedance method. Results: The BMI, WC, and WtHR of the male osteoporosis group were lower than those of the normal bone mass (NBM) group (P < 0.05). BMI, BFP, and WC in the female osteoporosis group were lower than those in the NBM group (P < 0.05); The BMI and WC in the osteoporosis group were lower than those of the NBM group (P < 0.05). After adjusting for factors such as age, weight, height, etc., the binary multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis showed that BMI was a protective factor for bone mass loss in men and women (P < 0.01). While the level of visceral fat was a risk factor for reduced bone mass (P < 0.05). Conclusion: BMI is positively correlated with BMD in Zhuang. BFP has a greater correlation with female BMD, and a small reduction in BFP can result in a significant decrease in BMD. BMD of male was positively correlated with abdominal obesity indicators (WC, WtHR, VF). However, abdominal obesity has no obvious effect on the promotion of BMD in women, and increased WtHR can lead to a decrease in BMD. Zhuang can appropriately increase the amount of fat within the normal weight range. At the same time, reasonable exercise and balanced nutrition to avoid excessive obesity or low body weight can reduce the incidence of osteoporosis and osteoporosis fractures.

Physical Activity Maintain Immune Response Through TLR-2/TLR-4 Gene Expression in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Patient at Medan City.

The Increasing in type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) needs to solve comprehensively and holistically. Patients with T2DM should have self-coping due to lifestyle modification. Abdominal fat accumulation can release pro-inflammatory cytokine that leads TLR-2 and TLR-4 to the response. These two kinds of toll-like receptors exist on the monocyte surface membrane which is an innate immunity cell. The aims of this study were to get the profile of physical activity, metabolic state, and mononuclear cell response to the expression of the TLR2 and TLR4 genes in T2DM patients. It was a descriptive-analytic study with a cross-sectional study design. Thirty-two eligible patients with inclusion criteria participated as subjects. All subjects answered questions by IPAQ, and checked metabolic state with body composition analysis. The TLR2 and TLR4 gene expression was determined with quantitative Real- Time PCR. This study result found that most T2DM patients were in a highly active category in which most of their activity was walking (light intensity). The average abdominal circumferences were 91.81 ± 15.4 cm, body fat percentage was 29.5 ± 8.8%, and fasting blood sugar was 187.07 ± 67.03 mg/dl. Mononuclear cells number were normal. The expression of the TLR2 gene was lower by 0.71 fold and TLR4 gene expression was lower by 0.9 fold compared with non-DM (p<0.05). By chi-square test, there was a positive correlation between TLR2 gene expression with fasting blood glucose (p=0.011, and a positive correlation between the abdominal circumference and TLR4 gene expression (p=0.011). Type-2 Diabetes mellitus patients in primary health care keep walking as their physical activity to maintain blood glucose. Patients need to do moderate to vigorous exercise regularly to reduce body fat percentage especially abdominal fat to reduce Toll-like receptor gene expression, so insulin resistance and blood glucose level might decline to normal.

Short-Term Effects of Weight Loss after Bariatric Surgery on Respiratory and Skeletal Muscles’ Strength

Background: Bariatric surgery leads to weight loss and body fat percentage reduction, but patients are prone to lean tissue loss which itself reduces the quality of life, and increases the risk of deatand h. This study evaluated the effects of bariatric surgery and changes in Fat Mass (FM) and Fat-Free Mass (FFM) on the respiratory and skeletal muscles’ strength three months after bariatric surgery.&#x0D; Methods: After obtaining demographic information, anthropometric measurements and body composition analysis, including Body Mass Index (BMI), FM, FFM, Percent Body Fat (PBF), handgrip isometric force, respiratory muscle forces and spirometry volumes, were assessed before and three months after bariatric surgery in 50 men and women undergoing this surgery.&#x0D; Results: Weight, BMI, FM, PBF and FFM isometric muscle force were decreased significantly. In contrast, respiratory muscle forces and respiratory volumes were increased significantly three months after the surgery. Reduction in FFM 3 months after the surgery did not lead to a change in respiratory muscle strength (p-values≥0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: According to our findings, FM and FFM along with weight and BMI decrease significantly after bariatric surgery. These alternations were accompanied by a significant increase in respiratory muscle strength but were not correlated with handgrip muscle force changes.

Insufficient sleep predicts poor weight loss maintenance after 1 year.

Insufficient sleep may attenuate weight loss, but the role of sleep in weight loss maintenance is unknown. Since weight regain after weight loss remains a major obstacle in obesity treatment, we investigated whether insufficient sleep predicts weight regain during weight loss maintenance. In a randomized, controlled, two-by-two factorial study, 195 adults with obesity completed an 8-week low-calorie diet and were randomly assigned to 1-year weight loss maintenance with or without exercise and liraglutide 3.0 mg/day or placebo. Sleep duration and quality were measured before and after the low-calorie diet and during weight maintenance using wrist-worn accelerometers (GENEActiv) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). To test associations between insufficient sleep and weight regain, participants were stratified at randomization into subgroups according to sleep duration (</≥6 h/night) or sleep quality (PSQI score ≤/>5). After a diet-induced 13.1 kg weight loss, participants with short sleep duration at randomization regained 5.3 kg body weight (p = .0008) and had less reduction in body fat percentage compared with participants with normal sleep duration (p = .007) during the 1-year weight maintenance phase. Participants with poor sleep quality before the weight loss regained 3.5 kg body weight compared with good quality sleepers (p = .010). During the weight maintenance phase, participants undergoing liraglutide treatment displayed increased sleep duration compared with placebo after 26 weeks (5 vs. -15 min/night) but not after 1 year. Participants undergoing exercise treatment preserved the sleep quality improvements attained from the initial weight loss. Short sleep duration or poor sleep quality was associated with weight regain after weight loss in adults with obesity.

Effects of human milk on body composition and growth in very low birthweight infants.

To compare body composition and growth in very low birthweight infants according to their source of human milk: maternal expressed breast milk (MEBM) versus donor breast milk (DBM). We hypothesized that infants fed predominately MEBM would exhibit reduced body fat percentage compared to those fed predominately DBM. Premature infants weighing ≤1500 g on an exclusive human milk diet were enrolled in a single-center study between 2017 and 2021. Demographic data and anthropometric measurements were collected. All infants underwent body composition analysis via dual energy x-ray absorptiometry at 36 weeks corrected post menstrual age. A total of 60 infants were enrolled and 48 were included in the primary analysis. No differences were detected in percent body fat (14 vs. 12%, p = 0.7) or fat-free mass (2050 vs. 2130 g, p = 0.7). Both groups displayed similar growth and anthropometric measurements. Caloric and macronutrient intake between groups was similar. In the cohort of patients studied, no differences were observed in percent body fat based on primary human milk type intake in the first 28 postnatal days. Further investigation is required in a larger population of exclusive human milk fed preterm infants to determine if body composition differences exist based on an infant's primary human milk source. Premature infants are at risk for altered body composition at term corrected age, specifically increased body fat percentage, which may have implications for the future. To our knowledge this is the first study exploring body composition outcomes based on an infant's primary human milk source. Infants fed exclusive human milk (e.g., donor vs. maternal) displayed similar percent body fat and growth outcomes.

Ketogenic diet may be a new approach to treatment stress urinary incontinence in obese elderly women: report of five cases

BackgroundStress urinary incontinence (SUI) as a serious social problem restricted women's daily life and affect their quality of life, especially for obese women. The mechanism of stress urinary incontinence is unclear. Weight loss is the first line of treatment for stress incontinence in obese women. Ketogenic diet is a special diet with high fat, low carbohydrate and moderate protein, which can reduce body mass faster than the traditional diet. There exist no reports on the therapeutic effect of ketogenic diet on SUI in obese women.Case presentationFive postmenopausal obese women are diagnosed as mild to moderate stress urinary incontinence, which affected their quality of life for medical treatment. After 4 weeks ketogenic diet, we found that ketogenic diet can significantly improve urine leakage, reduce body weight, decrease visceral fat area, reduce body fat percentage, and reduce BMI.ConclusionReports in this case reveal that ketogenic diet may become one of the effective methods for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence in obese women in the future, providing a minimally invasive, highly profitable and highly compliant treatment for stress urinary incontinence in obese women.

Effect of supervised sprint interval training on cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in adolescent boys with obesity

ABSTRACT This study examined the effect of a supervised 12-week sprint interval training (SIT) on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and body composition in adolescent boys with obesity. Twenty-eight adolescents with obesity were allocated to either an intervention group (SIT) (13.1 ± 0.3 yrs; body mass index [BMI]: 30.3 ± 0.9 kg.m−2) or a control group (CONT) (13.7 ± 0.4 yrs; BMI: 32.6 ± 1.6 kg.m−2). The SIT group performed 4–6 × 30s “all-out” cycling bouts, interspersed with 4 min of recovery 3 days a week for 12 weeks. CRF was measured by direct peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) defined as VO2peak per kg of body mass (mL.min−1kg−1) or by VO2peak per kg of lean body mass (mL.min−1LBM−1) and body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. SIT intervention led to a significant and large between-group difference in VO2peak (p = 0.004; η2 = 0.29). Although SIT group had a significant reduction in body fat percentage (BF%) (from 41.1 ± 1.3% to 39.2 ± 1.5%; p = 0.006), there were no between-group differences in the change of the pre- and post-measures in BF% (p = 0.067). In conclusion, 12-week SIT is effective in increasing CRF and decreasing BF% in adolescent boys with obesity.

Examining The Association Between Muscular Fatigue Index And Physical Function In Middle-aged Women

PURPOSE: To examine the independent contribution of muscle fatigue to physical function (PF) performance in middle-aged women. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 104 middle-aged women (52.93 ± 6.10 years; BMI =26.38 ± 5.10 kg/m2) were assessed for muscle fatigue performance using a 25-repetition fatiguing knee flexion and extension task at 180 degrees per second. Muscle fatigue index (MFI) was calculated as the decline in peak torque from the first three repetitions to the last three repetitions. PF was objectively measured via the transfer task, 8-foot-up-and-go, 30-second chair stands, 6-minute-walk-test, and the lift-and-carry. A lower-extremity PF composite score also was calculated. Moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was measured using accelerometry and physical activity logs, while whole body and regional composition were measured using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry. Muscle strength was assessed using isokinetic dynamometry for isometric knee flexion and extension at 60 degrees, and isokinetic knee flexion and extension at 60 degrees per second and 180 degrees per second, and muscle quality (MQ) was calculated as muscle strength normalized for thigh lean mass. The data were analyzed using bivariate correlation and hierarchical linear regression, with a p-value of less than 0.05 used to establish significance. RESULTS: When controlling for age, percent body fat, muscle quality, and MVPA per day, MFI was significantly associated with transfer task performance (r = .260, p < 0.05), and higher MFI was associated with slower transfer task time. While MFI contributed to 3.5% of the variance in transfer task performance (p = 0.024), percent body fat contributed to 19.4% of the variance (p = 0.001). Percent body fat was most highly associated with all measures of PF. CONCLUSIONS: The strength of the association between MFI and PF performance decreased when other independent variables (percent body fat, MVPA, MQ) were considered. Therefore, muscle fatigue may be a less important target for intervention in this population, while reducing percent body fat may be most influential in improving physical functional performance in middle-aged women.

Sex Differences In Relative Force And Power Development During A Countermovement Jump

Research has shown that the measurement of countermovement jumps may relate to sport performance and injury. Certain measurements of force production and power output can additionally inform the athlete and coaches of deficiencies in strength and velocity. These measurements can help inform players and coaches of specific training modalities that may lead to improvements in these measurements. Among elite level athletes, biological males often produce more force and power during a counter movement jump, than biological females due to differences in lean body mass and overall body fat percentage. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare normalization methods of force and power production during a counter movement jump in college basketball players. METHODS: 15 Division 1 basketball players participated in the study (7 females, 20.8 ± 2.2 yrs, 1.79 ± 0.09 m., 84.7 ± 12.9 kg; 8 males, 21.5 ± 1.2 yrs, 1.94 ± 0.09 m., 91.5 ± 11.3 kg). Participants performed a warmup consisting of 5 minutes of stationary cycling and dynamic stretching. Participants then performed three countermovement jumps on two force plates (Bertec Inc.) while data was collected and analyzed using Noraxon MR:16 software. Body composition was assessed using air displacement plethysmography (Bod Pod, Cosmed). RESULTS: Biological males (11.5 ± 4.4 %) had reduced body fat percentage compared to biological females (25.6 ± 4.4%, p < 0.001). Biological males jumped 11.8 cm higher (46.2 ± 4.1 cm) than biological females (34.3 ± 71 cm, p = 0.001). When normalized to body mass, concentric power (33%, p < 0.001) and concentric force (11%, p = 0.03) were higher in biological males compared to biological females. When normalized to lean body mass, there were no significant differences in concentric power or concentric force between males and females. When concentric peak force was normalized to only lean body mass, biological females showed a nonsignificant increase of 6% (p = 0.19) compared to biological males. CONCLUSION: Jumping power and force differences were reduced between biological males and females when normalized to lean body mass, likely due to the increase in body fat percentage in biological females. These data suggest that care should be taken when considering methods of normalization for gender comparisons of jumping power and force.

Effects of WB-EMS and protein supplementation on body composition, physical function, metabolism and inflammatory biomarkers in middle-aged and elderly patients with sarcopenic obesity: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

The patients with sarcopenic obesity (SO) have the characteristics of both sarcopenia and obesity, that is, less muscle mass and increased fat mass, and their morbidity, disability and mortality are higher than patients with sarcopenia or obesity alone. To investigate the effects of whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) training and protein supplementation intervention on body composition, physical function, metabolism and inflammatory biomarkers in middle-aged and elderly patients with SO. We searched for randomized controlled trials in seven databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, SinoMed, and CNKI as of July 3, 2021. The methodological quality of each included study was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool was used to assess the risk of bias. Statistical analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.3. Eleven randomized controlled studies with a total of 779 participants were included in this meta-analysis. WB-EMS training improved sarcopenia Z-score (MD=-1.52, 95% CI: -2.27, -0.77, P<0.0001) and waist circumference (WC) (MD=-1.41, 95% CI: -2.62, -0.20, P=0.02), and increased skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) (MD=1.27, 95% CI: 0.66,1.88, P<0.0001) and appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM) (MD=0.68, 95% CI: 0.08, 1.27, P=0.03). Protein supplementation intervention reduced body fat rate (BF%) (MD=-1.28, 95% CI: -1.88, -0.68, P<0.0001, I2=0%), total body fat (TBF) (MD=-0.98, 95% CI: -1.65, -0.31, P=0.004, I2=0%) and trunk body fat mass (TBFM) (MD=-0.50, 95% CI: -0.94, -0.06, P=0.03, I2=0%), and increased grip strength (GS) (MD=1.13, 95% CI: 0.06, 2.21, P=0.04, I2=0%). The combination of WB-EMS and protein supplements is beneficial to most body components and physical functions, such as SMI (MD=1.21, 95% CI: 0.73, 1.51, P<0.00001, I2=0%), GS (MD=1.60, 95% CI: 0.80, 2.40, P<0.0001, I2=45%) and walking speed (WS) (MD=0.04, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.06, P<0.0001, I2=49%). Compared with protein supplementation alone, WB-EMS could have an additional beneficial effect on BF% (MD=-0.92, 95% CI: -1.80, -0.04, P=0.04) and WC (MD=-1.03, 95% CI: -1.70, -0.36, P=0.003). Nevertheless, the addition of protein supplements did not provide any additional benefit compared with WB-EMS alone. In addition, there was almost no positive effect of WB-EMS and protein supplements on metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers. As things stand, protein supplementation intervention can effectively reduce body fat percentage, fat mass, and increase grip strength in SO patients. Both WB-EMS and protein supplementation intervention had no significant effects on metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers. WB-EMS combined with protein supplementation intervention was beneficial for SO patients in many ways. Due to the small number of studies, further studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of WB-EMS alone or in combination with protein supplementation intervention in SO patients. INPLASY202190096 DOI:10.37766/inplasy2021.9.0096.

Comparison of Short-Term Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training vs Moderate Intensity Continuous Training on Anthropometric Characteristics of Overweight Young Women

Objectives: To conduct a comprehensive research work in order to find out the (time bound) efficient way to bring about changes in anthropometric measures with weight/fat reduction. Methods: In this study the effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) were compared to see the reduction in body fat percentage in young university girls age between 20 to 25 years. Thirty subjects were recruited in HIIT (n=15) and MICT group (n=15) for 8 weeks. Pre and post fat percentage was assessed to see the changes before and after work out of two different exercise regimens. Results: Statistically significant improvement was found in both groups for weight (Mean difference = 3.04, P value = 0.00), However in the same manner other factors also showed significant improvement, BMI (Mean difference = 1.20, P value = 0.00), Waist circumference (Mean difference = 1.67, P value = 0.001), Hip circumference (Mean difference = 1.73, P value = 0.00) and body fat (Mean difference = 2.92, P value = 0.00). Therefore, all anthropometric measures showed differences but HIIT group showed maximum reduction in weight after regime (P value &lt; 0.00) Conclusion: Eight weeks of HIIT and MICT resulted in improvements in anthropometric measures along with changes in dietary habit intake. HIIT appears to be the predominant strategy for controlling weight because of its adherence and time efficiency. Keywords: Overweight Young women, Moderate intensity continuous training , Weight reduction, Abbreviations: High intensity interval training (HIIT), Moderate intensity continuous training (MICT), Maximum Heart Rate (MHR), Body Mass index (BMI), Body Fat (BF)

The Effect of a Sprint Interval and Resistance Training Program on Body Composition, Aerobic Fitness, and Self-regulation in Young Women

Background: Exercise has positive effects on overall health and reduces risk for several chronic diseases. Diverse program modalities are growing as a potential intervention to improve physiological and psychological outcomes. Purpose: The present study examines the effect of a 10-week sprint interval training (SIT) and resistance training program on physiological and psychological variables in young women. Methods: 37 women (M Age = 24.9±4.3, BMI = 24.7±4.3) participated in a 10-week exercise intervention, consisting of a SIT treadmill protocol and resistance training three times a week for a total of 30 sessions. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two SIT programs (0% incline and 6% incline) and assessed at baseline and post testing for body composition, muscular strength and aerobic fitness. Enjoyment was assessed via a semi-structured interview following the intervention. Results: There were no significant group by time interactions. There was a significant reduction in body fat percentage (p&lt;0.001, Δ 2.23% &amp; 2.52% respectively), as well as a significant increase in lean mass (p&lt;0.001, Δ 2.59 kg &amp; 2.56 kg, respectively), bench press (p&lt;0.001, Δ 25.87 kg &amp; 24.4 kg, respectively), back squat (p&lt;0.001, Δ 69.7 kg &amp; 64.3 kg, respectively) following the intervention for both groups. There were no significant changes in aerobic fitness, kcal intake, and body fat mass. Overall participants reported enjoying the protocol but expressed apprehension of continuing the exercise on their own. Conclusions: Our current data suggest that a SIT and resistance program accounts for positive changes on physiological and psychological variables like percentage of body fat reductions and lean mass increments, muscular strength and exercise enjoyment.

Effects of foods, beverages and macronutrients on BMI z-score and body composition in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

A healthy diet is fundamental for healthy growth and for future disease prevention. However, scientific consensus on how to compose healthy diets for children has not been established. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to investigate if an independent effect exists between foods, beverages or the composition of macronutrients and body composition in children and adolescents. A systematic search was performed in four databases up to July 2021. A systematic review of randomized controlled studies (RCTs) and meta-analyses were carried out by extracting mean difference (MDs) and standard deviation (SD) and performed using the random effect model. Sixteen RCTs met inclusion criteria. Beyond dairy, sugar-sweetened beverages and macronutrient composition, no trials were identified for other food groups. Based on five RCTs (n:5), a higher-dairy diet was found to reduce body fat percentage - 0.47 [- 0.92, - 0.03] (p = 0.04). A higher-dairy diet was also found to increase lean body mass (kg) 0.34 [0.06, 0.62] (p = 0.02) (n:2), but did not affect BMI z-score - 0.05 [- 0.16, 0.06] (p = 0.39) (n:4). Substituting sugar-sweetened beverage with non-caloric beverages or flavored milk reduced body fat percentage (- 0.70 [- 0.78, - 0.62] (p < 0.001)) (n:3) but did not change BMI z-score (- 0.05 [- 0.20, 0.09] (p = 0.48)) (n:2). No significant effects were found between different macronutrient compositions and BMI z-score or body fat percentage. Changes in diet from low to higher-dairy consumption and from sugar-sweetened beverages to non-caloric beverages or flavored milk resulted in favorable changes in body composition among children and adolescents. Eligible studies investigating other foods are lacking. PROSPERO registration number (CRD42020173201).

Effects of liraglutide on gastrointestinal functions and weight in obesity: A randomized clinical and pharmacogenomic trial.

This study aimedto determine the effects of a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, liraglutide, and placebo subcutaneously over 16 weeks on weight and gastric functions and to evaluate associations of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in GLP1R (rs6923761) and TCF7L2 (rs7903146) with effects of liraglutide. The study conducted a randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, 16-week trial of liraglutide, escalated to 3 mg subcutaneously daily in 136 otherwise healthy adults with obesity. Weight, gastric emptying of solids (GES), gastric volumes, satiation, and body composition measured at baseline and after treatment were compared in two treatment groups using analysis of covariance. Liraglutide (n=59) and placebo (n=65) groups completed treatment. Relative to placebo, liraglutide increased weight loss at 5 and 16 weeks (both p < 0.05), slowed time to half GES (T1/2 ) at 5 and 16 weeks (both p < 0.001), and increased fasting gastric volume (p=0.01) and satiation (p < 0.01) at 16 weeks. GES T1/2 was positively correlated with weight loss on liraglutide (both p < 0.001). After 16 weeks of liraglutide, GLP1R rs6923761 (AG/AA vs. GG) was associated with reduced percent body fat (p=0.062), and TCF7L2 rs7903146 (CC vs. CT/TT) was associated with lower body weight (p=0.015). Liraglutide, 3 mg, induces weight loss with delay in GES T1/2 and reduces calorie intake. Slowing GES and variations in GLP1R and TCF7L2 are associated with liraglutide effects in obesity.

Effects of Vibration Training on Weight Loss and Heart Rate Variability in the Obese Female College Students.

Objective The present study examined the effects of a 12-week whole-body vibration training (WBVT) regimen on heart rate variability (HRV) and body composition in the obese female college students. Methods Participants were assigned to either the WBVT (n = 17) or obese control group (n = 19). The students in the WBVT group conducted a 12-week (5 times per week and 30 min per time) exercise protocols (30 to 40 Hz of frequency and 4 mm of amplitude), and the obese control group did not perform regular physical training during 12 weeks of study. Then, body composition (body weight, BMI, body fat, body fat percentage; trunk fat mass, muscle mass, MM) and HRV (time domain and frequency domain index) were measured in all subjects before and after WBVT intervention. Results (1) After 12-week WBVT intervention, body fat mass, trunk fat mass, and body fat percentage significantly decreased and muscle mass increased in the WBVT group (P < 0.01, respectively); there was no significant change in body weight and BMI (P > 0.05, respectively). (2) After 12-week WBVT intervention, LFn, LF/HF, and HR significantly decreased (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), R-R interval and RMSSD significantly increased (P < 0.01, respectively), and there was no significant difference in HFn (P > 0.05). Nevertheless, there was no significant change before and after the test in body composition and HRV in the obese control group (P > 0.05, respectively). (3) After 12-week WBVT intervention, compared with the obese control group, body fat mass, body fat percentage, trunk fat mass, and LF/HF significantly decreased (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), muscle mass, and RMSSD increased (P < 0.05) in the WBVT group; but there were no significant difference in other indicators (P > 0.05) between the obese control group and WBVT group. (4) The reduction of body fat percentage before and after the WBVT intervention are positively correlated with the reduction in the LFn and LF/HF (r = 0.542, r = 0.504; P < 0.05, respectively) and negatively correlated with the increase in the RMSSD (r = −0.514, P < 0.05), and the reduction of trunk fat mass are positively correlated with the reduction in the LF/HF (r = 0.540, P < 0.05). Conclusion The results indicate that WBVT improves HRV and body composition in obese female college students, and the reduction in body fat percentage and trunk fat mass are associated with a shift in cardiac autonomic regulation towards vagal dominance and improve sympathetic-vagus balance after WBVT intervention. In conclusion, WBVT may be a feasible treatment to improve cardiac autonomic function and body composition.

Effects of tabata body weight training on body fat percentage in obese women

This study aims to prove the effect of an exercise protocol on the percentage of body fat tested in obese women. The samples of this study were 16 women, aged 19-21 years, had a Body Mass Index (BMI) = 25.0-29.9 kg/m² according to the Asia Pacific criteria. The sample was taken from the Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education (FIP), Surabaya State University (UNESA). This type of research uses a pre-experimental research design with "the one group pretest-posttest group design". This research was conducted for 4 weeks with the implementation of exercise 1 week 5 times. Body fat percentage was measured using a Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) SECA medical Body Composition Analyzer (mBCA) which has a type specification of 514. The mean results and standard deviation of the pretest were 42.31±3.74%; posttest 41.24±4.03%, paired t-test results obtained p= 0.000, and the percentage of delta (%∆) experienced a decrease in body fat percentage 2.57±2.16%. The conclusion of this study shows the effect of tabata body weight training in reducing body fat percentage in obese women.Key words: Tabata, Body weight training, Obesity

The Benefits of Integrated Exercise Intervention in Osteoporotic Women with Pre-Sarcopenia or Sarcopenia

目的：骨質疏鬆症與肌少症是高齡社會重要健康議題，與跌倒、骨折有高度相關。惟過去研究少以兩者合併個案進行評估，且運動介入模式多為阻力訓練。研究目的為評估整合性運動對骨質疏鬆症女性合併肌少症前期或肌少症（四肢骨骼肌指數，skeletal muscle index, SMI低於5.7kg/m^2）之效益，以作為骨質疏鬆症合併肌少症照護之參考。方法：採準實驗設計，在區域型醫院招募24位骨質疏鬆症併有肌少症前期或肌少症之婦女為研究對象，分成實驗組與控制組。兩組均接受面對面之營養衛教模式；實驗組進行16週整合性中高強度阻力與敏捷性運動訓練（自覺強度維持6－8分），每週一次，每次120分鐘。評估訓練介入前、後組內之身體組成（體脂肪率、上下肢肌肉量）、肌少症指標（SMI、握力）及功能性體適能（上下肢肌力、動靜態平衡）之變化，並控制年齡以單因子共變數或無母數統計進行組間分析。結果：實驗組12位（63.1±7.7歲）與控制組12位（70.1±6.1歲），兩組除年齡外，在基本資料無明顯差異。組內分析，實驗組體脂肪率、上下肢肌肉量、SMI、握力與上肢肌力均顯著改善；而控制組之體脂肪率、軀幹、右腿與左腿肌肉量均顯著變差，上下肢肌力亦明顯退步。組間分析顯示實驗組相較控制組體脂肪率顯著降低，且SMI、握力、上肢肌力、及下肢肌力之變化量均顯著較控制組提升。兩組在動態及靜態平衡上無顯著差異。結論：合併阻力與敏捷性之整合性運動對骨質疏鬆症合併肌少症前期或肌少症之婦女的身體組成、肌少症指標及上下肢肌力表現有實質提升效益，而無介入運動模式下，控制組在16週內體脂肪率增加、肌力下降。未來經更多著重骨質疏鬆症合併肌少症之實證研究，此整合性運動訓練模式或可作為介入和照護方向參考。Objective: Osteoporosis and sarcopenia are two important geriatric issues highly correlated with falls and frailty fractures in the elderly. Studies in the past rarely investigate the combined case of the two syndromes, and emphasis has been placed mainly on resistance training. This study aimed to investigate the benefits of integrated exercise interventions in osteoporotic women with pre-sarcopenia or sarcopenia (Skeletal Mass Index, SMI＜5.7 kg/m^2). Methods: Twenty-four osteoporotic women with pre-sarcopenia or sarcopenia were recruited from a regional hospital to participate in the quasi-experimental study. They were divided into an integrated exercise group (EG) and a control group (CG) with all participants receiving face-to-face nutrition education. The EG group was required to enroll in a 16-week moderate-to-vigorous intensity exercise program in resistance and agility training (Rating of Perceived Exertion maintained at 6-8 points). Each weekly session lasted for 120 minutes. Changes in body composition (body fat percentage, muscle mass), sarcopenia parameters (SMI, grip strength), and physical fitness (muscle strength, static and dynamic balance) before and after the integrated exercise intervention were analyzed with age as a covariate in the analysis. Results: Except for age, there was no significant difference in the basic characteristics between the EG (n=12; 63.1±7.7 years) and CG (n=12; 70.1±6.1 years) groups. Intragroup analysis showed a reduced body fat percentage , along with significant improvement in SMI, grip strength, and upper limb muscle strength in the EG group. In contrast, the CG group reported an increased body fat percentage, and a significant decrease in the muscle mass in the trunk and lower leg, as well as in the muscle strength in the upper and lower limbs. Intergroup analysis showed that the EG group experienced a significant improvement in body fat percentage, SMI, grip strength, and upper and lower limb muscle strength. There was no significant difference in the results of dynamic and static balance tests between the two groups. Conclusion: The integrated exercise intervention combined with resistance and agility training can substantially improve the body composition, sarcopenia parameters, and upper and lower limb muscle strength in osteoporotic women with pre-sarcopenia or sarcopenia. On the contrary, a significant increase in body fat percentage and a decrease in muscle strength in 16 weeks are likely to occur in the absence of the intervention. In the future, more empirical studies focusing on the combined case of osteoporosis and sarcopenia are needed, and the integrated exercise training in this study may serve as a reference for intervention.

Safety Assessment of L-β-Aminoisobutyric Acid (L-BAIBA): Subchronic Toxicity Study in Sprague Dawley Rats.

L-3-Aminoisobutyric acid (L-BAIBA) is an endogenous compound in human metabolism when thymine and valine undergo catabolism. L-BAIBA represents one of the two isomers of BAIBA in biological systems. BAIBA has been shown to reduce body fat percentage via an increase in fatty acid oxidation and a decrease in hepatic lipogenesis. However, no toxicological effects of L-BAIBA in animals or humans have been established. The present study was designed to evaluate the safety and toxic potentials of this compound, where L-BAIBA was administered orally to Sprague Dawley rats at 100, 300, and 900mg/kg/day for 90days. No treatment-related adverse effects were observed in any of the treatment groups. Based on the results, the No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level (NOAEL) of L-BAIBA was 900mg/kg/day.

Without refeeding days, drastically reducing calories in the pre-competition phase may does not guarantee a better reduction in bodybuilder's body fat percentage

Background & AimsThe caloric restrictions are necessary during the bodybuilder athlete preparation, especially when approaching the pre-contest phase. Although the refeed strategies for bodybuilders are current recent in the scientific literature, drastically reducing calories in the pre-competition phase linearly without periodization may does not guarantee a greater reduction in body fat and still being able harm the athlete's physical on-stage readiness.MethodsTwo cross-sectional studies (n = 42) and three case studies (n = 3) recent involved bodybuilder athletes aged between 21 and 32 years old who had 14–32 weeks, time involved the preparation phase and the pre-contest phase, to prepare himself and did not contain any refeeding strategy in their dietary protocol prescribed at work. These articles followed participants diets regarding the number of calories and macronutrients, where data collected were separated by the author himself and recorded in Excel spreadsheets for be mathematically calculated and subjectively evaluated.ResultsOf the five studies that were read and organized it's noted apparently that a greater caloric deficit does not influence a greater substantial loss of fat percentage or body weight neither looks to show any numerical visual relationship with maintenance of fat-free mass.ConclusionsObservationally, a severe caloric deficit without refeed strategies applied in pre-contest phase may not guarantee a greater the weight loss neither a greater reduction in the body fat percentage. The caloric restrictions are necessary during the bodybuilder athlete preparation, especially when approaching the pre-contest phase. Although the refeed strategies for bodybuilders are current recent in the scientific literature, drastically reducing calories in the pre-competition phase linearly without periodization may does not guarantee a greater reduction in body fat and still being able harm the athlete's physical on-stage readiness. Two cross-sectional studies (n = 42) and three case studies (n = 3) recent involved bodybuilder athletes aged between 21 and 32 years old who had 14–32 weeks, time involved the preparation phase and the pre-contest phase, to prepare himself and did not contain any refeeding strategy in their dietary protocol prescribed at work. These articles followed participants diets regarding the number of calories and macronutrients, where data collected were separated by the author himself and recorded in Excel spreadsheets for be mathematically calculated and subjectively evaluated. Of the five studies that were read and organized it's noted apparently that a greater caloric deficit does not influence a greater substantial loss of fat percentage or body weight neither looks to show any numerical visual relationship with maintenance of fat-free mass. Observationally, a severe caloric deficit without refeed strategies applied in pre-contest phase may not guarantee a greater the weight loss neither a greater reduction in the body fat percentage.

Prenatal exposure to insecticides and child cardiometabolic risk factors in the VHEMBE birth cohort.

Background:As part of malaria control programs, many countries spray dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) or pyrethroid insecticides inside dwellings in a practice called indoor residual spraying that results in high levels of exposure to local populations. Gestational exposure to these endocrine- and metabolism-disrupting chemicals may influence child cardiometabolic health.Methods:We measured the serum concentration of DDT and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and urinary concentration of pyrethroid metabolites (cis-DBCA, cis-DCCA, trans-DCCA, 3-PBA) in peripartum samples collected between August 2012 and December 2013 from 637 women participating in the Venda Health Examination of Mothers, Babies and their Environment (VHEMBE), a birth cohort study based in Limpopo, South Africa. We applied marginal structural models to estimate the relationship between biomarker concentrations and child-size (height and weight), adiposity (body mass index [BMI], body fat percentage, waist circumference) and blood pressure at 5 years of age.Results:Maternal concentrations of all four pyrethroid metabolites were associated with lower adiposity including reduced BMI z-scores, smaller waist circumferences, and decreased body fat percentages. Reductions in BMI z-score were observed only among children of mothers with sufficient energy intake during pregnancy (βcis-DCCA, trans-DCCA=−0.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) = −0.7,−0.1; pinteraction=0.03 and 0.04, respectively) but there was no evidence of effect modification for the other measures of adiposity. Maternal p,p’-DDT concentrations were associated with a reduction in body fat percentage (β = −0.4%, 95% CI = −0.8,−0.0).Conclusions:Gestational exposure to pyrethroids may reduce adiposity in children at 5 years of age.