Reduce Exhaust Emissions Research Articles

Photochemical transformation and secondary aerosol formation potential of Euro6 gasoline and diesel passenger car exhaust emissions

Traffic remains a major source of urban air pollution although emission regulations have led to significant reductions in exhaust emissions of new vehicles. In this work the photochemical transformation of exhaust emissions from gasoline and diesel passenger vehicles compliant with the current European ‘Euro6’ emission standard and operated with traditional and alternative fuels was investigated using an environmental chamber. By assessing four different engine operation conditions, we show that vehicle operation notably affects the exhaust composition and secondary aerosol formation potential. For the gasoline vehicle, secondary aerosols dominate the total particulate emissions. In contrast, we observe no substantial secondary aerosol formation for exhaust emissions of a Euro6-level diesel vehicle. High engine load operation and cold start of the gasoline vehicle led to 11–470-fold particulate mass enhancement, while for moderate driving conditions the enhancement ratio was below 2. High aerosol enhancements also led to strong increases in particle light absorption. The results underline the necessity for future directives to include the emission components leading to secondary pollution, in addition to the freshly emitted pollutants. The link observed between secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation and gaseous aromatic hydrocarbon emissions suggests that monitoring and limiting these gaseous species can provide an indirect regulation for SOA. Additionally, ammonia released as a byproduct of the gasoline vehicle is confirmed as an important precursor for secondary aerosols.

Experimental Investigations on Dual-Fuel Engine Fueled with Tertiary Renewable Fuel Combinations of Biodiesel and Producer—Hydrogen Gas Using Response Surface Methodology

The effects of producer gas (PG), hydrogen (H2), and neem oil methyl ester-blended fuel (NeOME B20) flow rate optimization on dual fuel (DF) engine performance were examined in the current work. PG and H2 were used as primary fuels, while NeOME B20 was used as a secondary pilot fuel in the DF engine. The DF engine’s performance and pollution levels were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) and the results were compared with experimental values. The full factorial design (FFD) has been used to minimize the number of experiments. The design of experiments (DOEs) with an experimental design matrix of 27 distinct combinations were taken into consideration. The primary goal of the effort is to optimize different fuel flow rates for better brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and lower tail pipe exhaust pollutants. The developed RSM model is validated with experimental results for the selected fuel flow rates using a desirability approach. Experiments were carried out at a constant speed of 1500 rpm, compression ratio (CR) of 17.5, injector opening pressure (IOP) 240 bar, six-hole nozzle with 0.2 mm diameter, and injection timing (IT) of 27° before top dead center (bTDC). The flow rates of NeOME B20, PG, and H2 varied from 0.4 to 0.8 kg/h, 7 to 9 kg/h, and 0.029 to 0.059 kg/h, respectively. Optimum flow rates for NeOME B20, PG, and H2 were found to be 0.8, 7, and 0.044, kg/h respectively for the maximized break thermal efficiency (BTE) and reduced exhaust emission levels. However, a marginal increase in NOx was noticed. In addition, the delay period and combustion duration were reduced, and the cylinder pressure (CP) and heat release rate (HRR) were increased for the optimal condition with a desirability of 0.998. Overall, DF operation with selected fuel combinations was found to be smooth and satisfactory.

Implementation peat soil adsorbent & variation of filter for reduce emission improvement from motor vehicle

The use of fossil fuels in transportation equipment, especially motorized vehicles, will have an extraordinary effect on air pollution. Therefore, air pollution becomes very important problem today. The amount of percentage of air pollution from transportation sources in Indonesia is 70.5 % CO, 18.34 % HC, 8.89 % NOx, 0.88 % SOx, and 1.33 % particulate matter. Given the danger of exhaust emissions, especially carbon monoxide which can cause death for humans who inhale it, therefore efforts are needed to control air pollution from motorized vehicles. There are several methods that can be used, one of which is to use adsorbents. Activated carbon can be used as an adsorbent. One alternative that can be applied as an adsorbent is peat soil-activated carbon which is abundant and easy to make as an adsorbent. By utilizing the abundant peat-soil which is a great potential area of Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan. In this experimental study; model l has a diameter of 20 mm, model 2 has an outside diameter of 20 mm and an inside diameter of 10 mm, and model 3 is without adsorbent. The length of this model is the same. Testing with a 2005 Honda Kharisma motor vehicle with an engine speed of 1000, 2000, and 3000 rpm. CO and HC emission tests using a gas analyzer were carried out. Testing was also carried out using a dyno test to determine the engine performance of a motorcycle that was installed with an adsorbent on the exhaust gas. The results showed that peat soil adsorbents with perforated circle designs can reduce CO gas emissions by 55 % compared to the others. Besides that, the use of peat soil adsorbents with hollow circle designs can also reduce HC gas emissions by 3.51 %. The results of the engine performance test showed that there was no significant effect of using this adsorbent on torque and power. In conclusion, peat soil adsorbents used to reduce exhaust emissions in motorized vehicles can be applied

Operational and Environmental Assessment of Weaving Section for Urban Roads: Case Study, Aljouf Region, KSA

The urban weaving sections are more complex due to the various disturbing elements within the weaving section, such as lane-change situations. These turbulences reduced road capacity and increased vehicle exhaust emissions. The Highway Capacity Manual (HCM 2010) has a methodology for the analysis of weaving sections for the free highways; the methodology for the analysis of urban roads is not investigated in the HCM. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to present a systematic analysis of the factors that could potentially affect the capacity and exhaust emissions of urban weaving sections. These factors include the main road traffic volume, the weaving section length (WL), the volume ratio (VR), and the percentage of heavy vehicles (HV%). Two weaving sections were selected in the Aljouf Region, KSA; the Sakakah–Dumat Al-Jandal road. The collected data were used in the development of microsimulation using VISSIM models. The results indicated that increasing the volume ratio and percentage of heavy vehicles caused a decrease in capacity and an increase in exhaust emissions. It was discovered that the increase of weaving length resulted in increasing the capacity. However, increasing the weaving length was not beneficial for reducing exhaust emissions. Finally, regression models were developed for capacity estimation and emissions prediction of urban weaving sections based on weaving length and volume ratio, resulting in relatively high R2 values.

Optimal Water Addition in Emulsion Diesel Fuel Using Machine Learning and Sea-Horse Optimizer to Minimize Exhaust Pollutants from Diesel Engine

Water-in-diesel (W/D) emulsion fuel is a potentially viable diesel fuel that can simultaneously enhance engine performance and reduce exhaust emissions in a current diesel engine without requiring engine modifications or incurring additional costs. In a consistent manner, the current study examines the impact of adding water, in the range of 5–30% wt. (5% increment) and 2% surfactant of polysorbate 20, on the performance in terms of brake torque (BT) and exhaust emissions of a four-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine. The relationship between independent factors, including water addition and engine speed, and dependent factors, including different exhaust released emissions and BT, was initially generated using machine learning support vector regression (SVR). Subsequently, a robust and modern optimization of the sea-horse optimizer (SHO) was run through the SVR model to find the optimal water addition and engine speed for improving the BT and lowering exhaust emissions. Furthermore, the SVR model was compared to the artificial neural network (ANN) model in terms of R-squared and mean square error (MSE). According to the experimental results, the BT was boosted by 3.34% compared to pure diesel at 5% water addition. The highest reduction in carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) was 9.57% and 15.63%, respectively, at 15% of water addition compared to diesel fuel. The nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions from emulsified fuel were significantly lower than those from pure diesel, with a maximum decrease of 67.14% at 30% water addition. The suggested SVR-SHO model demonstrated superior prediction reliability, with a significant R-Squared of more than 0.98 and a low MSE of less than 0.003. The SHO revealed that adding 15% water to the W/D emulsion fuel at an engine speed of 1848 rpm yielded the optimum BT, CO, UHC, and NOx values of 49.5 N.m, 0.5%, 57 ppm, and 369 ppm, respectively. Finally, these outcomes have important implications for the potential of the SVR-SHO approach to minimize engine exhaust emissions while maximizing engine performance.

Comparative Study of Soft Computing and Metaheuristic Models in Developing Reduced Exhaust Emission Characteristics for Diesel Engine Fueled with Various Blends of Biodiesel and Metallic Nanoadditive Mixtures: An ANFIS-GA-HSA Approach.

Since the discovery of petrol-based products, a surge in energy-requiring equipment has been established across the world. Recent depletion of the existing crude oil resources has motivated researchers to opt for and analyze potential fuels that could potentially provide a cost-effective and sustainable solution. The current study selects a waste plant known as Eichhornia crassipes through which biodiesel is generated, and its blends are tested in diesel engines for feasibility. Different models using soft computing and metaheuristic techniques are employed for the accurate prediction of performance and exhaust characteristics. The blends are further mixed with nanoadditives, thereby exploring and comparing the changes in performance characteristics. The input attributes considered in the study comprise engine load, blend percentage, nanoparticle concentration, and injection pressure, while the outcomes are brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption, carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbon, and oxides of nitrogen. Models were further ranked and chosen based on their set of attributes using the ranking technique. The ranking criteria for models were based on cost, accuracy, and skill requirement. The ANFIS harmony search algorithm (HSA) reported a lower error rate, while the ANFIS model reported the lowest cost. The optimal combination achieved was 20.80 kW, 2.48047, 150.501 ppm, 4.05025 ppm, and 0.018326% for brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific energy consumption (BSEC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), unburnt hydrocarbons (UBHC), and carbon monoxide (CO), respectively, thereby furnishing better results than the adaptive neuro-fuzzy interface system (ANFIS) and the ANFIS-genetic algorithm model. Henceforth, integrating the results of ANFIS with an optimization technique with the harmony search algorithm (HSA) yields accurate results but at a comparatively higher cost.

Synthesis, Characterization and Application of SnO2@rGO Nanocomposite for Selective Catalytic Reduction of Exhaust Emission in Internal Combustion Engines

In this experimental investigation, a procreation approach was used to produce a catalyst based on SnO2@rGO nanocomposite for use in a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system. Plastic waste oil is one such alternative that helps to ensure the survival of fossil fuels and also lessens the negative impacts of improper waste disposal. The SnO2@rGO nanocomposite was prepared by fine dispersion of SnO2 nanoparticles on monolayer-dispersed reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and carefully investigated for its potential in adsorbing CO, CO2, NOX, and hydrocarbon (HC). The as-synthesized SnO2@rGO nanocomposite was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and surface area analyses. Then, the impact of catalysts inside the exhaust engine system was evaluated in a realistic setting with a single-cylinder, direct-injection diesel engine. As a result, the catalysts reduced harmful pollution emissions while marginally increasing brake-specific fuel consumption. The nanocomposite was shown to exhibit higher NOX adsorption efficiencies when working with different toxic gases. Maximum reductions in the emission of NOX, hydrocarbons, and CO were achieved at a rate of 78%, 62%, and 15%, respectively. These harmful pollutants were adsorbed on the active sites of catalyst and are converted to useful fuel gases through catalytic reduction thereby hindering the trajectory of global warming.

Improvement of exhaust emissions in a diesel engine with the addition of an oxygenated additive to diesel-biodiesel blends

Emissions control in internal combustion engines is the big challenge faced by engine manufacturers. Modern internal combustion engines exploit various systems to reduce exhaust emissions. However, the existing emission control systems will fall short of meeting stringent future emission regulations. This study attempts to reduce the exhaust emissions of a diesel engine fuelled with diesel-biodiesel blends by utilising ethyl acetate as a renewable oxygenated fuel additive. In this context, initially, ethyl acetate is mixed with biodiesel-diesel blends by 5% and 10% volume to obtain test fuels. Then, their fuel properties are measured by applying test methods proposed in the standards. Subsequently, engine experiments are conducted on a single-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine operated on distinct test conditions. The findings indicate that the inclusion of ethyl acetate in the diesel-biodiesel blends improves the fuel quality and markedly decreases emissions. A substantial reduction is achieved in NOX, soot, and CO emissions up to 50%, 70%, and 71%, respectively, with a slight increase in fuel consumption in the case of adding ethyl acetate. More importantly, the addition of ethyl acetate enhances the NOX-smoke trade-off and NOX-BSFC trade-off characteristic of a diesel engine without loss of thermal efficiency. From this research, it can be inferred that ethyl acetate can potentially reduce exhaust emissions of the existing diesel engines fuelled with diesel-biodiesel blends.

Performance of Adsorbent from Calcium Carbide Residue to Reduce Exhaust Emissions of Two-wheeler

The performance of calcium carbide residue in reducing two-wheel exhaust emissions has been studied. To perform this experiment, the carbide residue was first converted into adsorbent and then mounted in the exhaust gas line. Two-wheeler used are vehicles commonly used among Indonesian motorcyclists. The test was carried out by varying the adsorbent dimensions and engine transmission. Engine emission tests and adsorbent performance investigations were performed both before and after the exhaust emissions made contact with the adsorbent. The results showed that upon direct contact with the carbide adsorbent, the emission of two-wheeled engines decreased. Carbon-based emissions were reduced significantly in the early stages of the experiment. Moreover, emissions reduction benefits are seen in all adsorbent and transmission engine configurations. The greater the adsorbent's surface area, the better the emission reduction. A significant emissions reduction is also achieved when the first engine transmission condition is applied compared to the neutral transmission. However, the adsorption efficacy declined over time in all research variations. The presence of channels and pores in the adsorbent, and the high temperature attained by the adsorbent, keep improving the adsorbent's adsorption capabilities. However, as saturation increases, the adsorbent's adsorption, and oxidation capability decline.

Exposure risk to carbon monoxide concentrations inside a diesel-based bus rapid transport system: a CFD-Monte Carlo modeling approach

Bus rapid transit (BRT) vehicles are common microenvironments in urban areas. In some cities, these BRT vehicles are diesel-powered, which makes them highly pollutant. Recent studies report high levels and exposure risk to particulate matter in BRT vehicles. Nevertheless, extensive research has yet to be published, including gaseous pollutants (e.g., CO). Nevertheless, extensive research including gaseous pollutants (e.g., CO) has not been published. This research aims to evaluate the self-pollution of BRT buses in terms of exhaust gasses. For this, measurements and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) were used. Results suggest that pollutant concentrations stay low during most of the trips. However, some areas of the buses have significant swings and peaks due to the transit cycle. Here, we used CFD modeling to evaluate the dispersion of the exhaust CO inside and outside the bus. CFD results show that the bus rear has the highest concentrations, with a mean self-pollution ratio of 12%. Additionally, we developed a method based on the source-receptor relationship to quantify the impact of exhaust emissions reduction on self-pollution, showing that the technological replacement of current diesel buses would reduce self-pollution and, therefore, passenger exposure. Finally, since modeling results may be inaccurate, an uncertainty analysis was developed using the Monte Carlo method to obtain a confidence interval of 90% for the variables linked to the self-pollution.

Enhancement of the diesel fuel characteristics by using nitrogen-doped multi-walled carbon nanotube additives

Nanoparticles are considered promising additives to diesel fuel and significantly affect engine performance and exhaust emission levels. Nitrogen-doped multiwalled carbon nanotubes (N-doped MWCNTs) are one of the effective catalysts owing to their promising properties, which have recently increased their usability in many applications. These features make them good candidates as a catalyst to enhance diesel engine performance. The effects of adding N-doped MWCNTs into diesel fuel for a single-cylinder CI engine working at a rated speed of 1500 rpm and different loads were studied. Four doses of N-doped MWCNTs were added to diesel fuel using ultrasonic dispersion. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were used as reference additives to compare their results with those obtained by N-doped MWCNTs. The results illustrated that most blends of N-doped MWCNTs were preferred in combustion behavior, engine performance, and exhaust emission analysis with respect to diesel and MWCNTs blends. Thus, there was a significant increase in the in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate compared to pure diesel. Also, the brake thermal efficiency was increased, and the brake specific fuel consumption was reduced compared to diesel. For all N-doped MWCNTs blends, there were remarkable reductions in NOx, soot, and CO formations, and it is mainly preferred over MWCNTs/diesel blends in exhaust emissions reduction.

THE IMPACT OF CHROME PLATED COPPER CATALYTIC CONVERTERS ON ENGINE PERFORMANCE WAS EVALUATED BY CHASSIS DYNAMOMETER EXPERIMENT

Emissions produced by motorized vehicles greatly contribute to various environmental and health problems. One technology that is currently being developed to reduce the number of emissions in the environment is the catalytic converter. This technology is proven to be able to reduce exhaust emissions well, but how big the impact on engine performance (torque and power) still needs further research. The main objective of this study was to determine the impact of using chrome plated copper (CuCr) catalytic converters on engine performance. The vehicle used in the test is a Yamaha Vixion Lightning 150 CC. Engine performance (torque and power) was measured using the Inertia Chassis Dynamometer test instrument with the SAE J1349 standard. The findings of this study indicate that the use of experimental exhaust results in a decrease in vehicle torque and power. This is certainly a compromising factor that must be accepted, considering that installing a catalyst is the same as increasing the exhaust gas flow barrier. The decrease in torque and power is still in the acceptable category, considering that the average decrease only occurs at about 5% for torque and 7% for power. All these arguments show that since the main purpose of using catalytic converters is to lower exhaust emissions, it makes engine performance lower than expected.

Experimental investigation of starting-up, energy-saving, and emission-reducing performances of hybrid supercapacitor energy storage systems for automobiles

Improvements in engine starting-up performance, such as reducing fuel consumption and exhaust emission pollution during the startup process, are very vital to achieve the national development goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. Hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) energy storage systems containing batteries and supercapacitors (SCs) are considered promising energy storage strategies to compensate for the disadvantages of a single energy storage technology. In this paper, two kinds of novel 12 V/50 Ah and 12 V/70 Ah module-level energy storage systems composed of cell-level 3.6 V/2200 F HSCs were first designed. Analysis on their fundamental electrochemical properties under room temperature conditions was also performed. Four different types of energy storage systems composed of 12 V/70 Ah lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries, 12 V/70 Ah valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries, and the aforementioned HSCs were then employed to compare their starting energy, energy-saving, and emission-reduction characteristics. Additionally, the 12 V/70 Ah HSC module saved 7.82 %, 3.18 %, and 1.65 % of fuel as compared to the 12 V/70 Ah VRLA, 12 V/70 Ah LFP, and 12 V/50 Ah HSC modules, respectively, demonstrating its superior fuel economy property. Simultaneously, the volume concentration of HC and CO emission in the startup process are 12.7 % and 13.2 % lower than that average of the other three modules, respectively, which shows a good exhaust emission reduction effect. The proposed energy storage system will provide systematic experimental data support and valuable theoretical guidance for the industrialization and application of HSCs.

The performance and emission of a generator-diesel engine fueled with palm oil methyl ester combined with carbureting biobutanol

Palm oil methyl ester (POME) has been partially blended with diesel and applied to diesel vehicles according to its advantages of lowering carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM) but carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are yet trade-off. By premixed combustion technique, performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine-generator system fueled with POME combined with carbureting biobutanol are studied, at 3,000 rpm speed under load variation without engine re-calibration. POME was combined with the low activity biobutanol, supplied by carburetion with the rates of 0.20 to 0.34 g/s. The results of the engine test have shown the continuous reduction of engine performance and exhaust emissions for the highly fumigated biobutanol, combined with POME. The POME combined with 0.20 g/s carbureting biobutanol improved the thermal efficiency, albeit the specific fuel consumption was slightly higher than the neat POME. The releases of CO2, NOx and PM were reduced by 5%, 6% and 24%, respectively but suffering from 18% CO incrementation compared with POME. The premixed biobutanol is limited by a carburetor main jet that may lead to the addition of CO. The premixing method modification is required for further research.

Investigations on reduction of pollutants in spark ignition engine

With a great vulnerability to oil embargoes and shortage of fossil fuels, attention is focussed on development of alternative fuel sources. Therefore alternative fuels like alcohol are preferred due to their comparable properties with gasoline. Reduction of exhaust emissions from engines has been focused and given importance in the development of new engines. The aim of the investigations is to determine and control of pollutants of the variable speed engine with piston surface, coated with copper and also inner side of the cylinder head as well as liner fuelled with gasohol [80% of gasoline blended with 20% of ethanol] by varying timing of spark ignition coupled with catalytic converter using catalyst of sponge iron incorporating air injection in catalytic chamber. The operating conditions of the investigations were configuration of the engine and ignition timing, with and without the provision of catalytic chamber. The exhaust emissions of carbon mono oxide (CO), un-burnt hydro carbons (UBHC) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) levels were determined at various values of brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of the engine. CO emissions, UBHC emissions and NOx levels were evaluated with sophisticated analyzer at various values of BMEP of the engine. Copper coated engine with gasohol at its optimum ignition timing reduced pollution levels. Catalytic converter reduced pollution levels by 40% and further reduction of emissions were pronounced with the injection of air. The ignition timing which was found to be optimum with CE was 280bTDC (before top dead centre), while it was 270b TDC with copper coated engine (CCE).

Effect of Zero-Sap Antiwear/Ep Lubricant Additives on Nano-Mechanical Properties of Tribofilms Formed on AISI 52100 Steel Grade

Numerous nations have recently passed stricter environmental legislation due to excessive release of harmful emissions like sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), and zinc (Zn) in conventional lubricating oil additives used in contemporary internal combustion engines. Use of borate ester lubricant additives with no sulfated ash, phosphorus, or sulfur effect (zero-SAPS) is one way to reduce this effect. The resistance of tribofilms from oils containing borate esters on AISI 52100 steel grade to plastic deformation is not entirely understood, yet. This study compares Zinc Dialkyl Dithiophosphate (ZDDP) to the tribological performance and Nano-mechanical behavior of tribofilms made from each of the antiwear/extreme pressure borate esters in Polyalphaolefin (PAO6) base oil. According to tribological test findings on a reciprocating steel pin-on-steel plate sliding rig, the boundary films formed by the borate esters reduced friction and wear in a manner similar to that of ZDDP. On the wear scar, the Nano-indentation technique was used to characterize the Nano-mechanical properties of the tribofilms. The ratios of reduced elastic modulus to hardness (E’/H) for the tribofilms of both borate esters are not only higher than the steel substrate but also comparable to ZDDP. This shows that boron-containing tribofilms offered ZDDP-like tribological performance and also have the ability to release absorbed frictional energy when moving across elastic asperity contacts. Consequently, using borate additives in lubricating oils in IC engines is a method of reducing exhaust emission modern vehicles without adversely affecting tribological performance.Key Words:Anti-wear Additives, Borate Esters, Plasticity Index.

PENGARUH PENCAMPURAN MINYAK TANAH DENGAN BAHAN BAKAR MINYAK DIESEL, BIODIESEL DAN LAINNYA - REVIEW

The use of diesel oil has been proven to increase exhaust emissions which will have an impact on the environment. Mixing diesel oil with other fuels can reduce exhaust emissions and increase combustion efficiency. This article discusses the review of mixing kerosene with diesel oil and biodiesel. The method was the fuel are running in the diesel engine and calculated the performance and emissions in the engine. The fuel properties of mixing kerosene with diesel oil and biodiesel can reduce the level of viscosity and specific gravity of the fuel and increase the calorific value which will have an impact on improving the atomization in combustion. In addition, mixing diesel oil and kerosene can reduce emissions such as CO2, CO, HC, particulate, and opacity. However, mixing kerosene with biodiesel can increase NOx emissions. In addition, the addition of kerosene in diesel oil can lead to low fuel consumption in diesel oil. The addition of kerosene with biodiesel will increase thermal efficiency. Therefore, it can be concluded that the addition of kerosene into diesel oil and biodiesel can improve engine performance in the engine and reduce some exhaust emissions.

Battery Caused Fires in Electric Vehicles

Nowadays, the global trend of reducing exhaust emissions and the increasing the demand for clean energy sources have initiated the development of electric vehicles by many vehicle manufacturers. We are starting to encounter electric vehicles, whose mass production is relatively new, on the roads more and more every day. Fire response methods, which are one of the most common emergencies encountered in electric vehicles, which are widely used, differently in the extinguishing agent and extinguishing methods of fires compared to gasoline or diesel engine vehicles. In this study, the causes of the thermal leak formation mechanism in batteries, which are the most basic place of fires encountered in electric vehicles, will be examined, and information on the methods of intervention to the fire that may occur will be examined. By means of the results obtained from here, the possibilities of application in electric and semi-electric (hybrid) vehicles will be discussed.

An experimental study on the performance and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder diesel engine running on biodiesel made from palm oil and antioxidant additive

The current experiment will look into the effect of adding an antioxidant (butylated hydroxytoluene) to palm oil biodiesel (20% palm oil + 80% diesel) in a diesel engine to reduce exhaust emissions. Alkali transesterification of palm oil produces biodiesel. Different biodiesel blends are generated for fuel samples, including 95 percent biodiesel plus 5 percent butylated hydroxytoluene (P20BHT5) and 90 percent biodiesel plus 10 percent butylated hydroxytoluene (P20BHT10). According to the experimental examination, P20BHT5 and P20BHT10 emit much fewer oxides of nitrogen than P20 and diesel fuel. Additionally, the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) is considerably lower as compared to P20 when an antioxidant ingredient is added to the biodiesel in the engine. Also found was a modest increase in smoke, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbon emissions when an antioxidant ingredient was added to P20.

Exhaust emissions reduction and fuel consumption from the LNG energy system depending on the ship operating modes

In today’s environment of increasing pressure to reduce fuel consumption and emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), the LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) transportation industry is growing in size and influence. In this context, further efforts are needed to improve the energy efficiency of LNG marine energy power plant. The LNG vessels and their equipment considered in this study have different power consumption requirements depending on the vessel’s mode of operation (loading/unloading, maneuvering, anchoring, at sea, etc.). For each ship mode, where the power plant requirements are the same, the specific fuel consumption (SFOC) and exhaust emissions, NOx and CO2, are compared with a different number of engines in the network to find the optimal number of engines in the network, considering both the safety aspect and the port requirements. An analysis was performed showing the efficiency of the on-board power management system (PMS) in terms of manual load sharing between engines. A comprehensive analysis of the data and its comparison led to the conclusion that the manual distribution of power among the engines is the slightly better solution. The obtained results show that further analysis of the number of engines for a given load with minimum fuel consumption and CO2 and NOx emissions is required.