Reduction Of Unemployment Research Articles

ПРАВОВЫЕ И ФИНАНСОВО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ РАЗВИТИЯ САМОЗАНЯТОСТИ В РОССИИ

The problem of employment of the population, reduction of unemployment is relevant for countries with market economies, and the development of new forms of employment partially solves this problem. The development of self-employment in our country has a fairly long history, but as an institution self-employment began to take shape starting in 2019. According to the definition of the International Classification of the Status of Employed (ICSE – 93), self-employment means working in your own company, when remuneration directly depends on the income received from the production of products and services. A characteristic feature of self-employment is its attractiveness to a wide variety of segments of the population, the simplicity of involvement and work. In fact, self-employment appears as a tool for increasing the labor activity of both employed and non-employed people. The advantage of self-employment is the opportunity to realize their labor potential, in such a way and in such a form that is most convenient and beneficial for its bearer. Self-employment erases the boundaries of coercion and managerial influence, providing a high level of independence, creativity and self-development. The development of self-employment leads to the fact that the shortcomings of the legal regulation of this form of entrepreneurship, as well as social insecurity and high risks of the self-employed are becoming more and more obvious. These include uncertainty of legal status, restrictions on business expansion, non-inclusion in pension and social insurance, financing risks and strict requirements in case of failure of social contracts and state subsidies. All these problems need to be solved in the near future in order to realize the potential of self-employment in increasingly broad areas of the economy and society.

ACTIVATION OF ENTREPRENEURIAL POTENTIAL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A TERRITORIAL COMMUNITY

Introduction. The practice of countries with market economies shows that small businesses are a structural factor in the economy, playing an important role in job creation and unemployment reduction, and quickly responding to changes in consumer demand. Therefore, in modern conditions, it is obvious that the development of a territory is impossible without the participation of businesses. Local selfgovernment bodies, by supporting this sector of the economy, address specific tasks of economic development: improving the quality of life of residents and improving the infrastructure of the community's economy. Local self-government bodies promote the development of the local economy by supporting business. The goal of the article is to study the processes of activating intrepreneurial potential for the development of a territorial community, as well as to outline the directions for creating favorable conditions for entrepreneurship and supporting small and medium-sized enterprises. Methods. The methods of economic, systemic, structural analysis and generalization are used. Results. The role of the entrepreneurial sector in the development of the regional economy has been analyzed. It has been proven that entrepreneurship is a key element in the development of any territorial community. The economic development, social stability, and overall standard of living depend not only on the activity and efficiency of entrepreneurs. It has been established that activating entrepreneurial potential for the development of a territorial community is a key aspect of sustainable socio-economic development. Successful implementation of this strategy requires a comprehensive approach aimed at creating favorable conditions for entrepreneurship and supporting small and mediumsized enterprises. The path to success lies in promoting entrepreneurship through financial support, creating a favorable business environment, and a joint approach of all stakeholders. Conclusions. The main provisions of the scientific article will contribute to creating conditions for activating entrepreneurial potential to improve the quality of life of community residents.

МОЛОДІЖНЕ БЕЗРОБІТТЯ В УКРАЇНІ В УМОВАХ ВОЄННОГО СТАНУ ТА РОЗРОБКА ЗАХОДІВ ЩОДО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ПРАЦЕВЛАШТУВАННЯ МОЛОДІ

In the article, the problems of youth employment during martial law, as well as the causes of youth unemployment and ways to solve them are researched. The attention is focused on the fact that to overcome youth unemployment, it is important to direct the key guidelines of the state youth policy and the employment policy to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goal 8, which will involve the gradual transition to a modern innovative model, the priority of which will be a qualified highly paid workforce, and that shall contribute to the reduction of unemployment and the improvement of the living standard of the working population (including youth).The dynamics of the youth number in Ukraine, as well as its distribution by age, were studied. The selection of the most popular specialties chosen by young people was conducted, and their compliance with the needs of the labor market of Ukraine was assessed. It has been proven that when choosing a future profession, the applicants should ask what kinds of specialists will be needed, which will help to avoid the risk of replenishing the unemployment rank, taking into account the fact that there will be significant changes in the professional structure of the labor demand due to the post-war recovery of the country. The statistical data of the number of the officially registered unemployed were researched, TOP –5 the most sought-after vacancies in the labor market at the beginning of 2023, and the salary level, the reason of the refusal by youth from actual vacancies were outlined.It has been proven that the activation of the processes of the youth migration significantly affect the unemployment level in Ukraine. The employment level of youth abroad was assessed. To reduce the youth unemployment level, the authors proposed some measures, including: changing the vector of the career guidance work, monitoring the employers’ expectations and aligning the mastering of the necessary competencies during the profession acquisition; involving the youth in recovery processes under the “Vidnova” program; stimulation of the labor demand through the formation of a state order for the specialties that are strategically important for the country; development of the measures to actively restore the country’s economic potential, which will help to return young people who have forcibly migrated abroad.

High unemployment, disrupted economic growth and sustainable development goals: Analyzing unemployment reduction

This study aims to analyze the factors influencing unemployment and determine the role of stakeholders in reducing unemployment in Central Java Province, Indonesia. Data encompasses 35 regencies and municipalities of the Central Province from 2007 to 2020, with the total sample being 490. The employed sequential mixed method includes two analytical tools, namely panel data and vector regression with mactor software; the latter is used to examine the convergence among actors. Six main actors in reducing unemployment are identified, namely Regional Development Planning Agency (Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah/Bappeda), Department of Labor, Department of Education, community leaders; job training center, and Indonesian Chamber of Commerce (Kamar Dagang dan Industri Indonesia/Kadin). The results of the first analysis show that the variables of economic growth, Human Development Index (HDI) and school enrollment have negative and significant effect on unemployment. The results of convergence analysis highlight the importance of the Department of Labor in linking the supply and demand sides of labor in Central Java.

Determinants of the Human Development Index (HDI) in Indonesia, 2014 - 2021

Human development is a process of community change in improving the welfare andprosperity of their lives which includes aspects of health, education, economic andsocial aspects. This study aims to analyze the effect of protein intake, early marriage,health and educational facilities, unemployment, and MSMEs on HDI in Indonesia.The OLS and FEM model are used to estimate Indonesia’s 34 provinces panel dataset from 2014 in 2021. The study results show the life expectancy was affected byprotein consumption, number of hospitals, and health centers. The average length ofschooling is affected by the number of elementary, high school, and vocational schools and is influenced by the number of elementary and vocational school teachers. Gross Domestic Regional Product (GRDP) per capita is affected by unemployment rate and MSMEs. The increasing of protein consumption, early marriages evidences, number of health care provision, number of school are correlated on HDI. Furthermore, HDI is also affectef by the reduction of unemployment and number of MSMEs.

The Effect of Digitalization on Unemployment Reduction

Digital transformation and the digitalization of economic activity are ongoing trends profoundly shaping the global economy. Digitalization reflects digital inputs in the production process and new household and government consumption modes, investment possibilities, and financial instruments, increasingly envisaged by digital technologies and tools. This is also impacting the labour markets, on the one hand substituting machines to labour for routinized tasks and thus decreasing the demand for soft skills labour, but on the other hand, increasing the need for new professions revolving around new production and consumption modalities and digital skills. Considering these contrasting effects, it is essential to estimate the overall impact of digitalization on employment. Therefore, this study captures the impact of economic growth and digitalization on unemployment change, evaluating a modified version of Okun’s Law on a balanced panel data set for 58 countries between 2013 and 2019. The results from the estimation of a fixed-effect model show the empirical validity of Okun’s law for the sampled countries and a significant contribution of digitalization on unemployment reduction.

Bezpieczeństwo społeczne Polaków na początku XXI wieku

Social security is recognised as one of the most important challenges of the XXI-th century. Social security includes social protection for the ones in need and community security for social groups. It is the safeguarding tool for combat with social threats in sense of intensification of negative phenomena and events, in effect of which existential values as well as interests of the nation and state are being disrupted; often there are negative consequences of political system change processes. Social security guarantees the protection of individuals in case of reduction of salaries, sickness, maternity, unemployment, disability, old age and death, it provides health care and assures protection to the families with children. The State as the highest form of social organization is primarily responsible for social security. This is the State, by creating the conditions for work and education, health protection and retirement guarantees, that should protect the public against the threats, assure the possibility to meet individual needs and realization of life aspirations of its citizens. The main threats of the Poles in the XXI-th century are as follows: functioning of Polish families, poverty and social exclusion, old age, globalization processes and membership in European Union.

The impact of E-education and innovation on unemployment reduction among graduates: A way forward for higher educational institutes.

Recently, the use of digital skills as a tool to alleviate unemployment concerns of university graduates has gained considerable attention among governments in developing economies. The present study examines the impact of the E-education program (a digital initiative to train university graduates to get self-employed) on the unemployment reduction of young graduates of higher educational institutes (HEIs). We also explore the mediating influence of innovation in the association between E-education and unemployment reduction. The target population of the study was students who have successfully completed the E-education program. The convenient sampling technique was used for data collection from 416 respondents through a structured questionnaire. Collected data were analyzed using different statistical techniques, such as descriptive statistics (reliability analysis, normality analysis, and correlation) and structural equation modeling for measurement of the structural model. The study findings assert that the E-education program has significant effects on the unemployment reduction of graduates. Furthermore, innovation also significantly mediates the association between E-education and reduce unemployment among students. It implies that the HEIs should also roll out E-education programs, which would eventually help reduce unemployment and promote the growth of the E-education industry in the country. Finally, policy prescriptions are discussed on the role of an E-education-driven innovation to curtail unemployment in developing countries.

Macro-economic determinants, maternal and infant SDG targets in Nigeria: Correlation and predictive modeling.

Unambiguously, Nigeria is off-track in achieving the health-related SDGs. Consequentially, this study aligns with SDG 3 which calls for "good health and wellbeing for people by ensuring healthy lives and promoting wellbeing for all at all ages". This article examines the combined effect of health expenditure and other key macro-economic factors on health indices such as maternal and newborn and child mortality in Nigeria. Contrary to existing literature, we formulated a model that predicts the level of macro-economic determinants needed to achieve the SDG targets for maternal and newborn and child mortality in Nigeria by 2030. The study used Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL), which is usually used for large T models. The study period spans from 1995 to 2020. We found a significant negative relationship between health outcomes and macro-economic determinants namely, household consumption, total health expenditure, and gross fixed capital while we determined a significant positive relationship between health outcomes and unemployment. Our findings are further supported by out-of-sample forecast results suggesting a reduction in unemployment to 1.84 percent and an increase in health expenditure, gross fixed capital, household consumption, control of corruption to 1,818.87 billon (naira), 94.46 billion (naira), 3.2 percent, and -4.2 percent respectively to achieve SDG health targets in Nigeria by 2030. The outcome of this result will give the Nigerian government and stakeholders a deeper understanding of the workings of the macro-economic factors, concerning health performance and will help position Nigeria, and other SSA countries by extension, toward reducing maternal mortality to 70 per 100,000 and newborn and child mortality to 25 per 1,000 births by 2030. The African leaders should consider passing into law the need for improvement in macro-economic factors for better health in Africa. We also recommend that the Nigerian government should steadily increase health expenditure to reach and move beyond the forecast level for improvement in maternal and infant mortality, given the present low and unimpressive funding for the health sector in the country.

Етапи і ефекти розвитку економіки Італії в історичному вимірі

The article analyzes the stages of the economic development of Italy from the mid-nineteenth century to the world economic and financial crisis in period 2007–2009. The economy of Italy is an interesting example among developed capitalist countries. In the post-war years, Italy, starting from a low level, quickly became one of the industrial powers in the world. The 1950s and 1960s were a period of dynamic industrialization of this country, which resulted in the expansion of a number modern industries, especially chemical and machine industries. Italy was even considered an example of an «economic miracle». The main feature of this period was the rapid growth of gross (GNP) and net (PNN) national product, which was accompanied by a high investment rate, dynamic export growth, a significant reduction in unemployment and profound changes in the employment structure. Since the mid-1990s, their economy has been developing significantly slower than the EU average. In 2019, GDP (nominal) in this country amounted to 1,988 billion dollars, which allowed Italy to take eighth place in the world ranking of the largest economies and despite the crisis, the fourth economy in Europe (after Germany, Great Britain and France). The economic problem is significant unemployment (9.8% in 2020) and the country's internal debt amounting to 134.8% of GDP (in 2019). The interdependence of export-investment-economic growth was historically the driving mechanism of the economic development of Italy in the 1950s and 1960s. However, in the 1970s, or even slightly earlier, the period of dynamic development ended. The aforementioned driving mechanism of the economy has ceased to function.

Creation of special (free) economic zones as the state stimulate development of some territories

The article is devoted to the study of the legal basis for the formation and functioning of special (free) economic zones. It is substantiated that the creation of a special (free) economic zone is an effective means of state stimulation of economic development of individual territories. The economic efficiency of the formation and functioning of special (free) economic zones is analyzed. It is established that important indicators of such efficiency are: reduction of unemployment in the respective territory, increase of investment income, development of production, etc.
 The author has identified some problematic aspects of the legal regulation of the formation and functioning of special (free) economic zones. In particular, on the basis of the analysis it was determined that the Tax Code of Ukraine and the Customs Code of Ukraine do not contain rules that determine the peculiarities of the tax and customs regimes in the territories of special (free) economic zones, and after the 2005 amendments to the Law of Ukraine "On General Principles" the creation and functioning of special (free) economic zones ”the special preferential tax regime in the specified territories was terminated, which in general called into question the expediency of functioning of special economic zones. It was also found that the legal act, which determined the procedure and methodology for assessing the effectiveness of the functioning of the special (free) economic zone, has lost its validity, however, a new act, taking into account modern economic requirements and needs, has not been developed.
 The experience of some foreign countries in the field of formation and functioning of special (free) economic zones is investigated. On the basis of the scientific and legal analysis, a number of proposals for improving the legal regulation in the field of formation and functioning of special (free) economic zones were developed, in particular, by introducing amendments to the Tax and Customs Codes of Ukraine, laws of Ukraine, which regulate the formation and functioning of the respective special (free) economic zones.

ECONOMIC GROWTH AND TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES BETWEEN TWO GLOBAL CRISES AND BEYOND

The aim of the article is to assess the factors of economic growth of the CEE countries over the 30-year history, the productivity of capital and human resources, the resilience of these countries to the negative impact of the global financial crisis. Methodology. The Solow growth model was used to estimate the growth rates of capital, labor and total factor productivity (TFP). The impact of macroeconomic indicators on GDP and TFP growth is assessed. The group of Central and Eastern European countries that joined the European Union was chosen for the analysis: Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, as well as post-Soviet European countries: Ukraine, Belarus, Russia and Moldova and Albania in the period from 1991 to 2019. Results. TFP makes a significant contribution to the economic growth of CEE countries. During the period of market reforms, TFP significantly decreased, and during the boom of 2000-2008 it fully ensured the growth of the CEE economies, after the crisis of 2008, the contribution of TFP decreased by 2 times. In the conditions of recovery, TFP growth is positively influenced by inflation, negative CA balance, and unemployment reduction. In the post-crisis period, a decrease in inflation, a positive CA balance, and an increase in unemployment had a positive impact on TFP growth. During a depression, the influence of capital becomes dominant. Restrictive monetary policy contributes to the efficiency of CEE economies. In the short run, unemployment increases, but in the long run it decreases significantly due to the growth of investment and exports. Practical implications. The analysis makes it possible to identify effective macroeconomic policies to stimulate the productivity of the economies of Central and Eastern Europe during the period of economic recovery and depression. Value/originality. A long-term study of the economic performance of CEE countries using the Solow methodology has revealed the behavior of total factor productivity in different periods of modern economic history and its contribution to economic growth.

ANALISIS PENINGKATAN MIGRASI PADA MASYARAKAT DUSUN KADUNDUNG DESA PENGKENDEKAN KECAMATAN SABBANG KABUPATEN LUWU UTARA

Research objectives to find out 1). Factors increasing migration In the Kadundung Hamlet Community, Pengkendekan Village, Sabbang District, North Luwu Regency, 2). Knowing the consequences increased migration in the Kadundung Hamlet Community, Pengkendekan Village, Sabbang District, North Luwu Regency. Type of research used n is descriptive qualitative. Data collection techniques are observation, interviews and documentation. Data analysis carried out is preparing data, reflecting on data, coding data, sharing coding results, interpreting and interpreting data.The research results show 1). There are three factors for increased migration namely: first, the driving factor which consists of a lack of jobs in origin, non-strategic location, natural disasters. Second, factor The bottlenecks consist of the long distance to the destination area and the high transportation costs expensive. Third, the pull factor consists of the expectation of more economic life well, geographical conditions in a strategic destination area and invitations from friends or brother. 2). There are two impacts of increased migration: first, impact positive is the reduction of unemployment in the village and can increase welfare of families in the village with remittances from relatives work in the city. Second, the negative impact is the lack of workers and villages become undeveloped

Education and Economic Growth in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)

The declining level of economic growth in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has been attributed to the poor level of educational development in the bloc. Consequently, this study aims to assess the effect of primary, secondary and tertiary educational development on economic growth in the ECOWAS bloc. The study adopted an extended literature review/ desktop research methodology to address three research questions. Findings based on the extended literature review indicated negative and insignificant relationships between primary educational development and economic growth in the ECOWAS bloc. Secondly, findings also established largely positive relationships between secondary educational development and economic growth in the bloc. Lastly, the relationship between tertiary educational development and economic growth was largely mixed in the ECOWAS bloc. The three specific conclusions were, therefore, validated by both the institutional fitness theory and the new theory of growth. Consequently, to improve the contributions of primary, secondary and tertiary educational development to economic growth in the ECOWAS bloc, the present study recommends the promotion of enhanced social programs, integration of existing policies and creation of societal culture executed within a sound institutional framework, reduction in unemployment, regional disparities, defining the active role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other independent institutions, as well as even distribution of political and financial power, especially in Nigeria, the largest country in the bloc.

СИНЕРГІЗМ СОЦІАЛЬНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО РОЗВИТКУ ПРОМИСЛОВИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ

The article is devoted to the study of problems of synergism and the formation of a synergistic effect in the socio-economic development of industrial enterprises. It is emphasized that in the conditions of modern challenges, the issue of ensuring the efficiency of economic systems and determining the impact of interaction between economic systems on their effectiveness, i.e., the formation of a wide range of synergistic effects, is becoming actualized. It has been proven that industrial enterprises are a key sector of the economy. The effective functioning of industrial enterprises affects the improvement of the welfare of society, the reduction of unemployment and, accordingly, the increase of employment of the population. It is substantiated that industrial enterprises are participants in the socio-economic development of the country, as aresult of their activity there is a synergistic effect, which affects the increase of the country's competitiveness. The economic indicators of the development of industrial enterprises of Ukraine were analyzed and it was proved that the relevance of synergism is determined by the special state of complex economic systems in conditions of instability, equilibrium and the dynamics of their selforganization. The place and role of synergism in the socio-economic development of industrial enterprises are highlighted. It is noted that synergy is manifested as a result of the integrated interaction of a number of factors, namely, the interaction of individual areas of activity, innovative, investment, and intellectual factors. It is emphasized that the very existence of positive feedback is a prerequisite for revolutionary transformations in the process of managing the socio-economic development of industrial enterprises. A multifactorial linear model of the index of the sale of industrial products was built, based on which the influence of profit, current costs and the volume of investments of industrial enterprises on the formation of a synergistic effect was estimated. It is proposed that in order to strengthen synergistic effects in the planning of socio-economic development of industrial enterprises in Ukraine, special attention should be paid to reducing operating costs.

Entrepreneurship as a Potential Solution to High Unemployment: A Systematic Review of Growing Research and Lessons For Ghana

The COVID-19 pandemic coupled with perennial natural disasters, wars, population increase and urbanization have rendered many people jobless and new job seekers with little or no opportunity for employment. In line with these challenges, this paper sought to review extant literature on the successes of entrepreneurship as an approach to solving unemployment across the globe. The study sought to specifically identify whether entrepreneurship alone is sufficient to achieve unemployment reduction or it must be used in tandem with other approaches, and the necessary conditions for entrepreneurship as an unemployment reducer. The Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach was used to search for relevant journal articles from Scopus, Emerald Insight and Google Scholar search engines. The search criteria were limited to unemployment and entrepreneurship nexus globally, a period of 1970 to 2020 and journal articles. Using the SLR technique, a total of 32 articles were identified out of which 19 were relevant to the research topic. The review identified that entrepreneurship alone decreases unemployment conditionally, but when combined with innovation produces a powerful force capable of revolutionizing every economy unconditionally. Another finding indicates that unemployment reduction through entrepreneurship is not instantaneous and thus requires a minimum of five years to be evident. Further findings show that entrepreneurship in the construction, transportation and utilities, financial activities, professional and business services sectors have the most impactful reduction on unemployment. Again, it was identified that provision of funds, credit facilities, training and tax reductions as well as new ideas, knowledge-based economic activities and self-reliant activity programs are key entrepreneurial recipes to halt unemployment. Thus, on the whole, entrepreneurship reduces unemployment but its true strength manifests when it is combined with innovation, and stakeholders are committed to making entrepreneurial conditions readily available. Ghana can then benefit massively by incorporating innovation with its entrepreneurship interventions.

Econometric analysis of influence by the factors on the volume of shadow economy in the countries of Europe

PurposeThis study aims to identify the factors which influence the change in the volume of shadow economy in the countries of Europe to explain its growth or reduction through the change in the identified factors. This would help to determine which factors are worth impacting to reduce the volume of shadow economy in the countries of Europe.Design/methodology/approachThis work sets out an econometric analysis. For the purpose of making research calculations, MS Excel software package has been chosen. It has been decided to use linear multiple regression and several auxiliary tools allowing research accuracy to be increased.FindingsFinal model has shown that the levels of corruption and inflation have a positive effect on the volume of shadow economy. Also, with the low level of significance it has been proved that foreign direct investments have a negative impact on the volume of shadow economy. From the hypotheses, it has also been ascertained that the rule of law and gross domestic product influence the volume of shadow economy negatively. Therefore, the results of this study indicate that the magnitude of shadow economy can be controlled by increasing the efficiency of the rule of law and the economy’s growth.Research limitations/implicationsBecause of the limited data on such an indicator as the shadow economy, in this work, this study used data for only one year – 2015, which may reduce the objectivity and reliability of the results obtained. But because of the fact that 38 European countries were taken and, as a result, the selection was larger, objectivity is preserved. As a result, three hypotheses were confirmed.Practical implicationsFrom the point of view of practical implications, this study should help determine the number of parameters, which affect the volume of the shadow economy in a particular country in Europe. Understanding of such correlations will help to regulate the volume of the shadow economy, which will mostly affect the overall development of the country.Social implicationsFrom a point of view of social implications, this study will help to solve some problems in Europe countries. Because this study is focused on finding parameters that affect the shadow economy, it is possible to reduce the volume of shadow economy. This changes can lead to a number of social improvements, such as a reduction of crime, a reduction of poverty, a reduction of unemployment, an increase of revenues to the country's treasury and a general increase of living standards.Originality/valueWithin the framework of this work, unique empirical research has been undertaken. This work helps to establish the factors which are the most influential in respect of the volume of shadow economy and which graphically indicate the following: what precisely needs to be prioritized to overcome one of the crucial socioeconomic problems for the majority of European countries.

The Environmental Philips Curve from a gender perspective: empirical evidence from India.

The trade-off between environmental degradation and unemployment has been recently termed as Environmental Philips Curve (EPC). This research attempts to investigate the presence of EPC in the Indian context utilizing time series data for the period 1990–2019. Besides contributing to the meagre empirical literature on this issue, the present study makes a novel contribution by introducing a gender dimension to this investigation. In particular, this study investigates whether the nexus between environmental degradation and unemployment is different for men and women. We examine the presence of the EPC by estimating a model that considers growth in CO2 emission as a function of economic growth, trade openness, and gender segregated unemployment rates. Our findings based on autoregressive distributed lag, fully modified ordinary least squares, and dynamic ordinary least squares estimators generate robust evidence for a negative impact of male unemployment rate on growth in CO2 emission that validates the existence of the Environmental Philips Curve for the male unemployment rate. However, there is no trade-off between environmental quality and women’s employment. In fact, the results point to a favourable effect of reduction in female unemployment on environmental quality. The results of the Block Exogeneity test indicate a unidirectional causality from male unemployment rate to environmental degradation. However, a bidirectional causal relationship exists between female unemployment and environmental degradation. The existence of a trade-off between environmental quality and male employment suggests that India is yet to find viable technologies that can curtail pollution without compromising its livelihood. An optimistic conclusion emanating from our findings is the existence of a virtuous cycle between female employment and environmental quality. An integrated approach to improve environmental quality and increase women’s economic activity may facilitate a speedy realization of sustainable development goals for India as both the goals complement and reinforce each other.

Tourism sectors contribution on the poverty reduction within tourism scope in Central Java

Through tourism, several problems such as poverty alleviation and unemployment reduction can be solved. The development and development of tourism can bring huge benefits to the Indonesian people, especially the people in the tourist destination areas. The development of tourism plays a role in economic movements that can improve the well-being of communities, such as more open employment, business opportunities for communities, and increased revenue for the communities themselves and the country, especially local governments. This study aims to determine the types of poverty, causes of poverty, and the impact of tourism on the poor population in Central Java's tourist areas. A total of 60 coastal residents were sampled for the study using a purposeful sampling method. Data analysis uses qualitative descriptions. The results of the study are as follows (i) Types of poverty in coastal communities, among which: 60 years old and above, low education level (primary school graduates), and average income below the monthly minimum wage, (ii) The factors that lead to poverty include natural factors, cultural factors and in The lack of poor people working in the tourism sector, and (iii) the impact of tourism on coastal communities is conducive to the creation of new employment opportunities, such as guest diving guests, porters and souvenir sellers by understanding the opportunities and promises to foster entrepreneurship, thereby reducing poverty in the vicinity of tourist villages.

Financial Development, Renewable Energy and Unemployment in North Africa

Purpose: The study examined the nexus between financial sector development, renewable energy usage and unemployment (UNEMP) in North African countries. The complementarities between (1) financial development (FIN) and renewable energy usage and (2) economic growth and financial development, and their influence on unemployment was also investigated within the context of North African countries.
 Design/Methodology/Approach: Panel data (1992-2019) analysis methods such as fixed effects, fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and pooled ordinary least squares (OLS) were used.
 Findings: Financial sector development had a significant unemployment reduction influence. Complementarity variables were also noted to have significantly reduced unemployment.
 Implications/Originality/Value: North African countries should therefore craft, develop and implement financial development, renewable energy usage (RENEW) and economic growth enhancement strategies and policies to increase job creation capacity.