Tension Reduction Research Articles

Emulsifying and ethanol-induced gelling properties of capsicum pectin: The impact of capsicum variety and deproteinization using the Sevag method.

This study investigated the emulsifying and ethanol-induced gelling properties of capsicum pectins from bell pepper and chili pepper, and also examined the effect of deproteinization (using the Sevag method). The research revealed that bell pepper pectin (BPP) formed smaller aggregates (337 nm at pH 2) with a higher hydrophobicity in solution due to its lower molecular weight (2.02 × 105 g/mol) and higher degree of esterification (82.15 %) compared to chili pepper pectin (CPP) (3.29 × 105 g/mol, 78.33 %). Consequently, BPP exhibited superior interfacial tension reduction ability, resulting in emulsion with smaller droplet size (483 nm at pH 2). Conversely, CPP showed superior ethanol-induced gelling property in comparison to BPP, as its lower degree of esterification and higher molecular weight facilitated hydrogen bonding interactions and crosslinking during gelation. Deproteinization with the Sevag method reduced protein content, molecular weight and esterification degree of BPP and CPP, but its impact on their emulsifying properties differed significantly. Interestingly, deproteinization notably improved the ethanol-induced gelling property of both pectins, since the increased carboxyl groups in the deproteinized products promoted hydrogen bonding during gelation. This study could facilitate the comprehensive utilization of capsicum and also advance our understanding of the impact of the Sevag method.

The study of micellar transitions in mixed systems of dibranched cationic/nonionic fluorinated surfactants using various physicochemical methods

AbstractIn this study, a new method was introduced to induce micellar transitions by using vesicles formed from mixed surfactants, which offer enhanced stability. Different physicochemical analysis methods were used to study the transition mechanism and the aggregation behavior of the mixed aqueous system composed of the double‐chain cationic didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) and a single‐chain nonionic fluorinated surfactant undecafluoro n‐pentyl decaoxyethylene ether (C5F11(EO)10), by varying the fraction of DDAB, then the total surfactant concentration of DDAB/C5F11(EO)10 mixed system at XDDAB = 0.9. The obtained results indicated that the addition of the fluorinated surfactant C5F11(EO)10 to the mixed system resulted in a reduction of the surface tension (γ) and a decrease in the Electrical conductivity (K). Furthermore, even at high total concentrations of the mixed system, the conductivity and charge density at the surface remained stable. As XDDAB values increased, a higher degree of dissociation (α) was observed, along with negative values in the thermodynamic parameters of micellization (Δ, Δ, and Δ), confirming the transition from micelles to vesicles. The dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis revealed the formation of two stable types of aggregates at both low and high concentrations, as supported by the zeta potential (ζ). Upon increasing the concentration of surfactants, UV–Vis absorption measurements indicated that small spherical micelles grow into large multilamellar vesicles, as evidenced by an increase in turbidity and confirmed transmission electron microscopy images.

2D BAO vs. 3D BAO: Solving the Hubble Tension with Bimetric Cosmology

Ordinary 3D Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) data are model-dependent, requiring the assumption of a cosmological model to calculate comoving distances during data reduction. Throughout the present-day literature, the assumed model is ΛCDM. However, it has been pointed out in several recent works that this assumption can be inadequate when analyzing alternative cosmologies, potentially biasing the Hubble constant (H0) low, thus contributing to the Hubble tension. To address this issue, 3D BAO data can be replaced with 2D BAO data, which are only weakly model-dependent. The impact of using 2D BAO data, in combination with alternative cosmological models beyond ΛCDM, has been explored for several phenomenological models, showing a promising reduction in the Hubble tension. In this work, we accommodate these models in the theoretically robust framework of bimetric gravity. This is a modified theory of gravity that exhibits a transition from a (possibly) negative cosmological constant in the early universe to a positive one in the late universe. By combining 2D BAO data with cosmic microwave background and type Ia supernovae data, we find that the inverse distance ladder in this theory yields a Hubble constant of H0=(71.0±0.9)km/s/Mpc, consistent with the SH0ES local distance ladder measurement of H0=(73.0±1.0)km/s/Mpc. Replacing 2D BAO with 3D BAO results in H0=(68.6±0.5)km/s/Mpc from the inverse distance ladder. We conclude that the choice of BAO data significantly impacts the Hubble tension, with ordinary 3D BAO data exacerbating the tension, while 2D BAO data provide results consistent with the local distance ladder.

Reheating Constraints and the H0 Tension in Quintessential Inflation

In this work, we focus on two important aspects of modern cosmology: reheating and Hubble constant tension within the framework of a unified cosmic theory, namely the quintessential inflation connecting the early inflationary era and late-time cosmic acceleration. In the context of reheating, we use instant preheating and gravitational reheating, two viable reheating mechanisms when the evolution of the universe is not affected by an oscillating regime. After obtaining the reheating temperature, we analyze the number of e-folds and establish its relationship with the reheating temperature. This allows us to connect, for different quintessential inflation models (in particular for models coming from super-symmetric theories such as α-attractors), the reheating temperature with the spectral index of scalar perturbations, thereby enabling us to constrain its values. In the second part of this article, we explore various alternatives to address the H0 tension. From our perspective, this tension suggests that the simple Λ-Cold Dark Matter model, used as the baseline by the Planck team, needs to be refined in order to reconcile its results with the late-time measurements of the Hubble constant. Initially, we establish that quintessential inflation alone cannot mitigate the Hubble tension by solely deviating from the concordance model at low redshifts. The introduction of a phantom fluid, capable of increasing the Hubble rate at the present time, becomes a crucial element in alleviating the Hubble tension, resulting in a deviation from the Λ-Cold Dark Matter model only at low redshifts. On a different note, by utilizing quintessential inflation as a source of early dark energy, thereby diminishing the physical size of the sound horizon close to the baryon–photon decoupling redshift, we observe a reduction in the Hubble tension. This alternative avenue, which has the same effect of a cosmological constant changing its scale close to the recombination, sheds light on the nuanced interplay between the quintessential inflation and the Hubble tension, offering a distinct perspective on addressing this cosmological challenge.

Association of Vaping Reasons with Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Among Young Adults Who Currently Vape

Purpose: The use of e-cigarettes can worsen mental health symptoms in young adults. However, little is known about how young adults’ mental health may relate to their reasons for using e-cigarettes (vaping). We examined the association of mental health and vaping reasons among young adults who currently vape. Methods: Data were analyzed from a sample of young adults who vape (N = 436, M age =25.19) who participated in an online survey assessing mental health (stress, anxiety, and depression) and vaping reasons (vape for tension reduction or relaxation, user experience, product or substance, or utility). We conducted multiple regressions and ANCOVAs, controlling for age, gender, past 30-day e-cigarette use, and past 30-day cigarette smoking. Results: Experiencing higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression were associated with vaping for tension reduction or relaxation among young adults who vape (ps < 0.001) and for those who dual use e-cigarettes and cigarettes (ps < 0.01). Experiencing severe anxiety level was associated with vaping for tension reduction or relaxation than among those experiencing minimal, mild or moderate anxiety (ps < 0.05). Conclusions: Findings show that higher stress, anxiety, and depression are associated with greater likelihood of vaping for tension reduction or relaxation. More research should examine the association of stress, anxiety, and depression on vaping in young adults to identify and determine appropriate interventions to help with vaping cessation.

Exploring the potential of biosurfactants produced by fungi found in soil contaminated with petrochemical wastes

Biosurfactants are a diverse group of compounds derived from microorganisms, possessing various structures and applications. The current study was seeking to isolate and identify a new biosurfactant-producing fungus from soil contaminated with petrochemical waste. The bioprocess conditions were optimized to maximize biosurfactant production for Aspergillus carneus OQ152507 using a glucose peptone culture medium with a pH of 7.0 and a temperature of 35 °C. The carbon source was glucose (3%), and ammonium sulfate (0.25%) was utilized as the nitrogen source. For Aspergillus niger OQ195934, the optimized conditions involved a starch nitrate culture medium with a pH of 7.0 and a temperature of 30 °C. The carbon source used was sucrose (3.5%), and ammonium sulfate (0.25%) served as the nitrogen source. The phenol-H2SO4 and phosphate tests showed that the biosurfactants that were extracted did contain glycolipid and/or phospholipid molecules. They showed considerable antimicrobial activity against certain microbes. The obtained biosurfactants increased the solubility of tested polyaromatic hydrocarbons, including fluoranthene, pyrene, anthracene, and fluorine, and successfully removed the lubricating oil from contaminated soil and aqueous media surface tension reduction. Based on the obtained results, A. carneus and A. niger biosurfactants could be potential candidates for environmental oil remediation processes.

Behavior of Microbubbles on Air-Aqueous Interfaces.

Animal-derived lung surfactants have saved millions of lives of preterm neonates with neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (nRDS). However, a replacement for animal-derived lung surfactants has been sought for decades due to its high manufacturing cost, inaccessibility in low-income countries, and failure to show efficacy when nebulized. This study investigated the use of lipid-coated microbubbles as potential replacements for exogenous lung surfactants. Three different formulations of microbubbles (DPPC with/out PEG40-stearate and poractant alfa) were prepared, and their equilibrium and dynamic surface tensions were tested on a clean air-saline interface or a simulated air-lung fluid interface using a Langmuir-Blodgett trough. In dynamic surface measurements, microbubbles reduced the minimum surface tension compared with the equivalent composition lipid suspension: e.g., PEG-free microbubbles had a minimum surface tension of 4.3 mN/m while the corresponding lipid suspension and poractant alfa had 20.4 (p ≤ 0.0001) and 21.8 mN/m (p ≤ 0.0001), respectively. Two potential mechanisms for the reduction of surface tension were found: Fragmentation of the foams created by microbubble coalescence; and clustering of microbubbles in the aqueous subphase disrupting the interfacial phospholipid monolayer. The predominant mechanism appears to depend on the formulation and/or the environment. The use of microbubbles as a replacement for exogenous lung surfactant products thus shows promise and further work is needed to evaluate efficacy in vivo.

Structure, orientation, and dynamics of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) surfactants at the air-water interface: Molecular-level insights

HypothesisUnderstanding the intricate molecular-level details of toxic per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) partitioning to the air–water interface holds paramount importance in evaluating their fate and transport, as well as for finding safer alternatives for various applications, including aqueous film forming foams. The behavior of these substances at interfaces strongly depends on molecular architecture, chemistry, and concentration, which define molecular packing, self-assembly, interfacial diffusion, and the surface tension. SimulationsModeling of three PFAS surfactants, namely, longer-tail (perfluorooctanoate (PFOA)) and shorter-tail (perfluorobutanoate (PFBA) and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(heptafluoropropoxy) propanoate (GenX)) has been conducted using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. A systematic comparison between these representative PFAS of different sizes and structure reveals factors influencing their association behavior, mechanism of surface tension reduction, and interfacial mobility as a function of surface coverage. FindingsShorter-chain PFAS surfactants (GenX or PFBA) require lower surface coverage compared to longer chain (PFOA) PFAS to achieve the same decrease in surface tension. However, a higher concentration of GenX and PFBA is necessary in the bulk aqueous solution to achieve the same surface coverage as PFOA, due to their higher solubility in water. The PFAS molecular orientation and mobility at the interface are found to be vastly influenced by the length and architecture of the hydrophobic fluorocarbon tail. A significant ordering of the water dipole moment near the anionic headgroup is apparent at high surface concentration. A direct correlation is established between the PFAS interfacial properties and PFAS-PFAS, PFAS-counterion, and PFAS-water interactions.

The surfactant protein B polymorphisms (rs7316 and rs1130866) and their correlation with disease progression of COVID-19

BackgroundIt is critical to examine the pathogenic pathways in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that resulted in the development of severe lung injury. Surfactant protein B (SFTPB) is a vital component for sustaining life and serves pivotal functions in the host’s defensive mechanisms and alveolar surface tension reduction. Our study aimed to determine the effect of SFTPB rs7316 and rs1130866 variants on the course of disease in COVID-19 patients. MethodsThe study cohort comprised 3,184 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19. We employed the RFLP approach to determine the variations of the SFTPB genes. ResultsSFTPB rs7316 did not exhibit a statistically significant correlation with COVID-19 mortality across different inheritance models. But, after making more changes for SARS-CoV-2 variants, it was found that there was a strong link between the TT and TC genotypes of SFTPB rs7316 and death rates, especially for the Delta variant. Furthermore, our study’s findings indicate a significant association between the SFTPB rs1130866 G allele and an elevated risk of mortality in COVID-19 across all variants of SARS-CoV-2. ConclusionsThe use of the SFTPB rs1130866 marker has the potential to facilitate the prediction of COVID-19 severity. On the other hand, for SFTPB rs7316, this kind of prediction seems to depend on the particular SARS-CoV-2 variants.

Effect of Citrus sinensis and Musa textilia Consumption on Lactic Acid Levels and Muscle Tension in Fish Auction Workers

Potassium deficiency is known to induce muscle fatigue, necessitating the inclusion of potassium-rich foods, such as orange (Citrus sinensis) and banana (Musa textilia) in diet. Previous studies have shown that consuming 150 g and 300 g of banana is effective in preventing muscle fatigue, with orange containing 237.4 mg of potassium per 300 ml. Therefore, this study aims to examine the relationship between lactic acid concentration and muscle tension reduction in fish auction workers after the administration of orange and banana. The study procedures were carried out with a quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test group design, and the samples were divided into 4 groups. Group 1 received both orange and banana, 2 was given only orange, 3 received only banana, while 4 was not given any intervention. Supplemental observations were then conducted over 3 consecutive days, followed by data analysis using Two-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) to compare lactic acid levels (independent variable) with muscle tension and strength (dependent variables). The results showed that banana significantly affected lactic acid levels but did not influence muscle tension. The combination of orange and banana produced varying levels of lactic acid and muscle tension, indicating the ineffectiveness of only banana. The intake of both fruits was also reported to influence lactic acid levels but did not affect muscle strength, suggesting the ineffectiveness of orange. These results indicated that while orange and banana could reduce lactic acid levels, the fruits did not significantly affect muscle strength or tension.

Coupling Effects of Surfactant-Induced Interfacial Tension Reduction and Wettability Alteration in CO2 Storage

Coupling Effects of Surfactant-Induced Interfacial Tension Reduction and Wettability Alteration in CO₂ Storage

Effects of acupuncture and related techniques in temporomandibular disorders (TMD): A systematic review

Acupuncture has shown promise as a therapeutic option in temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Its benefits include pain relief, reduction of muscle tension and improvement of jaw function. Several alternative approaches, including dry needling and laser acupuncture, were also reported to improve TMD symptoms. This review aims to summarise the most recent studies available on these alternative therapies for TMD. An electronic literature search was conducted in 3 databases, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, in order to identify articles on acupuncture, dry needling, or laser acupuncture. Search development, process, and two-step article selection were conducted by independent researchers. Data was extracted regarding study characteristics, population characteristics, acupuncture points or techniques used, and assessment methods for diagnosis and effects. Out of 431 identified results, 20 were selected for inclusion. We identified 11 studies on acupuncture, 3 studies on laser acupuncture and 6 studies on dry needling. Most studies showed improvement of TMD symptoms post-intervention, assessed by pain scales and maximum mouth opening. Overall, most studies showed promising results for acupuncture as an alternative, minimally invasive treatment method for TMD. When compared to controls or placebo, acupuncture, and related techniques result in significant relief of TMD symptoms.

Developing New Natural Surfactant from Date Seeds for Different Field Applications

The increase in using natural surfactants for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) purposes in recent years is mainly attributed to the widespread global awareness of the environmental effects the oil and gas industry causes. In accordance with KSA Vision 2030 and the corresponding global direction, the purpose of this study is to discover a cost effective, readily available, environmentally friendly, and locally sourced surfactant. This surfactant will help reduce the interfacial tension (IFT) between reservoir liquids to enhance the reservoir’s productivity and increase its ultimate recovery. In this study, date seeds have been chosen as the green surfactant source due to the abundance of such seeds. Al-Khalas, which is a well-known palm tree that grows in Qassim, Al-Kharj, and Al-Ahsa provinces in KSA was chosen. Properties such as surface tension (ST), IFT, pH, and density were measured to evaluate the effectiveness of date seeds as a natural surfactant. ST results showed a reduction from 72 mN/m (of distilled water) to 43 mN/m using the new surfactant in formation water at 10 wt% comprising a 40% reduction. Moreover, IFT of the new surfactant with Saudi medium oil (26 API) was 10 mN/m compared to 18 mN/m of a formation water-oil system which represents a 49% reduction in interfacial tension. Overall, the novel surfactant studied in this research shows great promise in being an effective EOR agent in addition to eliminating the negative impacts of regular surfactants on the environment.

Modelling and impact of tensiometer plate geometry and sample volume on biosurfactant surface activity assessment

Biosurfactants are molecules with hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties with the capacity to reduce the surface tension of water. Given the limited quantity of biosurfactant extracts in laboratories, it is recommended to use equipment that requires minimal sample quantities for detecting the presence of biosurfactants. In this work, commercial glycolipids biosurfactants (rhamnolipids or sophorolipids) were diluted in water and subjected to different analyses to obtain their minimum surface tension (ST) reduction and their critical micellar concentration (CMC). The independent variables of the study were: the geometry of platinum plate (rectangular or cylindrical), the sample volume (2, 4 and 20 mL) and the container material consisting of either glass or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The variation of ST with biosurfactant concentration was studied based on the isotherm model proposed by Li & Lu. It was observed that the profile of ST values did not vary so much using the different independent variables described, observing that platinum rectangular plate can be used for volumes of 4 mL biosurfactants instead of cylindrical plate usually recommended for volumes lower than 20 mL, the container material was also not significant based on the Pearson and Spearman statistical treatment. Moreover, well-fitting regression model results were obtained for a non-commercial biosurfactant extract obtained from a residual stream of the dairy industry, predicting values close to the observed data.

Use of corncob and pineapple peel as associated substrates for biosurfactant production.

Biosurfactants are amphiphilic biomolecules with promising tensoative and emulsifying properties that find application in the most varied industrial sectors: environment, food, agriculture, petroleum, cosmetics, and hygiene. In the current work, a 23 full-factorial design was performed to evaluate the effect and interactions of pineapple peel and corncob as substrates for biosurfactant production by Bacillus subtilis LMA-ICF-PC 001. In a previous stage, an alkaline pretreatment was applied to corncob samples to extract the xylose-rich hydrolysate. The results indicated that pineapple peel extract and xylose-rich hydrolysate acted as partial glucose substitutes, minimizing production costs with exogenous substrates. Biosurfactant I (obtained at 8.11% pineapple peel extract, 8.11% xylose-rich hydrolysate from corncob, and 2.8109g/L glucose) exhibited a significant surface tension reduction (52.37%) and a promising bioremediation potential (87.36%). On the other hand, biosurfactant III (obtained at 8.11% pineapple peel extract, 31.89% xylose-rich hydrolysate from corncob, and 2.8109g/L glucose) exhibited the maximum emulsification index in engine oil (69.60%), the lowest critical micellar concentration (68mg/L), and the highest biosurfactant production (5.59g/L). These findings demonstrated that using pineapple peel extract and xylose-rich hydrolysate from corncob effectively supports biosurfactant synthesis by B. subtilis, reinforcing how agro-industrial wastes can substitute traditional carbon sources, contributing to cost reduction and environmental sustainability.

The role of oleosins and phosphatidylcholines on the membrane mechanics of oleosomes

HypothesisOilseeds use triacylglycerides as main energy source, and pack them into highly stable droplets (oleosomes) to facilitate the triacylglycerides’ long-term storage in the aqueous cytosol. To prevent the coalescence of oleosomes, they are stabilized by a phospholipid monolayer and unique surfactant-shaped proteins, called oleosins. In this study, we use state-of-the-art interfacial techniques to reveal the function of each component at the oleosome interface. ExperimentsWe created model oil–water interfaces with pure oleosins, phosphatidylcholines, or mixtures of both components (ratios of 3:1, 1:1, 1:3), and applied large oscillatory dilatational deformations (LAOD). The obtained rheological response was analyzed with general stress decomposition (GSD) to get insights into the role of phospholipids and oleosins on the mechanics of the interface. FindingsOleosins formed viscoelastic solid interfacial films due to network formation via in-plane interactions. Between adsorbed phosphatidylcholines, weak interactions were observed, suggesting the surface stress response upon dilatational deformations was dominated by density changes. In mixtures with 3:1 and 1:1 oleosin-to-phosphatidylcholine ratios, oleosins dominated the interfacial mechanics and formed a network, while phosphatidylcholines contributed to interfacial tension reduction. At higher phosphatidylcholine concentrations (1:3 oleosin-to-phosphatidylcholine), phosphatidylcholine dominated the interface, and no network formation occurred. Our findings improve the understanding of both components’ role for oleosomes.

Yarrowia lipolytica growth, lipids, and protease production in medium with higher alkanes and alkenes

Two strains of Yarrowia lipolytica (CBS 2075 and DSM 8218) were first studied in bioreactor batch cultures, under different controlled dissolved oxygen concentrations (DOC), to assess their ability to assimilate aliphatic hydrocarbons (HC) as a carbon source in a mixture containing 2 g·L−1 of each alkane (dodecane and hexadecane), and 2 g·L−1 hexadecene. Both strains grew in the HC mixture without a lag phase, and for both strains, 30 % DOC was sufficient to reach the maximum values of biomass and lipids. To enhance lipid-rich biomass and enzyme production, a pulse fed-batch strategy was tested, for the first time, with the addition of one or three pulses of concentrated HC medium. The addition of three pulses of the HC mixture (total of 24 g·L−1 HC) did not hinder cell proliferation, and high protease (> 3000 U·L−1) and lipids concentrations of 3.4 g·L−1 and 4.3 g·L−1 were achieved in Y. lipolytica CBS 2075 and DSM 8218 cultures, respectively. Lipids from the CBS 2075 strain are rich in C16:0 and C18:1, resembling the composition of palm oil, considered suitable for the biodiesel industry. Lipids from the DSM 8218 strain were predominantly composed of C16:0 and C16:1, the latter being a valuable monounsaturated fatty acid used in the pharmaceutical industry. Y. lipolytica cells exhibited high intrinsic surface hydrophobicity (> 69 %), which increased in the presence of HC. A reduction in surface tension was observed in both Y. lipolytica cultures, suggesting the production of extracellular biosurfactants, even at low amounts. This study marks a significant advancement in the valorization of HC for producing high-value products by exploring the hydrophobic compounds metabolism of Y. lipolytica.

Oil/water interface behavior of hesperidin methylchalcone and its application in nano-emulsions

The behavior of hesperidin methylchalcone (HMC) at the oil/water interface was examined through experimental and molecular simulation methods, and a nano-emulsions based on HMC was subsequently fabricated. The findings indicated that HMC spontaneously aggregated at the oil-water interface, leading to a reduction in interfacial tension and an increase in interfacial thickness. Furthermore, its glycoside and benzene ring showed tendencies to interact with water and medium-chain triglyceride, respectively. The HMC addition amount (w), homogenization times (n) and homogenization pressure (p) significantly influenced the formation of the nano-emulsions. The nano-emulsion with an oil-droplet size of 277.26 ± 13.62 nm was obtained at w = 1.0 %, p = 200 bar, and n = 6. When compared to the Tween 20 nano-emulsion, the HMC nano-emulsion demonstrated superior storage stability, antioxidant activity, and lutein bioaccessibility. It could achieve the slow release of HMC. These findings not only broaden the application range of HMC but also contribute to the advancement of functional nano-emulsions.

Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease With Botulinum Toxin A: A 12 week Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

The study aimed to evaluate the impact of Botulinum toxin A (BoNT/A) on neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. A total of 125 PD patients and an equal number of age- and gender-matched healthy controls were involved. Mental health status was assessed using the Cornell Medical Index (CMI) self-assessment questionnaire. Sixty-four PD patients exhibiting neuropsychiatric symptoms were selected for the controlled study and randomly grouped into treatment and control groups. The treatment group received BoNT/A injections, while the control group received a placebo. The primary outcome measures included depression scores from the CMI and the proportion of patients displaying improvement in neuropsychiatric symptoms at 8weeks post-treatment. The secondary outcome was other CMI scores at 4, 8, and 12weeks post-treatment. The outcomes revealed that PD patients had significantly higher scores in various neuropsychiatric factors compared to healthy controls. At 4weeks post-treatment, the treatment group displayed improvements in depression and tension. At 8 weeks post-treatment, they exhibited significant reductions in depression, anxiety, sensitivity, and tension compared to the control group. Moreover, a notably higher percentage of patients in the treatment group showed improvement in neuropsychiatric symptoms compared to the control group. At 12weeks post-treatment, the treatment group exhibited significant improvements in somatization, depression, sensitivity, and tension. PD patients commonly experience multiple neuropsychiatric symptoms, and BoNT/A has demonstrated efficacy in alleviating these symptoms. Specifically, BoNT/A was found to effectively alleviate somatization, tension, anxiety, depression, and sensitivity in PD patients.

Qualifying interfacial properties of crude oil−water system with the synergistic action of a nano Gemini ionic liquid and conventional surfactants

Surface-active ionic liquids (SAILs) have gained much attention due to their green, stable, and efficient properties. The high costs associated with SAILs have raised concerns in their applications; however, blending with conventional surfactants like sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) can bring about desired outcomes. Gemini surface-active ionic liquids (GSAILs) have been recognized as more efficient surfactants. Accordingly, this study investigates the influence of a mixture of an imidazolium-based GSAIL, [C4im-C6-imC4][Br2], and SDBS on different aspects of crude oil−water interfacial properties. The findings show remarkable synergy in interfacial tension (IFT) reduction up to 98.8% together with incredibly low IFT value of 0.05 mN m−1. This was with an optimal GSAIL mole fraction of 0.2 in the mixture. Further, the surfactant mixture gives synergies of 52.6% in emulsification and 51.8% in wettability of a quartz surface. These amazing results can be explained by the dominant interactions between the oppositely charged components. In theoretical study, the adsorption of individual surfactants and their mixtures was analyzed based on the Frumkin isotherm and the Rosen model, respectively, further supporting the findings.