Solids Reduction Research Articles

Assessment of Sewage Sludge and Coir Pith as Alternative Cover Materials to Red Soil in Bioreactor Landfills

This study assessed the performance of sewage sludge and coir pith as a potential alternative to virgin red soil as cover material in bioreactor landfills. Three field scale models of anaerobic bioreactor landfills were set up so as to study the performance of the cover materials on leachate generation time, quality and quantity. In one reactor (R1), red soil was used as the cover and was kept as control. In the other two reactors (R2 and R3), modified sewage sludge and coir pith were used as the cover materials, respectively. The leachate produced from each were analyzed based on its quality (Total Solids, pH, BOD, COD, Nitrate and Iron), quantity and generation time. Red soil provided respectively 41.08% and 25.5% reduction in BOD than modified sewage sludge and coir pith. However, coir pith showed better performance in reduction of leachate quantity, total solids, nitrate and iron, thus making it suitable for use as an alternate cover material.

Co‐digestion of food waste and sewage sludge using the combination of a thermal alkali pre‐treatment and a two‐stage anaerobic digestion system

AbstractA thermal alkali pre‐treatment anaerobic digestion elutriated phased treatment (T‐ADEPT) was developed by combining the thermal‐alkali pre‐treatment (TAP) with the anaerobic digestion elutriated phased treatment (ADEPT) for the anaerobic co‐digestion of food waste (FW) and dewatered sewage sludge (SS). To improve the solubilization efficiency and methane yield, the optimal conditions for the TAP and ADEPT processes were identified. The soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) solubilization, volatile suspended solids (VSS) reduction rate, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, and methane yield all improved with our proposed process. The variations of the physical properties of the FW and SS mixtures confirm that the TAP process enhances the solubilization of organic matter. The methane yield of the T‐ADEPT process was 0.368 L CH4/g VSadded, which was approximately 1.4 and 1.2 times higher than the values for a conventional two‐stage anaerobic digestion (AD) process and an AD process with pre‐treatment, respectively. These results show that the application of TAP and ADEPT processes using granular sludge can be an effective approach for the anaerobic co‐digestion of FW and SS. The proposed technique is more tolerant of the inhibitory effects of high concentrations of toxic compounds compared with a conventional two‐stage AD system. Modifying a conventional anaerobic digester has the potential to deliver low hydraulic retention times (HRTs) and high organic loading rates (OLRs). © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

The Influence of a Novel Chitosan-Based Coating with Natural Antimicrobial Agents on the Storage Properties and Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism of Harvested Tangelo Fruit

This study investigated the effects of a novel antibacterial film based on chitosan, carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium alginate, tea polyphenols, ascorbic acid, and tangelo peel extract on the postharvest quality and reactive oxygen species metabolism of tangelo fruit during storage. The composite film significantly reduced the fruit decay rate and weight loss, delayed the reduction in total soluble solids and titratable acidity, and retained fruit firmness and the appearance of tangelo fruit during storage. Furthermore, the composite film effectively reduced the fruit respiration rate, inhibited the increase in cell-membrane permeability, markedly reduced the generation of superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and malondialdehyde, and enhanced the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase. The composite film also reduced losses of the nonenzymatic antioxidants ascorbic acid and glutathione. Overall, the chitosan-based composite antibacterial film effectively maintained the quality of tangelo fruit during storage, enhanced ROS scavenging capacity and antioxidant properties, and then reduced the rot rate of postharvest tangelo.

Assessment of the effect of particle size and selected physico-chemical and biological parameters on the efficiency and quality of composting of garden waste

The study is aimed at investigating how particle size effects selected physicochemical and biological parameters such as temperature, moisture, total volatile solids lignin degradation, coliform reduction, germination index, and carbon dioxide evolution during the composting of garden waste. The garden waste was shredded using a shredder into different particle size namely R1 (0.5–1.5 cm), R2 (1.5–3.0 cm), R3 (3.0–4.5 cm) and R4 (4.5–7.5 cm). The feedstock was fed into rotary drums for 45 days composting period. The temperature rose to the thermophilic phase within 48 h in all the drums and continued for R1 (7 days), R2 (8 days), R3 (4 days), and R4 (3 days). Moisture content reduction observed was R1 (23.37%), R2 (22.86%), R3 (21.84%) and R4 (20.8%). Total volatile solids reduction was 29.24%, 31.16%, 24.36%, and 16.70%, CO2 evolution rate was 4.92, 4.14, 6.18 and 8.16 mg/gVS/d, C/N ratio was 16.91, 15.05, 18.13 and 20.99, germination index was 92.00, 94.12, 85.21, and 81.20 in R1, R2, R3, and R4 reactor respectively after end of the composting period. The reduction of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin was highest in the R2 drum and lowest in R4. The percentage reduction of coliforms was also found to be highest in R2. As per the analytical hierarchy process, the performance of reactors was observed in the following trend, R2 >R1 >R3 >R4. Particle size range 1.5–3.0 cm diameter showed optimum size for efficient composting of garden waste

Viability of recuperative thickening in upgrading thermophilic and mesophilic anaerobic digestion of hydrothermal high-solid sludge

Recuperative thickening (RT) process was introduced to further upgrade anaerobic digestion of hydrothermal high-solid sludge. Continuous mesophilic (MD-R) and thermophilic (TD-R) digestion with RT (MD-R) were operated synchronously, with corresponding single digestion without RT as controls, namely MD and TD. The MD-R and TD-R increased biogas production rates by 22.8% and 11.0%, and achieved 16.6% and 9.7% higher volatile solids reductions, respectively. The improved performance was partly attributed to increased hydrolysis rate, with 11.2% and 7.4% higher for the MD-R and TD-R than the controls, respectively. The RT increased the numbers of total archaea in the mesophilic and thermophilic systems by 844% and 108%, and the numbers of dominant archaea by 50.4% and 38.1%, respectively, which promoted the degradation of organic matter and the production of biogas. Thus, RT is applicable to further upgrade digesting high-solid sludge.

A mathematical model for the activated sludge process with a sludge disintegration unit

Abstract We develop and investigate a model for sludge production in the activated sludge process when a biological reactor is coupled to a sludge disintegration unit (SDU). The model for the biological reactor is a slimmed down version of the activated sludge model 1 in which only processes related to carbon are retained. Consequently, the death-regeneration concept is included in our model which is an improvement on almost all previous models. This provides an improved representation of the total suspended solids in the biological reactor, which is the key parameter of interest. We investigate the steady-state behaviour of this system as a function of the residence time within the biological reactor and as a function of parameters associated with the operation of the SDU. A key parameter is the sludge disintegration factor. As this parameter is increased the concentration of total suspended solids within the biological reactor decreases at the expense increasing the chemical oxygen demand in the effluent stream. The existence of a maximum acceptable chemical oxygen demand in the effluent stream therefore imposes a maximum achievable reduction in the total suspended solids. This paper improves our theoretical understanding of the utility of sludge disintegration as a means to reduce excess sludge formation. As an aside to the main thrust of our paper we investigate the common assumption that the sludge disintegration processes occur on a much shorter timescale than the biological processes. We show that the disintegration processes must be exceptional slow before the inclusion of the biological processes becomes important.

Enhancement of Biogas Production Through Solid-State Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Food Waste and Corn Cobs

Although biogas has been primarily produced through liquid anaerobic digestion, this method leads to the floating and stratification of fibers and non-homogeneous mixing, which can reduce the biogas yield. Alternatively, biogas can be produced by the solid-state anaerobic digestion (SS-AD) of organic material with a high solid content, such as corn cobs. We investigated the co-digestion of food waste and corn cobs as a biomass feedstock for SS-AD in biogas production. We measured the effects of the total solid (TS) content, percentage of food waste, and reduction in volatile solids (VS), from which we determined its appropriate kinetic model. We found that the SS-AD of food waste with corn cobs produced a high biogas yield of 543 mL/g VS at a TS content of 22% and a food waste content of 20%. The first-order kinetics model for biogas production during SS-AD of the tested corn cob and food waste yielded an R2 value in the range of 0.91–0.94. The main contributor to the biogas production during the SS-AD of the corn cobs and food waste was the reduction in VS. A positive linear relationship was observed between the biogas yield and the reduction of VS.

Thermophilic anaerobic membrane bioreactor for pulp and paper primary sludge treatment: Effect of solids retention time on the biological performance

Lignocellulosic biomass is a promising renewable feedstock for the production of bioenergy and platform chemicals; however, its use would not be economically viable without adopting effective transformation technologies. In this work, long-term anaerobic treatment (370 days) of pulp and paper primary sludge (PS) was performed by a thermophilic anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) for the first time to investigate the effect of various solid retention times (SRTs) on biogas production and solids reduction ratios. The tested STRs (32–55 days) have shown varying biogas productivity, and it can be concluded that the longer the SRT, the higher is the biogas yield. At the optimum solids retention time of 55 d, an organic loading rate of 2.15 ± 0.10 kg-TSS/L.d, and hydraulic retention time of 5 d, average biogas yield of 106.4 ± 8.5 m3 biogas/tonne TSS added (approximately 72.7 m3 CH4/t VSadded) was achieved with an average methane content of 56 ± 4% and the solids reduction ratio ranged between 47% and 54.9%. Besides biogas yield, the quality of the permeates, solids reduction, and digestates characteristic/dewaterability changed by changing the SRT. The mixed liquor suspended solids concentrations and solids reduction increased with increasing SRT, while the effluent COD concentration and sludge dewaterability decreased. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) findings exhibited that the digestate contains more lignin and cellulose than the other substances, while the nitrogen and carbon concentration decreased with increasing SRT.

Effects of hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) and HVO/biodiesel blends on the physicochemical and toxicological properties of emissions from an off-road heavy-duty diesel engine

In this study, the regulated emissions, gaseous toxics, and the physical, chemical, and toxicological properties of particulate matter (PM) emissions from a legacy off-road diesel engine operated on hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) and HVO blends with biodiesel were investigated. This is one of the very few studies currently available examining the emissions and potential health effects of HVO and its blends with biodiesel from diesel engines. Extended testing was conducted over the nonroad transient cycle (NRTC) and the 5-mode D2 ISO 8718 cycle. Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions showed statistically significant reductions for HVO compared to diesel, whereas the biodiesel blends statistically significant increases in NOx emissions. PM and solid particle number reductions with pure HVO and the biodiesel blends were also observed. Low-molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were the dominant species in the exhaust for all fuels, with pure HVO and the biodiesel blends showing lower concentrations of these pollutants compared to diesel fuel. Our results showed that the oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in PM emissions decreased with the use of biofuels. Notable correlations were observed between PM emissions and oxidative stress and cytotoxicity, especially elemental carbon and particle-phase PAH emissions.

Storage stability of microfluidized sugarcane juice and associated kinetics

Microfluidization was used as a mechanical method for the preservation of sugarcane juice. Sugarcane juice was microfluidized at 159 MPa/1 cycle and packed in glass bottles and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) stand-up pouches along with a control. The control and microfluidized samples that were stored at 25°C, and control stored at 4°C showed spoilage on the second day and were discarded. A reduction in total soluble solids, pH, and sensory score along with an increase in reducing sugars, polyphenol oxidase activity, color change, dextran content, and microbiological parameters were observed during a 12 day storage period. Reaction kinetics for the parameters was also established. Results showed that microfluidization can extend the shelf-life of sugarcane juice up to 10 days when stored in glass bottles and kept at 4°C. The investigation intends to serve as a case study for researchers working on the processing and preservation of sugarcane juice. Practical applications Sugarcane juice processing and preservation has been a challenging task so far which motivated various researchers worldwide to come up with new and innovative solutions. To this effect, microfluidization technology for beverage processing is now gaining popularity within the food sector. However, it has not been explored completely for sugarcane juice processing. The results of this work highlight optimum processing conditions that would facilitate other researchers to conduct pilot-scale trials for possible commercialization of sugarcane juice. This could also spark a change in the current chemical-based processing operations of food industries by providing an eco-friendly alternative.

Compost tea as a sustainable alternative to promote plant growth and resistance against Rhizoctonia solani in potato plants

Compost teas (CTs) are organic extracts originated by mixing mature compost with tap water under controlled conditions. The application of these extracts could constitute a biostimulant and eco-friendly alternative for sustainable agriculture. Thus, this study was proposed to verify the contribution of different doses and Trichoderma-fortified green waste based-CT in plant susceptibility against Rhizoctonia solani infection, as well as in plant growth and tuber quality in two potato cultivars (Agria and Hermes) grown under greenhouse and field conditions. The results showed that CT-treated plants displayed a higher resistance to Rhizoctonia solani, being Hermes the most susceptible cultivar. Moreover, CT-treated plants showed an enhancement in yield, shoot number, tuber weight and tuber size, as well as an advance in potato sprouting, especially in those plants treated with the highest CT dose. A similar trend was observed in both cultivars. Furthermore, to confirm the effect of CT on sprouting, an additional study in the laboratory was carried out with Agria cultivar, in which it was observed that the advance in the crop cycle is induced by CT supply. Subsequently, the fried-quality parameters of tubers coming from potato plants grown under the different treatments in field conditions were studied. The addition of CT to potato plants reduced fried defects, total soluble solids in tubers, while increasing moisture content. However, both cultivars displayed several differences under control conditions, since Agria displayed high fried defects, as well as a reduction in total soluble solids and in the slice puncture test. Therefore, the application of CT is a dose-dependent effective approach to decrease R. solani attack, advance potato cycle and promote plant growth, as well as to obtain a better fried-quality tuber that is highly valued by the agri-food industries.

Reduction of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) from Wastewater of Tapioca Plant Using Aluminium Sulfate and Poly Aluminium Chloride (PAC) as a Coagulant

Water is the source of life on the surface of the earth. But often the water used for life contains many organic compounds that are harmful to life. This is due to contamination of water sources by compounds from many places, one of which is waste from the tapioca industry. One method that can be used to reduce water pollution is the coagulation process using certain coagulants. The ability of Poly Aluminium Chloride (PAC) and aluminum sulfate as coagulant is utilized in the processing of tapioca wastewater to reduce COD and TSS levels. This study aims to determine the effect of coagulant dose and flocculation time on decreasing COD and TSS levels in tapioca wastewater from Purbalingga Aci Factory. The method used is coagulation using PAC and aluminum sulfate as a coagulant with a variation of the coagulant dose of 2000; 4000; 6000; 8000 and 10,000 mg/L as well as variations in flocculation time 25; 30; 35; 40 and 45 minutes. The results showed that the coagulant dose and flocculation time had an effect on decreasing COD and TSS in tapioca wastewater. The best use of PAC coagulant at a dose of 6000 mg/L with a flocculation time of 45 minutes, namely the COD value of 375.2 mg/L and TSS 110 mg/L. While the best use of aluminum sulfate coagulant at a dose of 8000 mg/L with a flocculation time of 45 minutes, namely the COD value of 203.2 mg/L and TSS 590 mg/L

Optimised reduction of total solids and organic matter of sewage sludge matrix for an improved extraction of microplastics

The extraction of microplastics from complex environmental matrices, such as sewage sludge, has proven challenging because of their high organic content. A common procedure for the extraction of microplastics from sludge involves conducting a chemical digestion to reduce the amount of organic matter in the sample, followed by a density separation of microplastics. In order to increase the reliability of the density-based separation, an optimisation of the chemical digestion is needed. The aim of this study was to maximise the total solids and carbon content reduction of sludge by optimising the sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) pretreatment and the duration of H2O2 digestion. A reduction in total solids by 95.6% and in carbon content by 98.1% were achieved with the optimised digestion method, which involved an application of 1% SDS and a 2-day H2O2 treatment in the first digestion step. The inclusion of the SDS pretreatment significantly increased the reduction of total solids and carbon content. The optimised digestion process had no significant visible effects on tested reference microplastics and provided an extraction efficiency of 84% for 150 μm reference microspheres and 72% for 650 μm long microfibres. To enable the application of the optimised digestion process to other types of sludges, the consumption of SDS and H2O2 were also presented as per grams of organic matter in the untreated sludge.

Use of biochar and crude glycerin as additives in the composting of slaughterhouse waste in static piles

AbstractThis study is aimed to evaluate the efficiency of biochar and crude glycerin as additives in N retention throughout the composting of cattle slaughterhouse waste in static piles receiving forced aeration. There were five treatments (control, biochar accounting for 5 and 10%, and glycerin accounting for 5 and 10%, both at total solids) and four times (20, 50, 70 and 90 days of composting). The slaughterhouse waste was composted with a bulking agent at a ratio of 3:1, and the mixtures of waste and the tested additives were placed in nylon bags. The piles reached thermophilic temperatures soon after the process started and following turnings. The reductions of volatile solids, carbon, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin were not influenced by the additives, resulting in averages of 69.1, 67.1, 62.1, 51.6 and 35.3%, respectively. The control showed greater N losses (58.38%), compared to the treatments with additives. The inclusions of biochar yielded an average loss of 48.47% N, while 10% of glycerin resulted in the lowest N losses (44.83%). The use of biochar and glycerin as additives in the composting of slaughterhouse waste is recommended in order to decrease N losses and improve the concentration of nutrients, without compromising the biodegradation of organic components.

Statistical experimental design and analysis of mixed natural-synthetic coagulants for the reduction of total suspended solids and turbidity in sewage wastewater treatment

Statistical experimental design and analysis of mixed natural-synthetic coagulants for the reduction of total suspended solids and turbidity in sewage wastewater treatment

Impact of ethanol vapor treatment on the quality of water bamboo ( Zizania caduciflora L.) shoots during cold storage

This study evaluated the effect of ethanol vapor treatments on the physicochemical characteristics and quality of postharvest water bamboo shoots (WBS) (Zizania caduciflora L.). WBS were treated with ethanol vapor at doses of 0 (control), 500, 750, and 1000 μl/L at 0 ± 1°C for 35 days. The fruit were evaluated for weight loss, firmness, color, total soluble solids, soluble sugars, malondialdehyde, lignin, and lignification-related enzyme activities. The results revealed that all ethanol treatments could inhibit the weight loss and softening of WBS, reduce the reduction of soluble solids and soluble sugars content, inhibit the lignification-associated enzymes peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activities, and reduce the synthesis of lignin. Among them, the 750 μl/L ethanol vapor treatment had a significant effect on all tested parameters and maintained the storage quality of WBS better than other treatments. Practical applications Water bamboo shoot is a nutritionally rich aquatic vegetable. However, its quality deteriorates rapidly after harvest due to wilting, softening, and lignification. The ethanol vapor treatment in this study significantly reduced the softening and lignification of WBS. The ethanol vapor treatment is simple and has less residue, which is effective in maintaining the fruit quality and reducing the nutritional loss of WBS after harvest. It is a safe and environmentally friendly preservation method for WBS.

Conjugated Metal-Organic Macrocycles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrical Conductivity.

The dimensional reduction of solids into smaller fragments provides a route to achieve new physical properties and gain deeper insight into the extended parent structures. Here, we report the synthesis of CuTOTP-OR (TOTPn- = 2,3,6,7-tetraoxidotriphenylene), a family of copper-based macrocycles that resemble truncated fragments of the conductive two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic framework Cu3(HHTP)2 (HHTP = 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene). The planar metal-organic macrocycles self-assemble into ordered nanotubes with internal diameters of ∼2 nm and short interlayer distances of ∼3.20 Å. Strong π-π stacking interactions between macrocycles facilitate out-of-plane charge transport, and pressed pellet conductivities as high as 2(1) × 10-3 S cm-1 are observed. Peripheral alkyl functionalization enhances solution processability and enables the fabrication of thin-film field-effect transistor devices. Ambipolar charge transport is observed, suggesting that similar behavior may be operative in Cu3(HHTP)2. By coupling the attractive features of metal-organic frameworks with greater processability, these macrocycles enable facile device integration and a more nuanced understanding of out-of-plane charge transport in 2D conductive metal-organic frameworks.

Increasing biogas and methane yield by adding sewage sludge and zero‐valent iron nanoparticles during the single‐stage anaerobic digestion with municipal solid waste

One of the most important problems of the anaerobic digestion (AD) process and the main obstacle to this complex structural conversion is lignocellulose and the difficulty of its biological conversion. One way to disrupt the lignocellulosic composition is using nanoparticles (NPs) with proper concentration. In this study, biomethane potential tests have been used to maximize the biomethane production from anaerobic co-digestion of municipal solid waste (MSW) and sewage sludge (SS) under different mixing ratios (MSW:SS: 100:0, 50:50, 60:40, 80:20 and 90:10) and different concentrations of iron (Fe) NPs (50, 70, 90 and 110 ppm) to speed up the AD process of the substrate, which increases biomethane production. Increasing the SS ratio up to 40% dramatically increased the biomethane yield, in a way that after 18 days of hydraulic retention time, 90% of methane (270 NmL/g VS) was obtained. The results showed that the highest biomethane yield (based on the optimal mixing ratio obtained in the first experiment, MSW:SS: 60:40) was obtained by adding 90 ppm Fe NPs using the statistical analysis (Duncan test) compared to the control (P < 0.05). Also, using iron NPs (Fe NPs) led to an increase in cellulose by 83%, a decrease in lignin by 62% and a decrease in hemicellulose by 32%, indicating an increase in the degradability due to the presence of NPs. Most of the biomethane was produced at 90 ppm Fe NPs concentration, showing an increase of 44% compared to control, and the maximum reduction in total solids and volatile solids were 36% and 28%, observed in this reactor, compared to the control sample.

The link between organic matter composition and the biogas yield of full-scale sewage sludge anaerobic digestion.

The principal parameters influencing anaerobic digestion (AD) of sewage sludge have been extensively studied in controlled laboratory experiments, but the effects of sludge composition on full-scale systems have received relatively little attention. Sludge samples from eight major wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the UK were examined to determine the effects of sludge composition on digestion performance. The biogas yield (BY) was estimated by two different methods: (1) a standard approach based on the reduction in volatile solids (VS), and (2) a more detailed mass balance of major constituent fractions of organic matter in sludge. The results showed that BY increased significantly with the overall amount of VS contained in digester feed sludge. In terms of the effects of individual fractions, BY was significantly related to and increased with the fat and cellulose contents in raw sludge, consistent with the high calorific value of fat and the digestibilities of both substrates, relative to the other major organic components. The results demonstrated the importance of sludge composition on digester performance and strategies to maximise BY were identified, for instance, by increasing codigestion of high fat containing substrates, and by utilising fat, oil and grease collected in-sewer and at WWTP.

Lovastatin production by an oleaginous fungus, Aspergillus terreus KPR12 using sago processing wastewater (SWW)

BackgroundLovastatin is one of the first statins to be extensively used for its cholesterol-lowering ability. It is commercially produced by fermentation. Species belonging to the genus Aspergillus are well-studied fungi that have been widely used for lovastatin production. In the present study, we produced lovastatin from sago processing wastewater (SWW) under submerged fermentation using oleaginous fungal strains, A. terreus KPR12 and A. caespitosus ASEF14.ResultsThe intra- and extracellular concentrations of lovastatin produced by A. terreus KPR12 and A. caespitosus ASEF14 were lactonized. Because A. caespitosus ASEF14 produced a negligible amount of lovastatin, further kinetics of lovastatin production in SWW was studied using the KPR12 strain for 9 days. Lovastatin concentrations in the intra- and extracellular fractions of the A. terreus KPR12 cultured in a synthetic medium (SM) were 117.93 and 883.28 mg L–1, respectively. However, these concentrations in SWW were 142.23 and 429.98 mg L–1, respectively. The yeast growth inhibition bioassay confirmed the antifungal property of fungal extracts. A. terreus KPR12 showed a higher inhibition zone of 14 mm than the ASEF14 strain. The two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA; p < 0.01) showed significant differences in the localization pattern, fungal strains, growth medium, and their respective interactions. The lovastatin yield coefficient values were 0.153 g g–1 on biomass (YLOV/X) and 0.043 g g–1 on the substrate, starch (YLOV/S). The pollutant level of treated SWW exhibited a reduction in total solids (TS, 59%), total dissolved solids (TDS, 68%), biological oxygen demand (BOD, 79.5%), chemical oxygen demand (COD, 57.1%), phosphate (88%), cyanide (65.4%), and void of nutrients such as nitrate (100%), and ammonia (100%).ConclusionThe starch-rich wastewater serves as a suitable medium for A. terreus KPR12 for the production of lovastatin. It simultaneously decontaminates the sago processing wastewater, enabling its reuse for irrigation/recreation.Graphical