Reduction Of Sodium Ions Research Articles

The Effect of Bacillus Cereus on the Ion Homeostasis, Growth Parameters, and the Expression of Some Genes of Artemisinin Biosynthesis Pathway in Artemisia Absinthium Under Salinity Stress.

Soil salinity is a major problem in the world that affects the growth and yield of plants. Application of new and up-to-date techniques can help plants in dealing with salinity stress. One of the approaches for reducing environmental stress is the use of rhizosphere bacteria. The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of the inoculation of Bacillus cereus on physiological and biochemical indicators and the expression of some key genes involved in the Artemisinin biosynthesis pathway in Artemisia absinthium under salinity stress. The study was conducted using three different salinity levels (0, 75, 150 mM/NaCl) and two different bacterial treatments (i. e, without bacterial inoculation and co-inoculation with B. cereus isolates). The data from the experiments were analyzed using factorial analysis, and the resulting interaction effects were subsequently examined and discussed. The results showed that with increasing salinity, root and stem length, root and stem weight, root and stem dry weight, and potassium content were decreased, although the content of sodium was increased. Rhizosphere bacteria increased the contents of Artemisinin, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron and the expression of Amorpha-4,11-diene synthase and Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase1 genes as well as the growth indicators; although decreased the sodium content. The highest ADS expression was related to co-inoculation with B. cereus isolates E and B in 150 mM salinity. The highest CYP71AV1 expression was related to co-inoculation with B. cereus isolates E and B in 150 mM salinity. These findings showed that the increase in growth indices under salinity stress was probably due to the improvement of nutrient absorption conditions as a result of ion homeostasis, sodium ion reduction and Artemisinin production conditions by rhizosphere B. cereus isolates E and B.

Structure Regulation of Sodium Ion on Nanosilica Growth Visualized Using 29Si Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Understanding the action mechanism of sodium ions in sodium silicate solutions is necessary for the synthesis of nanosilica. The microstructure of sodium silicate solutions with SiO2:Na2O ratios ranging from 2 to 4 was characterized by 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and the magnetic shielding tensor of the nuclear magnetic field was calculated using the density functional theory. Sodium ions contribute significantly to the magnetic shielding tensor, thereby playing a key role in the structural evolution of sodium silicate solution species. Wave function analysis was used to further study the mechanism of action of sodium ions. Theoretical calculation results show that Na not only affects the magnetic shielding and regulates the splitting and change of NMR peaks but also regulates the aggregation-free energy and growth morphology of silica nanoparticles. Thus, the structural regulation of sodium ions on nanosilica growth and aggregation was proposed. Magnetic shielding caused by partial symmetry disappears with the reduction of sodium ions in the system, resulting in uniform magnetic shielding. Meanwhile, the anisotropic aggregation free energy of microscopic particles tends to be isotropically distributed, resulting in the spherical growth tendency of the nanosilica particles. Small-angle X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy were used to verify these conclusions. In this work, we adopted the leading quantum chemical computational methods with advanced computer technology and quantum chemical methods to research the microscopic effect of sodium ions during nanosilica growth, thereby overcoming the limitations of the analytical experience and paradigm established with traditional organic chemistry and providing important theoretical reference value for the field of spectral systems and characterization measurement methods. At the same time, the reasonable mechanism of action is proposed, which greatly expands the product application field of nanosilica.

Greywater quality changes in a permeable pavement reservoir

Greywater reuse is becoming popular in water scarce regions, but the key challenges are collection, appropriate treatment and storage. Conceptually, an aggregate base course in permeable pavements can provide both treatment and storage facilities for greywater, particularly in arid regions where urban runoff is not an abundant water resource. A prototype permeable pavement unit was constructed to evaluate this concept. The unit was filled with supply water, ablution greywater and laundry greywater, and various water quality parameters were monitored daily. While most parameters showed an improvement in quality after 1 d of storage, pH and sodium ions were found in excessive amounts in the laundry greywater. In addition, the unit was found to be inefficient in reducing total aerobic and total coliform bacteria. The study revealed that permeable pavements can serve as a treatment and storage unit in greywater reuse schemes subject to the inclusion of appropriate disinfection and sodium ion reduction measures.

The Formation of Sodium Nanoparticles in Alkali-Silicate Glass Under the Action of the Electron Beam and Thermal Treatments

It is shown experimentally that the processing of the sodium-containing silicate glasses with the electron beam with electron energy 35 keV and dozes 20–65 mC/cm2 and the subsequent thermal treatment above the glass transition temperature result in the formation of the metallic sodium nanoparticles under the glass surface that manifest themselves in the plasmon resonance absorption band in the 405–410 nm spectral region. The main mechanisms of this effect are the field migration of the positive sodium ions into the negatively charged region under the glass surface, produced by the thermalized electrons, reduction of sodium ions by the thermalized electrons, and the nanoparticles growth as a result of thermal diffusion of the sodium atoms during the thermal treatment. The computer simulations in the dipole quasi-static approximation have shown that the most realistic model of the nanoparticle structure is the solid or liquid sodium core with two shells—the inner shell consisting of sodium oxide and the external one being vacuum or gas.

Improving thermal stability and its effects on proton mobility in proton-conducting phosphate glasses prepared by the electrochemical substitution of sodium ions with protons

We investigated electrochemical substitution involving the electrochemical oxidation of hydrogen with proton injection into an oxide glass. This was accompanied by the electrochemical reduction of sodium ions and the discharge of metallic sodium out of the glass. This is referred to as the alkali–proton substitution technique and we applied it to a sodium-containing phosphate glass. The thermal stability of the 1WO3–35NaO1/2–8NbO5/2–5LaO3/2–51PO5/2 glass that previously deformed at >250°C improved to 350°C after alkali–proton substitution technique by the introduction of AlO3/2 and/or YO3/2. However, the mobility of the proton carriers decreased by 1/20–1/50 by the introduction of AlO3/2 and/or YO3/2 while the thermal stability improved. Based on infrared absorption spectra the reduced mobility can be attributed to the increase in protons that are tightly bound to oxygen by weak hydrogen bondings.

Cation Electrochemical Stability in Chloroaluminate Ionic Liquids

The electrochemical stability of 10 organic cations, which can be used in ionic liquids (IL), was investigated as solutes in acetonitrile (ACN). The stability of three of the salts, BenMe2EtNCl (salt III), 1-butyl-2-methyl pyrrolidium chloride (salt VI), and its structural isomer, BuMe2ProNCl (salt VII), were also compared in chloroaluminate ILs. The chloroaluminate ILs of salts VI and VII are investigated for the first time. The NaCl-neutralized ILs of salts VI and VII have melting points of 43.2 and 3.7 degrees C, respectively. The benzyl-substituted cation, salt III, was more easily reduced in ACN or as the neutral chloroaluminate IL than the alkyl-substituted cation, salt VII, due to the better leaving ability of the benzyl group. Mass spectroscopy measurements before and after electrolysis on the benzyl-substituted solutions confirmed that reduction involves the loss of an alkyl group. In ACN, salt VI was found to be the most difficult to reduce (1 mA/cm2 at -2.09 V) due to its cyclic structure. However, in the chloroaluminate IL, the pyrrolidinium cation was more easily reduced than salt III or its isomer, salt VII, resulting in an insoluble black deposit. This is consistent with the mass spectrometry data, which do not show formation of low-molecular-weight products, as in the reduction of salts III and VII. The IL of salt VII was the most stable in the presence of sodium. Sodium ions could be reduced and reoxidized with a maximum Coulombic efficiency of 94.1% versus 87.2% for salt VI. Reduction of the pyrrolidinium cation produces insoluble products, most likely through opening of the cyclic ring, and an inferior medium for sodium ion reduction compared to the benzyl- and butyl-substituted cations, even though reduction of the cation occurs at a more negative potential in acetonitrile.

The Role of Additives in the Electroreduction of Sodium Ions in Chloroaluminate-Based Ionic Liquids

Ionic liquids are an ionically conductive medium that can provide a wide potential window for the study of electrochemical processes. We have observed that the degree of ionization of the ions depends on the charge density of the ions with significant ion pairing possible. Previously, it was shown that sodium ions can be reduced only to sodium metal if an acidic additive (e.g., is added to the liquid. It is shown here that the additive increases the degree of dissociation of the from its counterion in the liquid, making it available for electrodeposition. The observed increase in ionic conductivity provided by the supports this proposed mechanism. It is believed that the additive coordinates with chloride in the liquid, to provide greater freedom for the ion. In addition, conditions were found for the reduction of sodium ions to sodium metal without the use of an additive. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.

Enhanced photocatalytic activity of mesoporous and ordinary TiO2 thin films by sulfuric acid treatment

Transparent anatase mesoporous TiO2 (MTiO2) and TiO2 nanometer thin films were prepared on soda-lime glass and fused quartz via the reverse micellar method and sol–gel method, respectively. The as-prepared MTiO2 and TiO2 films were then treated by dipping them in a H2SO4 solution. The MTiO2 and TiO2 films before and after surface acid treatment were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET surface area and UV–VIS spectrophotometry. The photocatalytic activity of the samples was evaluated by photocatalytic oxidation of acetone in air. It was found that MTiO2 thin films showed higher photocatalytic activity than that of the TiO2 thin films. This was attributed to the fact that MTiO2 thin films were composed of smaller monodisperse spherical particles about 15nm and had higher specific surface areas. Furthermore, the monodispersity of TiO2 particles was beneficial to transfer and separation of photo-generated electrons and holes in the inner of and on the surface of TiO2 particle and reduced the recombination of photo-generated electrons and holes. The films deposited on quartz showed the highest photocatalytic activity because films deposited on quartz exhibited a better crystallization and had no sodium contaminant. The photocatalytic activity of MTiO2 and TiO2 thin films deposited on different substrates after treated with H2SO4 solution was significantly enhanced. Acid treatment was particularly effective for MTiO2/glass and TiO2/glass, which showed activity enhancement of four and over two times, respectively. This increase in activity has been correlated with the reduction of sodium ions and the increase in the adsorbed hydroxyl content on the surface of TiO2 films.

X-ray diffraction analysis of the structure of the new lithium rich graphite intercalation compound Li 2C 6O 0.5

A new yellow lithium-rich graphite intercalation compound formulated Li 2C 6O 0.5 has been synthesized in ambient conditions by electrochemical intercalation of lithium into the blue stage two NaC 6O 0.5 compound in LiClO 4–ethylene carbonate electrolyte. This new compound is a quasi stage 1 compound of biintercalation type characterized by an identity period along c-axis ( I c) equal to 1035 pm. Such a value is the sum of an interplanar distance of 370 pm resulting in lithium intercalation in the Van der Waals gap of NaC 6O 0.5 and of another one of 665 pm related both to the intercalation of lithium and to the concomitant exchange of sodium by lithium in the five intercalated layers of the pristine stage two compound. Preliminary studies of the structural 2D-organization give evidence for lithium species arranged in a classical hexal structure as in LiC 6 or LiC 12 compounds. Sodium resulting from sodium ion reduction appears in the form of clusters distributed in the new material.

Sodium ion reduction on Na 4Zr 2Si 3O 12 during SEM observation

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) was applied to investigate Na + ion dynamics at the grain boundary region in the Na 4Zr 2Si 3O 12 (NZS) sintered pellet. When electron beam of 200 pA illuminated a spot of 3 nm in diameter on the NZS sintered pellet for 100 s, a metallic sodium phase appeared. This new phase appeared to be liquid at 200 °C and crystalline with hexagonal habit at room temperature. When the specimen temperature was 300 °C or higher, this phenomenon was not observed because of the sodium vapour transpiration into the SEM's vacuum column.

Sodium ion reduction of Na4Zr2Si3O12 during SEM observation

Sodium ion reduction of Na4Zr2Si3O12 during SEM observation

Analgesia produced by pituitary ACTH and dopaminergic transmission in the arcuate

Analgesia (NAA) caused by nonacupuncture point (abdominal muscle) stimulation after lesioning the analgesia inhibitory system (AIS) or treating the subject with proglumide was abolished by hypophysectomy or adrenalectomy. The final sector of the NAA afferent pathway from the nonacupuncture point to the pituitary gland and the initial sector of the descending pain inhibitory system were found in the anterior and posterior arcuate nucleus (A-HARN and P-HARN), respectively. Analgesia caused by ACTH microinjected into the P-HARN disappeared after denervation of the A-HARN, but that caused by dopamine did not. Firing rates of P-HARN neurons were increased by nonacupuncture point simulation (NAPS) after lesion of the AIS or treatment with proglumide. The NAPS responsive neurons also responded to ultramicroinjected dopamine, but not to ultramicroinjected ACTH. Both NAA and NAPS responsive neuron activity that were abolished by hypophysectomy were restored by concurrent application of NAPS and intraperitoneal ACTH. Reduction of sodium ions due to adrenalectomy was found to abolish NAA. It was concluded that NAA production involves dopaminergic transmission in the HARN and ACTH acting presynaptically on this transmission.

Dopaminergic transmission in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus to produce acupuncture analgesia in correlation with the pituitary gland

Acupuncture analgesia (AA) caused by low frequency stimulation of the acupuncture point (AP) was abolished by hypophysectomy and adrenalectomy. Termination of the AA producing pathway from the AP to the pituitary gland was in the medial hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (M-HARN). The origin of the descending pain inhibitory system associated with AA was in the posterior HARN (P-HARN). AA in the hypophysectomized rats, and enhanced neuronal activity in the P-HARN that were abolished during acupuncture stimulation, were both restored by intraperitoneal microinjection of 0.5 mg/kg morphine or 0.1 μg β-endorphin into the P-HARN during acupuncture stimulation. Of the analgesia produced by dopamine or β-endorphin injected into the P-HARN, that caused by β-endorphin disappeared after denervation of the M-HARN. The P-HARN neurons that responded to acupuncture stimulation also responded to iontophoretic dopamine, but not to iontophoretic morphine nor ultramicroinjected β-endorphin. The transmission between the M-HARN and P-HARN may be dopaminergic, and β-endorphin might presynaptically modulate this transmission. Reduction of sodium ions may have been the reason for abolition of AA after adrenalectomy.

Kinetics and Transport at AMTEC Electrodes: I . The Interfacial Impedance Model

Mixed mass‐transport and kinetic control of sodium ion reduction at porous, inert electrodes on sodium beta′ alumina solid electrolyte (BASE) ceramic in a high‐temperature electrochemical cell has been observed and modeled.The high ionic conductivity of BASE and the reversibility of the liquid sodium/BASE anodic half‐cell led to assignment of potential‐dependent (nonohmic) resistances to kinetic and mass‐transport processes associated with the porous electrode. The morphology of these electrodes and typical sodium gas pressures are consistent with Knudsen, or free‐molecular, flow through the electrode. Equations for effusion of a gas through a cylindrical pore and equivalent pressure for a condensed phase evaporating irreversibly describe the pressure of sodium gas in the porous electrode. These equations and the current‐overpotential equation combine to yield equations for the cell's current‐voltage curve and its apparent charge‐transfer resistance in terms of rate and transport parameters. Inclusion of ohmic resistance losses including electrode sheet resistance via an iterative finite elements method results in a fairly complete model for the dc response of alkali metal thermoelectric converter cells.

Analysis of molten industrial silicates by electrochemical techniques

Fused silicate glass is investigated in this work by electrochemical techniques, using platinum as a convenient material for reference, working and auxiliary electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry are carried out whenever possible, mainly in the case of colourless glass. For more complex systems, square-wave voltammetry is preferred since its mathematical treatment allows the waves of interfering electrochemical reactions to be separated. So, the oxidation of oxygen anions, the reduction of sodium ions and Fe oxides are studied in some detail and the feasibility of the attempted techniques in the fused glass are discussed.

The solid state reduction of sodium ions in nay zeolite by electron bombardment

The solid state reduction of sodium ions in nay zeolite by electron bombardment

ChemInform Abstract: KINETICS OF IRON-SODIUM DISILICATE REACTIONS AND WETTING

Anhand thermogravimetrischer Untersuchungen und Messungen nach der Methode der sitzenden Tropfen wird die Kinetik der Redoxreaktionen zwischen Na-silicat-Glas und Fe-Blech untersucht.

Kinetics of Iron‐Sodium Disilicate Reactions and Wetting

Thermogravimetric and sessile drop measurements were used to study kinetics of redox reactions between sodium disilicate glass and iron. Two redox reaction sequences were identified; both introduced ferrous oxide into the glass at the interface. One consists of formation of ferrous oxide at the interface by reduction of sodium ions in the glass; this is primarily dependent on the a(FeO) in the metal being less than one. The second consists of oxidation of ferrous ions in the glass by the reduction of sodium ions to form ferric ions which subsequently react with the iron to form ferrous oxide. The reaction rates were shown to be sensitive to temperature, time, total ambient pressure, partial pressure of sodium and oxygen in the atmosphere, and the a(FeO) in the iron. Decrease of contact angles and spreading occur with the redox reaction in which the metal plays an active role, i.e. whose a(FeO) is less than one and whose composition undergoes a change.