Reduction Of SO2 Research Articles

The Nexus between Green Finance and Carbon Emissions: Evidence from Maturity Mismatch in China

Green finance has been widely acknowledged as a pivotal instrument for mitigating carbon emissions. However, few studies have focused on the role of maturity mismatches in promoting carbon emission reduction through green finance. This study aims to develop a composite criterion for green finance and examine the mechanism of how green finance affects carbon emissions via the new perspective of maturity mismatch. It is accomplished by applying a two-way fixed effects model which incorporates provincial data spanning from 2010 to 2020. The empirical evidence suggests green finance plays a significant role in carbon emission reduction, a result that remains robust even after undergoing other tests such as using instrumental variables and alternating econometric models. Furthermore, this effect is particularly pronounced in regions with high degrees of green finance and low energy consumption. Mechanism analysis documents that green finance reduces carbon emissions by addressing maturity mismatch issues faced by green enterprises. Further research finds that green finance can promote the synergy of pollution and carbon reduction; in particular, the effect of maturity mismatch on SO2 reduction is more obvious. Consequently, this study offers practical recommendations for governments, financial institutions, and other relevant policymakers to further propel the advancement of green finance.

Diagenetic iron-oxyhydroxides formed in suboxic to anoxic mine-impacted lake sediments near Sudbury, Ontario

Iron-oxyhydroxides are common in lake sediments, typically forming in oxidizing conditions near the sediment-water interface. However, in the mine-tailings-impacted sediment delta at Long Lake near Sudbury, Ontario, diagenetic Fe-oxyhydroxides are formed in suboxic-anoxic conditions. Geochemical and mineralogical techniques were applied to investigate the diagenetic transformations of tailings-derived oxidation products following burial in the sediment delta. Two sets of vertical cores were collected, one from a shallow-water location in the sediment delta near the lake shore and the other from a deeper-water location, approximately 90 m north from the mouth of the active channel. One core from each location was sectioned in the field into 0.1 m intervals using an anaerobic globe bag and porewater was extracted for aqueous geochemical analysis. The second core from each location was dried anaerobically and sub-sampled for solid-phase geochemical and mineralogical analyses. The aqueous concentrations of As, Fe, and SO4 are elevated near the sediment-water interface at both locations but at the shallow location they decline to the lowest observed concentrations at depth in the natural sediment. The decline in their concentrations may be enhanced by bacterial SO4 reduction and precipitation of Fe- and As-sulfides which were observed in mineralogical analysis. The mine-impacted sediment consists of numerous fragments of tailings-derived ferric-arsenate-cemented crusts. Compared to the cemented crusts that occur in the tailings, these fragments exhibit partial-dissolution features and SEM-EDS analyses demonstrate that they have relatively low As/Fe ratios, suggesting the occurrence of selective As(V) dissolution during diagenesis. Diagenetic Fe-oxyhydroxides occur throughout the mine-impacted sediment, including zones that contain diagenetic Fe- and As-sulfides, suggesting they may have formed in suboxic-anoxic conditions. They occur proximal to, but separate from, the fragments of tailings-derived crusts and display diverse morphologies, including what may be a previously unreported spherulitic form. Individual Fe-oxyhydroxides range in size from nm to μm but they mostly occur in delicate clusters suggesting they are autochthonous. Compared to the cemented crusts from the tailings, they contain very small amounts of As. Analysis of one spherule indicates it contains lepidocrocite microcrystals with amorphous SiO2.nH2O in the interstitial spaces. The microcrystals contain a mixture of Fe(III) and Fe(II), with Fe(III)/ΣFe = approximately 0.8. We interpret them to have formed by burst nucleation from Fe(III)-supersaturated solution, with subsequent aggregation of crystallites to form spherules.

The Effects of The Multi-Target Policy on Green Productivity: Evidence from China’s Fossil Fuel Power Plants

We propose the non-radial meta-frontier global Luenberger productivity index, which addresses the issues of technology heterogeneity, slack variable, and linear programming infeasibility, and decompose it based on the technology perspective and factor perspective. With the dataset of China’s power plants from 2005 to 2015, we identify the effects of the multi-targets, including energy-saving targets and [Formula: see text] reduction targets, in the 12th Five-Year Plan on green productivity encompassing all channels of effects. A [Formula: see text] increase in the average energy-saving target cumulatively increases green productivity by [Formula: see text], while a [Formula: see text] increase in the average [Formula: see text] reduction target cumulatively decreases that by [Formula: see text]. In all channels, the technology leadership effect and generation efficiency exhibit sensitivity. Differential effects of the multi-targets on state-owned versus non-stateowned plants imply significant differences in observed production technology.

Modeling and simulation of sulfur availability in paddy soils under reducing environment considering heavy metal content

ABSTRACT Insufficient sulfur (S) can reduce rice yield under certain soil conditions. The availability of S in paddy soils is determined by the concentrations of inorganic S and some heavy metals that react with sulfide ions to form sparingly soluble sulfides. In order to evaluate the S fertility of paddy soils, a predictive model was formulated to simulate the formation of sulfides and the effect of heavy metal content on the concentration of sulfate ions (SO4 2-) in the soil solution under reducing conditions. The basic computational algorithm of the model was an iterative method incorporating the equilibria of major aqueous species, sparingly soluble salts, and soil adsorption. A field survey was also conducted to evaluate S availability in actual rice paddy soils. SO4 2- and heavy metal contents were measured in 250 paddy fields located in central Japan. The model calculation using the field survey results showed that as the redox potential (Eh) decreases from −80 to −170 mV, sulfide-forming metals (Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) take precedence over iron (Fe) in sulfide formation. The major sulfides present were chalcocite (Cu2S), greenockite (CdS), sphalerite (ZnS), galena (PbS), chalcopyrite (CuFeS) and α-NiS, Due to their predominance in paddy soil, zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) have a strong influence on the reduction of SO4 2- concentration. The formation of metal sulfides increases the Eh value corresponding to the critical SO4 2- concentration and decreases the S availability under the individual Eh condition. The model calculation also showed that an increase in sulfide-forming metal content leads to S deficiency, even if the SO4 2- content is not exceeded. Model calculations for each geographical division against the field survey results suggest that S deficiency is more likely to occur in lowland paddy fields formed by river sediments than in Andisols on terraces.

Mechanism of the desulfurization route of the reduction of SO2 on carbons. Dimerization of Disulfur and Tetrasulfur

AbstractThe desulfurization of carbons modified with SO2 was studied as a dispersion in boiling cyclohexane (81°C) using activated carbon (mAC) and graphene oxide (mGO), modified by SO2. The steady‐state species in the carbon matrix after the catalytic reduction of SO2 was considered a trisulfane. For mAC, there was a burst of a sulfur species identified as S2 by UV spectrum with a maximum at 217 nm (εM at 217 nm = 2.56 × 103) that showed a second‐order decay of absorbance with = 47.29 M‐1·sec‐1 (= 18.1 kcal·mol‐1). The product was postulated to be S4. No other consecutive reaction was observed because of the possible adsorption of S4 in the carbon matrix. The desulfurization of mGO was shown by XPS and the kinetics were a second‐order decay up to 16 min ( 18.41 M‐1·sec‐1;= 18.8 kcal·mol‐1) followed by a second‐order increase of absorbance with = 3.84 M‐1·sec‐1 (= 19.9), where the product showed a double maximum at 260‐285 nm typical of S8. These results are consistent with a mechanism of consecutive thermodynamically favorable dimerizations of S2 and S4 and with the desulfurization mechanism that has been previously postulated.

Investigating the impact of control strategies on the sulfur dioxide emissions of South Korean industrial facilities using an aircraft mass balance approach

We present top-down SO2 emission estimates from four large point sources, including two power plants, a steel mill, and a petrochemical industrial facility in Taean, South Korea. The airborne observations were conducted over two years, with three intensive observations in Fall 2019, Fall 2020, and Spring 2021. During this period, an active policy implementation to reduce air pollutant emissions from large industrial point sources in the region had been exercised, in addition to activity disruptions from the global COVID-19 pandemic. We quantify the observed SO2 emission reduction over the time period resulting from the policy implementation. The Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS) datasets from the coal power plants were 1) validated by comparing them with emissions calculated using a top-down airborne mass balance method and 2) compared with the annual bottom-up national SO2 emission inventory. The comparisons illustrate that the policy implementation resulted in a 35% reduction in SO2 emissions from increased implementation of SO2 reduction technologies such as scrubbers. Finally, the COVID-19 pandemic did not cause a meaningful disruption in SO2 emissions from industrial sectors, such as steel mills and petrochemical manufacturing facilities.

Impacts of urban emissions and air quality in São Paulo State, Brazil.

Daily violations of air quality have an impact on urban populations and cause damage to the environment. Thus, the study evaluated the violations of the daily concentrations of SO2, NO2, and PM10, in regions of the State of São Paulo (SSP), based on the National Environment Council (CONAMA) resolution no 491/2018 and the World Health Organization (WHO - World Health Organization. (2016). Ambient air pollution: a global assessment of exposure and burden of disease.) criteria. Daily SO2, NO2, and PM10data from 6 air quality stations operated by Environmental Company of the State of São Paulo CETESB (1996-2011) were organized and submitted to quality control, with data faults (gaps) being identified. The imputation of data via spline proved satisfactory in filling in the gaps (r > 0.7 and low values of Standard Error of the Estimate (SEE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The cluster analysis (CA) applied to SO2 formed only one homogeneous group (G1). Contrariwise, NO2 and PM10 formed two homogeneous groups (G1 and G2) each. The stations that showed the greatest similarity according to the CA were Cerqueira Cesar and Osasco. The cophenetic matrix generated for SO2 (0.83), NO2 (0.79), and PM10 (0.77) indicate a satisfactory adjustment of the dendrograms. The exploratory statistics applied to groups G1 and G2 point to the high variability of outliers. The WHO criteria are more restrictive than CONAMA regarding daily violations, with a reduction in SO2 and an increase in specific years for NO2 and PM10. Such variability is due to the adoption of public policies by the SSP and the influence of meteorological systems, being confirmed by the Run test that indicated oscillations in the time series, mainly in PM10, and also recognized well-defined biannual cycles.

Investigation of iron oxide supported on activated coke for catalytic reduction of sulfur dioxide by carbon monoxide

In view of the low utilization rate of by-product in limestone-gypsum wet flue gas desulfurization process, a method of catalytic reduction of SO2 to elemental sulfur was proposed. In this work, supported iron catalyst using activated coke as supporter was prepared and characterized. Moreover, the performance of SO2 reduction using CO as reducing agent at various Fe loadings, temperatures, gaseous hourly space velocities and CO/SO2 molar ratios was studied. Research shows that, compared with other metals, the highest catalytic activity is achieved over Fe-based catalyst. The iron sulfide is the main active component during the catalytic reduction reaction, hence the catalyst needs to be presulfided before use. The micropores of activated coke become more abundant after loading Fe, whereas excessive increase of Fe loading may bloke the mesopores and weaken the catalytic activity. Higher reaction temperature, lower GHSV and a stoichiometric molar ratio are conducive to the improvement of SO2 conversion and S yield. The catalytic performance at lower temperatures was further improved by loading Co. When the Co loading is 4 wt%, the SO2 conversion rate reaches 90.9% at 400 °C because loading Co enhances the redox performance of the catalyst surface. The findings are instructive for the development of cost-effective carbon-based catalysts for resource recovery of sulfur.

Novel technology for synergistic SO2 reduction during the carbonation process via a CaO-Char mixed system

A novel method to effectively achieve synergistic SO2 reduction during the carbonation process by the as-designed CaO-biochar system is developed. Coconut shells and calcined-limestone were used as biochar and calcium sources (denoted as CSC and LS), respectively. The introduced reductant creates the reduction condition making the Ca-based sulfation suppressed and the desulfurization prefers to undertake the reduction pathway during the simultaneous CO2/SO2 removal process. The competition of SO2 and CO2 for the calcium active sites is weakened, effectively alleviating the negative effect of SO2 presence on CO2 carbonation and generating valuable sulfur-product. With the mass ratio of LS and CSC is 3, the carbonation conversion of the LS-CSC(1:3) is 34% higher than that of the LS and the reduced-sulfur ratio of the system reaches about 85% indicating an effective CO2 capture synergistic SO2 reduction. The CO produced via the Boudouard reaction between CO2 and char is sufficient to play an important role in SO2 reduction, which effectively promotes the decarboxylation process in the reduction of SO2. It also facilitates the sulfur transfer from the reduced intermediate on the solid phase to the gas phase as a form of COS, promoting the reduction of SO2 through the Claus reaction.

A novel framework for quantitative attribution of particulate matter pollution mitigation to natural and socioeconomic drivers

Quantifying drivers contributing to air quality improvements is crucial for pollution prevention and optimizing local policies. Despite advances in machine learning for air quality analysis, their limited interpretability hinders attribution on global and local scales, vital for informed city management. Our study introduces an innovative framework quantifying socioeconomic and natural impacts on mitigation of particulate matter pollution in 31 Chinese major cities from 2014 to 2021. Two indices, formulated based on the additivity of Shapley additive explanations, are proposed to measure driver contributions globally and locally. Our analysis explores the self-contained and interactive effects of these drivers on particulate levels, pinpointing critical threshold values where these drivers trigger shifts in particulate matter levels. It is revealed that SO2, NOx, and dust emission reductions collectively account for 51.58 % and 51.96 % of PM2.5 and PM10 decreases at the global level. Moreover, our findings unveil a significant heterogeneity in driver contributions to pollutant mitigation across distinct cities, which can be instrumental in crafting location-specific policy recommendations.

One-pot synthesis of regenerative calcium counterions from waste chicken eggshells for SO2-to-sulfur reduction

Abating sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions is increasingly critical for addressing environmental concerns and safeguarding human health. In this study, we propose a novel, sustainable approach utilizing in situ eggshell waste-derived calcium-based materials for the catalytic thermal reduction of SO2 to elemental sulfur. Our research focuses on the facile synthesis of calcium-based compounds, proceeding from chicken eggshells to CaO, CaSO4, and finally CaS, for treating hazardous SO2 gas in a one-pot reactor. The effects of gas hourly space velocity (GHSV), temperature, and catalyst stability were studied. Optimal conditions for sulfur yield (71.32%) and SO2 conversion (43.38%) were achieved at 800 °C with a GHSV of 117 L h/g. Our findings demonstrate that the calcium-based materials exhibit exceptional stability, maintaining activity for 6.5 h. Mechanistically, the synergistic pathways of Mars-Van Krevelen and Eley-Rideal mechanisms underlying the SO2 reduction process were elucidated. This research presents a sustainable solution for converting SO2 into a valuable sulfur commodity, and contributes to achieving Sustainable Development Goal No. 12 on Sustainable Consumption and Production. By harnessing CaS derived from eggshell waste, our work underscores the potential for environmentally friendly practices in addressing industrial emissions and advancing sustainable resource utilization.

Assessment of CO2 Co-benefits of Air Pollution Control Policies in Taiyuan's 14th Five-Year Plan

To quantitatively evaluate the co-benefits of air pollution reduction and carbon dioxide reduction of Taiyuan's 14th Five-Year Plan air pollution prevention and control policies, this study used the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Greenhouse Gas-Air Pollution Interaction and Synergy Model (GAINS-JJJ) to simulate and evaluate the emission reduction potential and CO2 co-benefit of 13 air pollution control measures. The emission reductions of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NOx, VOCs, and NH3 in 2025 were 1.8 (5%, compared with that in the baseline scenario), 2.5 (2%), 3.7 (16%), 20.0 (27%), 13.6 (15%), and 0.0 kt (0%), respectively. The reduction in CO2 emissions was 9.0 Mt (13%), whereas CH4 emissions increased by 203.3 kt (25% increase relative to that in the baseline scenario). SO2, NOx, and VOCs emission reductions derived from the power, industrial combustion, and solvent use sectors. CO2 reduction occurred mainly in the industrial combustion sector, and CH4 emission increased mainly due to the increase in coal mining activity. The highest synergistic CO2 reductions were achieved by restricting energy consumption in the high energy-consuming and high-emitting sectors; prohibiting new capacity in the steel, coke, cement, and flat glass industries; and replacing coal-fired power generation with renewable energy. Furthermore, the CO2 reduction co-benefit was highest for VOCs. In addition, this study suggests that promoting the policy of terminal electrification and simultaneously increasing the share of clean energy and the ability to consume renewable energy generation in the power sector are the keys to decreasing the emissions in Taiyuan.

Mineralogical and geochemical facets of the massive deposition of stibnite-metastibnite at a seafloor hydrothermal field (Wakamiko Crater, Kagoshima Bay, Ryukyu Volcanic Arc)

Abstract Stibnite precipitates in the form of massive boulders at two active hydrothermal mounds in the submarine Wakamiko Crater (Ryukyu Volcanic Arc) as opposed to commonly observed accessory stibnite in the seafloor hydrothermal deposits. The stibnite dimorph, metastibnite, found here for the first time on the seafloor, appears to always form whenever stibnite is precipitated under submarine hydrothermal conditions. Our study shows that hydrothermal conditions of low temperatures (<50 °C) and low values of pH (<6) are favorable for the precipitation of stibnite on the seafloor. The stibnite probably does not precipitate at the measured vent fluid temperatures (i.e., 177.6 – 187.0 °C) along the chimney conduits, but rather at temperatures <50 °C and at slightly reduced to slightly oxic conditions (Eh = -0.5 to +0.5 V) within the chimney walls and hydrothermal mounds. Metastibnite deposition appears to be the result of rapid quenching of hot hydrothermal fluid when mixed with cold seawater and rapid precipitation at the interface between stibnite and vent fluid. The low concentrations (usually below detection limits) of the trace elements (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, Sr, V, Zn) in the stibnite deposits from Wakamiko Crater are likely a result of decreased metal-transporting capacity of the precipitating vent fluid due to its low chlorinity. Low-chlorinity venting implies sub-seafloor boiling and phase separation of the hydrothermal fluid. Sluggish hydrothermal fluid/seawater mixing within the walls of the chimneys and mounds favors the reduction of sulfate dissolved in the hydrothermal fluids and results in a heavy S isotope composition of the sulfate in the vent fluids. Sulfate reduction and disproportionation of magmatic SO2, both leading to heavy S isotope composition of sulfate in the vent fluids, seem to be common processes in volcanic arc/back-arc submarine hydrothermal settings.

Research the synergistic carbon reduction effects of sulfur dioxide emissions trading policy

Since General Secretary Xi Jinping pledged the “30·60” targets to the world, the importance of pollution reduction and carbon reduction has become increasingly prominent. The previous focus on the pollution reduction effects of emission trading systems, while overlooking their carbon reduction impacts, as well as the limitations of research methods and scope, is no longer suitable for the needs of the new era. Therefore, this paper constructs a CGE model to study the synergistic effects, simulating the synergistic emission reduction effects of sulfur dioxide emission trading policies, and comes to the following conclusions: After the implementation of the sulfur dioxide emission trading mechanism, under different sulfur price scenarios, the synergistic reduction amounts of SO2 and CO2 vary greatly. As the sulfur price increases, the reduction amount becomes larger. In the five sulfur price scenarios set in this paper, the maximum reduction of SO2 can reach about 111,400 tons, and the maximum for CO2 is about 399 million tons. The CO2 reduction rate is approximately 1.0767 times that of SO2. This indicates that the sulfur dioxide emission trading policy is a very effective path for synergistic pollution and carbon reduction, with good reduction effects. In addition, sulfur dioxide emission trading will reduce the consumption of fossil energy, decrease industry output, raise product prices, cause GDP loss, and lead to reduced social welfare to varying degrees.

Environmental/Economic Power Dispatch of MicroGrid Using Multiobjective Optimization

This paper proposes a generalized formulation to determine the optimal operating strategy and cost optimization scheme as well as the reduction of the emissions for a MicroGrid (MG). Multiobjective (MO) optimization is applied to the environmental/economic problem of the MG. The proposed problem is formulated as a nonlinear constrained MO optimization problem. Prior to the optimization, models for system components from real data are constructed. The problem formulation takes into consideration the operation and maintenance costs as well as the emissions NOx, SO2, and CO2 reduction. The MG considered in this paper consists of a wind turbine, a micro turbine, a diesel generator, a photovoltaic array, a fuel cell, and a battery storage. The optimization is aimed at minimizing the cost function of the system while constraining it to meet the costumer demand and safety of the system. We also add a daily income and outgo from sale or purchased power. The results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed approach to satisfy the load and to reduce the cost and the emissions. The comparison with other techniques demonstrates the superiority of the proposed approach and confirms its potential to solve the problem.

Research on the impact and intermediary effect of carbon emission trading policy on carbon emission efficiency in China

In this paper, the impact of the carbon emission trading policy on carbon emission efficiency is discussed based on the local data of China from 2004 to 2019, based on the natural experiment of carbon emission trading policy. The intermediary model is introduced to analyze the mediating effect of industrial structure and energy consumption structure in emission reduction. The results show that the carbon emission trading policy not only directly improves the carbon emission efficiency, but also indirectly improves the carbon emission efficiency by upgrading the industrial structure and adjusting the energy consumption structure. Finally, this paper verifies that carbon trading policy has a synergistic emission reduction effect on sulfur emission efficiency. The mechanism of the SO2 reduction is similar to that of the CO2 reduction mechanism, with direct and intermediary effects.

Co-firing of Low Rank Coal and Biomass: A Chance for Biomass Penetration in the Renewables.

This paper presents a co-firing experience, with coal and biomass, whose objective was to prove the technical, environmental and economical feasibility (although the paper does not deal with this last one) of the implantation of this technology in a power plant of pulverised low rank coal. Precisely, this kind of coal particularities, specially its low energy density (kJ/m3), with similar values to most of the different dry biomass resources, is what makes a difference between this project and other co-firing experiences carried out previously.With regard to the main results, it must be pointed out that when introducing in the boiler a 5% of biomass: • No operation problem arose and no noticeable reduction in the boiler efficiency was caused. • Apart from the expected reductions in CO2 and SO2, an important decrease in NOx emissions was detected. • No emissions increase of CO, particles and volatile compounds were detected. Another aspect dealt in the project was the study of the possible impacts of forest biomass harvesting on the sustainability of the forest. Considering the low additional investments needed for establishing a Co-firing Biomass Power Plant, this technology is a real chance for introducing biomass in Spain. It only needs the same government incentives as other renewable technologies already receive.

Roles of the Comproportionation Reaction in SO2 Reduction Using Methane for the Flexible Recovery of Elemental Sulfur or Sulfides.

SO2 reduction with CH4 to produce elemental sulfur (S8) or other sulfides is typically challenging due to high energy barriers and catalyst poisoning by SO2. Herein, we report that a comproportionation reaction (CR) induced by H2S recirculating significantly accelerates the reactions, altering reaction pathways and enabling flexible adjustment of the products from S8 to sulfides. Results show that SO2 can be fully reduced to H2S at a lower temperature of 650 °C, compared to the 800 °C required for the direct reduction (DR), effectively eliminating catalyst poisoning. The kinetic rate constant is significantly improved, with CR at 650 °C exhibiting about 3-fold higher value than DR at 750 °C. Additionally, the apparent activation energy decreases from 128 to 37 kJ/mol with H2S, altering the reaction route. This CR resolves the challenges related to robust sulfur-oxygen bond activation and enhances CH4 dissociation. During the process, the well-dispersed lamellar MoS2 crystallites with Co promoters (CoMoS) act as active species. H2S facilitates the comproportionation reaction, reducing SO2 to a nascent sulfur (Sx*). Subsequently, CH4 efficiently activates CoMoS in the absence of SO2, forming H2S. This shifts the mechanism from Mars-van Krevelen (MvK) in DR to sequential Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) and MvK in CR. Additionally, it mitigates sulfation poisoning through this rapid activation reaction pathway. This unique comproportionation reaction provides a novel strategy for efficient sulfur resource utilization.

Reduction of SO2 to Elemental Sulfur in Flue Gas Using Copper-Alumina Catalysts

This study aims to propose an advanced catalyst for the selective catalytic reduction of SO2, as a sustainable process to mitigate the emission of this toxic gas, which is a significant environmental concern. The conversion of SO2 through catalytic reduction with CH4 to elemental sulfur was investigated using Al2O3-Cu catalysts. The reaction was conducted under atmospheric pressure and at a temperature range of 550–800°C. A remarkable 99.9% SO2 conversion rate and 99.5% sulfur selectivity were achieved using the Al2O3-Cu (10%) catalyst at 750°C. The highest conversion rates of SO2 to elemental sulfur, with minimal production of undesirable by-products such as H2S and COS, were obtained when the SO2/CH4 molar feed ratio was set at 2, which is the stoichiometric ratio. Furthermore, the optimal catalyst exhibited excellent long-term stability for SO2 reduction with methane.

Data-driven approaches to achieve energy transition: Statistical analysis of demand-side management and smart decision making in urban energy hub networks

Energy hubs (EHs) have emerged as a crucial solution to address resource scarcity and environmental concerns by integrating various technologies for energy production, conversion, and storage. These hubs encompass diverse elements such as integrated heat, electricity, and cooling systems, renewable energy sources, batteries, and thermal energy storage units (TES). This study focuses on a residential EH model that receives inputs in the form of electricity, gas, and solar energy to satisfy the household's electricity, heat, and cooling requirements. To enhance the operational flexibility of this energy hub, the study employs a Demand Response Program (DRP), which facilitates load shifting, load curtailment, and the modeling of flexible heating loads. The primary objective is to develop an efficient heat and power management system that optimally schedules household devices, generation equipment, and storage units. In pursuit of this goal, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) techniques have been selected for renewable energy, market price, and load forecasting, enhancing the system's realism and predictive accuracy. The Wild Goats algorithm is employed to solve an optimization problem for three distinct scenarios, aiming to minimize overall power costs while maintaining user comfort levels with regard to temperature and hot water availability. Furthermore, this study incorporates an environmentally conscious approach by considering the reduction of CO2, SO2, and NO pollution originating from consumers in a multi-objective optimization framework. The findings reveal that the implementation of DRP, intelligent Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) management, TES technologies, and LSTM-based forecasting significantly contribute to reducing power costs within the proposed EH scheme. This research underscores the potential of data-driven strategies in advancing energy transition initiatives and fostering sustainable urban energy hubs while acknowledging the role of advanced forecasting techniques in enhancing system realism and efficiency.