Reduced Serum Glucose Levels Research Articles

HYPOGLYCEMIC EFFECT OF POLYHERBAL FORMULATIONS IN ALLOXAN INDUCED DIABETIC MICE

Objective: The present work was executed to evaluate the antidiabetic potency of herbal preparation which was the combination of wheat germ oil, fresh juice of Coriander sativum and Aloe vera gel in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Methods: The serum glucose lowering activity of the herbal preparation (PH-1 in the ratio of 1:1:1of wheat germ oil, fresh juice of C.sativum and Aloe vera) was studied in normal rats after oral administration at 1.0 and 2.0ml/kg and herbal preparation (PH-1, PH-2 wheat germ oil, fresh juice of coriander sativum and Aloe vera gel in ratio of 2:2:1) and PH-3 (wheat germ oil, fresh juice of coriander sativum and Aloe vera gel in ratio of 1:2:2) on alloxan induced diabetic swiss albino mice, at doses of 1.0 and 2.0 ml/kg. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for serum glucose at 0,1/2, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h in normal mice and at 0, 1, 3, 7, 15 and 30 days in diabetic mice after drug administration by glucose oxidase/peroxidase method. The data were compared statistically by using one way ANOVA method followed by Dunnett multiple component test. Statical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: The herbal preparation (1.0 and 2.0 ml/kg) produced significant (p<0.05) reduction in serum glucose level of both normal and diabetic mice and comparable with that of control and standard drug Glibenclamide. Conclusion: The herbal preparation showed significant glucose lowering effect in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats. This preparation is giving to be a promising antidiabetic preparation for masses and however, it requires further extensive studies in human beings. Keywords : Antidiabetic potency, alloxan-induced diabetic rats, Aloe vera

Biochemical and histopathological assessment of atorvastatin-loaded nanoemulsion effectiveness in Rats

Background: Atorvastatin (ATV), a lipid lowering agent, has low solubility and poor dissolution affects its oral bioavailability. Nanoemulsion (NE) has been developed to improve the delivery of therapeutic agents. This study was aimed to assess the ability of the NE in enhancing ATV bioavailability and minimizing its side effects in hyperlipidemic rats.Methods: Thirty-five rats divided into seven groups were utilized in this study. Hyperlipidemia was induced by feeding rats high fat diet (HFD) for 3 months. The antihyperlipidemic activity of 10 and 20 mg/kg of ATV loaded in two different delivery systems; nanoemulsion (10% and 20% ATV-LNE) or in water (10% and 20% ATV-sol), were investigated. At the end of the experiment, body weight, serum and plasma biochemical parameters (lipid profile, glucose, insulin, liver and kidney functions, oxidative stress markers were assessed. Liver and kidney were histopathologically examined. The physical characteristics of NE were determined by the Zetasizer (the z-average diameter and zeta potential).Results: 20% ATV-LNE had the smallest nanoparticles (38.12±6.71nm) whereas it had the largest zeta negative potential of -26.8±4.16mV. The serum biochemical results and the histopathological examination revealed that treatment with 20% ATV-LNE improved the lipid profile by significantly increasing HDL and decreasing cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein. Both 10 and 20% ATV-LNE reduced serum glucose level compared to other used formulas.Conclusions: NE formulas have the potential to improve the bioavailability and efficacy of ATV and reduce its side effects.

Identification of bioactive glucose-lowering compounds of methanolic extract of Hodgsonia heteroclita fruit pulp.

We have investigated the anti-oxidative and glucose-lowering effects of 70% methanolic extract of H. heteroclita fruit pulp (MHE). Anti-oxidative property of MHE was assessed by free radical scavenging assays and compound level screening by LC-MS profiling. In silico analysis and in vivo preclinical validation were also performed using molecular docking and alloxan-induced diabetic model, respectively. MHE showed high anti-oxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging assay with an IC50 of 0.37 μg/mL. The LC-MS profile of MHE substantiated the presence of p-hydroxy acids including benzoic, salicylic, p-coumaric, o-coumaric, caffeic, protocatechuic, gentisic, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic, gallic, vanillic, syringic, and ferulic acids. Among these, caffeic acid was the most likely compound to interact with 1R0E at Val70, Ala83, Lys85, Gly97, Asp133, Val135, Leu188, Cys199, and Asp200, and with 1Q4L at Ile62, Ala83, Asp133, Tyr134, Val135, Arg141, and Val170. Treatment of rats with MHE showed significant reduction in serum glucose levels as compared to control rats. Taken together, the results show that MHE has compoundswith anti-diabetic effect, which could be partially due to the anti-oxidant effects of the active components in MHE.

Antihyperglycemic effect of Passiflora glandulosa cav. fruit rinds flour in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice

Objective: To investigate the effect of administration of Passiflora glandulosa (P. glandulosa) fruit rinds flour on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. Methods: The preliminary phytochemical screening and parameters such as centesimal composition and brine shrimp toxicity were evaluated. For in vivo study Swiss female mice were divided into four groups: NC-normal control; DC-diabetic control animals receiving saline; MET-diabetic animals receiving metformin (200 mg/kg); PFRF-diabetic animals receiving P. glandulosa fruit rinds flour (200 mg/kg). All of them were treated for 28 d. STZ was used in a single dose of 120 mg/kg to establish diabetic models. Body weight, water and food intake, fasting blood glucose were measured. Histopathological analysis of pancreas and liver were performed to evaluate STZ-induced tissue injuries. Results: Phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavanones and triterpenoids. The P. glandulosa fruit rinds flour was non-toxic by the brine shrimp test. The fruit rinds flour also reduced the loss of body weight and significantly decreased food intake in the diabetic mice. Additionally, a significant reduction in blood glucose was observed for 15 d and this was maintained on 21 d and 28 d when compared with diabetic mice. Furthermore, the P. glandulosa fruit rinds flour has a favourable effect on the histopathological changes of the pancreas in STZ induced diabetes. Conclusions: It is concluded that P. glandulosa fruit rinds flour is a natural product that contains potent antioxidant compounds and presents good prospects for the improvement of diabetic mellitus by reducing serum glucose levels.

Lupinus mutabilis Edible Beans Protect against Bacterial Infection in Uroepithelial Cells.

Lupinus mutabilis is a South American herb with edible beans, known to reduce serum glucose levels in diabetic patients. Furthermore, L. mutabilis contains phytochemicals known to decrease bacterial load. Based on the increased urinary tract infections experienced among patients with diabetes, we investigated the effect of L. mutabilis on bladder epithelial cells in the protection of E. coli infection during normal and high glucose concentrations. We did not observe any direct antibacterial effect by L. mutabilis extract. Instead we observed an influence on the host cells, with indirect impact on bacteria and their possibility of causing infection. L. mutabilis extract decreased adhesion to bladder epithelial cells of uropathogenic bacteria, including drug-resistant strains. Moreover, uroplakin1a, involved in adhesion, was downregulated while the antimicrobial peptide RNase 7 was upregulated in L. mutabilis treated cells irrespectively of glucose concentration. This supports an early effect fighting bacteria. Additionally, L. mutabilis prevented bacterial biofilm formation, which is used by bacteria to evade the immune system and antibiotics. In summary, L. mutabilis protects against bacterial infection in uroepithelial cells by preventing adhesion through alteration of the cell surface, increasing antimicrobial peptide expression, and reducing biofilm formation. Together, this promotes bacterial clearance, suggesting that L. mutabilis as extract or as a dietary item can contribute to the prevention of urinary tract infections, which is of importance in an era of increasing antibiotic resistance.

In-vitro and in-vivo cytotoxicity and efficacy evaluation of novel glycyl-glycine and alanyl-alanine conjugates of chitosan and trimethyl chitosan nano-particles as carriers for oral insulin delivery

PurposeThe aim of this research work was to explore the possibility of providing multifunctional oral insulin delivery system by conjugating several types of dipeptides on chitosan and trimethyl chitosan to be used as drug carriers. MethodConjugates of Glycyl-glycine and alanyl-alanine of chitosan and trimethyl chitosan (on primary alcohol group of polymer located on carbon 6) were synthesized and nanoparticles containing insulin were prepared for oral delivery. Preparation conditions of nanoparticles were optimized and their performance to enhance the permeability of insulin as well as cytotoxicity of nanoparticles in Caco-2 cell line was evaluated. To evaluate the efficacy of orally administered nanoparticles, nanoparticles with the most permeability enhancing ability were studied in male Wistar rats as animal model by measuring insulin and glucose Serum levels. ResultStructural study of all the conjugates by infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance confirmed the successful formation of the conjugates with the desirable substitution degree. By optimizing preparation conditions, nanoparticles with expected size (157.3–197.7 nm), Zeta potential (24.35–34.37 mV), polydispersity index (0.365–0.512), entrapment efficiency (70.60–86.52%) and loading capacity (30.92–56.81%), proper morphology and desirable release pattern were obtained. Glycyl-glycine and alanyl-alanine conjugate nanoparticles of trimethyl chitosan showed 2.5–3.3 folds more effective insulin permeability in Caco-2 cell line than their chitosan counterparts. In animal model, oral administration of glycyl-glycine and alanyl-alanine conjugate nanoparticles of trimethyl chitosan demonstrated reasonable increase in Serum insulin level with relative bioavailability of 17.19% and 15.46% for glycyl-glycine and alanyl-alanine conjugate nanoparticles, respectively, and reduction in Serum glucose level compared with trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles (p < 0.05). ConclusionIt seems that glycyl-glycine and alanyl-alanine conjugate nanoparticles of trimethyl chitosan have met the aim of this research work and have been able to orally deliver insulin with more than one mechanism in animal model. Hence, they are promising candidates for further research studies.

A Case Report of Patient with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Treated with Galgeun-tang

Objectives The aim of this study was to explore and describe how fasting blood sugar (FBS), postprandial 2 h Glucose (PP2h), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) of a patient diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus can be reduced by treatment with Galgeun-tang herbal medicine. Methods The patient was administered herbal medicine to reduce serum glucose levels. The prescribed herbal medicines included Galgeun-tang and Galgeun-tang-gami. Results The therapeutic outcomes were control of blood sugar and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and decreased insulin administration. Conclusion The herbal medicine, Galgeun-tang, appears to be a valid treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Serum glucose (FBS/PP2hrs) and HbA1c were well controlled and insulin administration was decreased. Galgeun-tang was effective in controlling the daily glucose levels in a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Keywords: diabetes mellitus, fasting blood sugar (FBS), postprandial 2hrs glucose (PP2h), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), Galgeun-tang

Adamantane-Isothiourea Hybrid Derivatives: Synthesis, Characterization, In Vitro Antimicrobial, and In Vivo Hypoglycemic Activities.

A new series of adamantane-isothiourea hybrid derivatives, namely 4-arylmethyl (Z)-N′-(adamantan-1-yl)-morpholine-4-carbothioimidates 7a–e and 4-arylmethyl (Z)-N′-(adamantan-1-yl)-4-phenylpiperazine-1-carbothioimidates 8a–e were prepared via the reaction of N-(adamantan-1-yl)morpholine-4-carbothioamide 5 and N-(adamantan-1-yl)-4-phenylpiperazine-1-carbothioamide 6 with benzyl or substituted benzyl bromides, in acetone, in the presence of anhydrous potassium carbonate. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, electrospray ionization mass spectral (ESI-MS) data, and X-ray crystallographic data. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the new compounds was determined against certain standard strains of pathogenic bacteria and the yeast-like pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. Compounds 7b, 7d and 7e displayed potent broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, while compounds 7a, 7c, 8b, 8d and 8e were active against the tested Gram-positive bacteria. The in vivo oral hypoglycemic activity of the new compounds was carried on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Compounds 7a, 8ab, and 8b produced potent dose-independent reduction of serum glucose levels, compared to the potent hypoglycemic drug gliclazide.

Antifatigue properties of tanshinone IIA in mice subjected to the forced swimming test

Context: Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) is a constituent of Danshen Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Lamiaceae); however, its antifatigue activity remains unclear. Objective: To study the antifatigue properties of Tan IIA and its underlying mechanisms. Materials and methods: In program I, three mouse groups were separately subjected to three gavages with 0, 1 and 6 mg/kg Tan IIA and forced swimming test (FST) weekly for 8 weeks; in program II, one gavage with 0, 2 and 10 mg/kg Tan IIA was administered plus FST weekly for 4 weeks. Serum glucose, lactate, superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were determined after final FST. Results: Tan IIA significantly prolonged swimming durations in program I but not in program II. Swimming times were 3208 ± 1054 and 2443 ± 1054 s for the 1 and 6 mg/kg treatments and 856 ± 292 s for the vehicle control. The two doses significantly reduced serum glucose levels (40.3 ± 8.5 and 60.0 1 ± 11.8 mg/kg) and lactate levels (61.3 ± 27.5 and 68.8 ± 8.5 mg/kg) in treated mice compared with those in control mice (137.5 ± 38.6 mg/kg and 122.7 ± 18.2 mg/kg, respectively). However, no significant differences were observed regarding SOD, MDA or BUN levels. Discussion and conclusions: Tan IIA has antifatigue activity and is associated with reductions in serum glucose and lactate levels. Further studies should assess muscle hypertrophy and efficient aerobic glycolysis caused by Tan IIA. Tan IIA has potential as a pharmacological agent for fatigue resistance.

Hydrophilic poly (ethylene glycol) capped poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles for subcutaneous delivery of insulin in diabetic rats

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of insulin loaded poly(ethylene glycol) capped poly(lactic-co-glycolic)acid nanoparticles (ISPPLG NPs) by subcutaneous administration in diabetic rats. A series of biodegradable low molecular weight PLGA [90/10 (PLG2) and 80/20 (PLG4)] copolymers were synthesized by melt polycondensation and their ISPPLG NPs were synthesized by water-oil-water (W/O/W) emulsion solvent evaporation method. The PLGA copolymers and their nanoparticles were characterized. The maximum encapsulation efficiency of ISPPLG4 NPs is 66% and the diameter of the nanoparticles is about 140nm. The in-vivo studies of ISPPLG NPs carried out in diabetic rats by subcutaneous administration show considerable reduction in serum glucose level along with partial restoration of tissue defense systems. Histopathological studies reveal that ISPPLG NPs could restore the damages caused by oxidants during hyperglycaemia. The subcutaneous administration of ISPPLG4 NPs is thus an effective method of reducing hyperglycaemia associated complications.

Insulin sparing effect of hydroxychloroquine in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has a favorable glycemic effect that provides a rationale for its use in diabetes mellitus. Decreased insulin degradation and increased insulin sensitivity is suggested to contribute to the reduction in serum glucose levels. Herein, we present a case on the beneficial impact of HCQ on glycemic control in diabetes mellitus. A 69-year old female suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus presented to the clinic for routine follow up. For management of diabetes she was taking glimepiride 4mg once daily, combination of metformin and sitagliptin (1000/50 mg) twice daily and 94 units of insulin/day. Baseline fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) levels were 183 and 222 mg/dL respectively and glycosylated hemoglobin A (HbA 1c ) level was 8.4%. To achieve glycemic control HCQ 400 mg once daily was initiated as an add on antidiabetic drug. HBA 1c level decreased to 6.9% at four months and to 6.8% at eight months after HCQ was utilized. FPG level decreased to 110 mg/dL at six months and to 114 mg/dL at eight months. PPG level decreased to 178 mg/dL at six months and 130 mg/dL at eight months. Thus the FPG level decreased by 69 mg/dL and PPG level decreased by 92 mg/dL respectively from baseline. Acknowledging the progressive positive response to antidiabetic agents, the insulin dose was decreased to 56 units/day at four months, 42 units/day at six months and 28 units/day at eight months. The case highlights the potential ability of HCQ to lower HbA 1c and decrease insulin requirement in uncontrolled diabetic patients.

Clerodane Diterpenoids with Anti-hyperglycemic Activity from Tinospora crispa.

Four new clerodane diterpenoids, tinosporols A–C (2–4) and tinosporoside A (5), together with six known analogues were isolated from the vines of Tinospora crispa. Their structures were established by extensive spectroscopic analysis. The relative configuration at C-12 in the known diterpenoid borapetoside E (1), the major component of the plant, was firstly established with the aid of molecular model. Compound 1 significantly reduced serum glucose levels at dose-dependent manners in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mice and db/db type 2 diabetic mice.Graphical Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13659-016-0109-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The phosphatidylethanolamine derivative diDCP-LA-PE mimics intracellular insulin signaling.

Insulin facilitates glucose uptake into cells by translocating the glucose transporter GLUT4 towards the cell surface through a pathway along an insulin receptor (IR)/IR substrate 1 (IRS-1)/phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1)/Akt axis. The newly synthesized phosphatidylethanolamine derivative 1,2-O-bis-[8-{2-(2-pentyl-cyclopropylmethyl)-cyclopropyl}-octanoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine (diDCP-LA-PE) has the potential to inhibit protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and to directly activate PKCζ, an atypical isozyme, and PKCε, a novel isozyme. PTP1B inhibition enhanced insulin signaling cascades downstream IR/IRS-1 by preventing tyrosine dephosphorylation. PKCζ and PKCε directly activated Akt2 by phosphorylating at Thr309 and Ser474, respectively. diDCP-LA-PE increased cell surface localization of GLUT4 and stimulated glucose uptake into differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, still with knocking-down IR or in the absence of insulin. Moreover, diDCP-LA-PE effectively reduced serum glucose levels in type 1 diabetes (DM) model mice. diDCP-LA-PE, thus, may enable type 1 DM therapy without insulin injection.

Effects of ethanol extract of propolis on histopathological changes and anti‐oxidant defense of kidney in a rat model for type 1 diabetes mellitus

Aims/IntroductionOxidative stress has a key role in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Propolis and its constituents have a wide range of medicinal properties against oxidative stress. In the present study, we evaluated the anti‐oxidant effects of ethanolic extracts of propolis on kidneys in diabetes mellitus rats.Materials and MethodsA total of 40 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the following five groups: control, diabetes mellitus, diabetes mellitus with vehicle treatment, diabetes mellitus with propolis treatment (100 mg/kg) and diabetes mellitus with propolis treatment (200 mg/kg). Diabetes mellitus in rats was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg). Diabetic groups were treated with vehicle or ethanolic extracts of Iranian propolis for 6 weeks. Serum concentration of malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were measured.ResultsThe results showed that Iranian propolis significantly inhibited bodyweight loss in diabetes mellitus rats. The propolis extracts significantly reduced serum glucose levels and kidney weight in diabetes mellitus rats (P < 0.001). Furthermore, propolis extracts significantly reduced the malondialdehyde content, and increased the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (P < 0.001) along with the total anti‐oxidant activity in the kidney tissue of diabetes mellitus rats. In the kidneys of the diabetes mellitus and vehicle group, the glomerular basement membrane thickness and glomerular area were significantly increased. Treatment of diabetes mellitus rats with the propolis extract significantly reduced the glomerular basement membrane thickness and glomerular area.ConclusionsThe present study results showed that the Iranian propolis extract could enhance the anti‐oxidant levels and histopathological changes in the kidneys of rats. The final results showed that most of the favorable effects of propolis are mediated by a reduction of blood glucose levels in diabetic animals.

The combination of Artemisia princeps Pamp, Leonurus japonicas Houtt, and Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fruit attenuates the exacerbation of energy, lipid, and glucose by increasing hepatic PGC-1α expression in estrogen-deficient rats.

BackgroundArtemisia princeps Pamp (APP), Leonurus japonicas Houtt (LJH), and Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fruit (GJE) have been traditionally used in East Asia to treat women’s diseases related to reproductive system. They may attenuate the deterioration of energy, lipid, glucose and bone metabolism by estrogen deficiency. The present study explored the combination of APP, LJH, and GJE to overcome the symptoms of estrogen deficiency and the mechanism was explored.MethodsOvariectomized (OVX) rats were divided into five groups and fed high-fat diets supplemented with 2 % dextrin (control), 2 % APP, 2 % APP + LJH (15:5), APP + LJH + GJE (10:5:5) or 17β-estradiol (30 μg/kg bw/day) for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks of their consumption, energy, lipid, glucose and bone metabolisms were investigated and hepatic insulin signaling and fatty acid metabolism were determined.ResultsAPP + LJH + GJE, but not APP itself, improved energy metabolism and attenuated a decrease in energy expenditure by the same amount as estrogen. Moreover, APP + LJH + GJE reduced visceral fat and intramuscular fat and increased lean body mass measured by DEXA by as much as the positive-control. APP itself suppressed increased LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels in OVX rats and APP + LJH + GJE alleviated dyslipidemia in OVX rats. Overnight-fasted serum insulin levels and HOMA-IR were reduced in the descending order of APP, APP + LJH, APP + LJH + GJE, positive-control in OVX rats. APP and APP + LJH elevated insulin secretion in the 1st part of OGTT to decrease serum glucose levels while APP + LJH + GJE reduced serum glucose levels without increasing serum insulin levels during OGTT. APP + LJH + GJE decreased insulin resistance during ITT in OVX rats more than the positive-control. The APP + LJH + GJE group exhibited increased hepatic peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α expression, which increased the number of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and decreased fatty acid synthesis. Hepatic insulin signaling (pAkt and pGSK-1β) was also potentiated to reduce phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase proteins.ConclusionThe combination of APP + LJH + GJE attenuated various menopausal symptoms in OVX rats. Thus, it may have potential as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of postmenopausal symptoms.

Neuroprotective Effect of Cinamomum zeylanicum in streptozotocin induced diabetes in Mice

Background: Diabetes is recognized as one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality and representing as an emerging global epidemic worldwide. Diabetes and stroke both are the conditions which share various common threats. A patient with Diabetes has higher risk of stroke as compared to non Diabetics. Diabetes and stroke both affects the blood vessels. There are several biochemical pathways which are responsible for the developments of vascular complications due to hyperglycemia. Thus prevention and treatment of diabetes and stroke can reduce the risk of various vascular diseases. Cinnamomum zeylanicum has been used for the treatment of diabetes since long time. Cinnamomum zeylanicum rich in phenolic contents (antioxidants) have been identified as a major active component exhibiting antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects. The present study evaluate the neuroprotective effect of Cinnamomum zeylanicum in streptozotocin induced diabetes in mice and experimentally induced global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. Materials and methods: Swiss albino mice (male) weighing 20-30 g were randomized into eight groups. Diabetes was induced by administering streptozotocin (65 mg/kg, i.p).Starting from seven days after streptozotocin injection, insulin and Cinnamomum zeylanicum were administered for 3 weeks. Serum glucose level and body weight were measured weekly. Neuroprotective activity was carried out by global cerebral ischemia on swiss albino mice by carotid artery occlusion for 10 min followed by 24 hr. reperfusion. Measurement of Triglycerides, Malondialdehyde , cerebral infarct size and glutathione level was carried out at the end of the study. Results: After 21 days of treatment with Cinnamomum zeylanicum (75 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg, p.o) significant increase in body weight and glutathione level and a significant reduction in serum glucose level, triglycerides, MDA levels and cerebral infarct size was observed as compared to diabetic control and diabetic+ stroke group. Conclusion: The present study concludes that Polyphenolic fraction of Cinnamomum zeylanicum not only attenuates the diabetes but also reverse the cerebral infarction in mice through its neuroprotective actions and thus Cinnamomum zeylanicum may serves as a new therapeutic alternative for management of brain damage associated with type-1 diabetes.

Effect of resveratrol on resistin and apelin gene expressions in adipose tissue of diabetic rats.

Adipose tissue plays a major role in glucose homeostasis. Dietary antioxidants such as resveratrol (RSV) may offer some protection against the early stage of diabetes mellitus and the development of complications. The present study investigated the effects of RSV on biochemical parameters and resistin and apelin gene expressions in adipose tissue of rats with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes was induced using a single dose of streptozotocin + nicotinamide. Three groups of diabetic rats were treated with different doses of RSV (1, 5, and 10 mg/kg body weight per day). Oxidative status, serum biochemical parameters, insulin, and HOMA index were measured. Finally, resistin and apelin gene expressions were determined in rats' adipose tissue using RT- PCR (qRT-PCR). A significant reduction in serum glucose level was observed in rats treated with 5 and 10 mg/kg per day RSV compared with the diabetic control. Resistin expression in adipose tissue was reduced in RSV-treated groups, while no significant changes were observed in apelin expression. The results showed that RSV improves insulin sensitivity due to a simultaneous decrease in blood glucose and an increase in insulin. We concluded that RSV has potential hypoglycemic effect, probably by increasing insulin levels and changing the expression of resistin.

Anti-Hyperglycemic Effect of a Kudzu (Pueraria lobata) Vine Extract in Ovariectomized Mice.

Postmenopausal diabetes is exacerbated by estrogen deficiency. Ovariectomized (OVX) animal models can be used to develop strategies for preventing or treating postmenopausal symptoms. We previously found that a diet containing kudzu (Pueraria lobata) vine ethanol extract (PVEE) suppressed weight gain in OVX mice. Therefore, this study further elucidated how PVEE affected OVX mice. Ten-week-old OVX or sham-operated mice were fed diets containing either no PVEE (control) or 20 mg•kg-1•d-1 PVEE for 8 wk, 5 mg•kg-1•d-1 PVEE for 24 wk, or 20 mg•kg-1•d-1 puerarin (daidzein-8-C-glucoside), a major isoflavone present in PVEE, for 10 wk. The effects of puerarin on glucose tolerance were also tested in OVX mice. The experimental diets were not associated with any abnormalities in any mice tested in the present study. Weight gain and serum glucose levels were increased in OVX mice and these effects were significantly attenuated in OVX mice that consumed PVEE (5 or 20 mg•kg-1•d-1) or puerarin. Puerarin-treated OVX mice also showed reduced serum glucose levels following administration of 1,000 mg•kg-1 glucose. These results suggested that puerarin contributed to PVEE-mediated improvements in glucose metabolism in OVX mice. Although further studies are needed to clarify the molecular mechanism underlying these observations, PVEE and puerarin could provide effective approaches to the amelioration of postmenopausal diabetes.

Streptozotocin으로 유발한 당뇨동물 모델에서 아프리칸 망고 추출물의 혈당 조절 효과

This study investigated the regulatory effects of African mango (Irvingia gabonesis, IGOB 131) extract on blood glucose level in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Experimental groups were treated with two different doses of IGOB 131 (1% and 2% in each AIN93G supplement) for 5 weeks [4 weeks pre-treatment and 1 week post-STZ treatment (60 mg/kg body weight)]. STZ-induced diabetic rats showed significantly reduced body weight gain compared to normal control (NC). Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was measured using glucose oxidase-peroxidase reactive strips. The area of under the curve for the glucose response from OGTT in STZ-induced diabetic rats was higher than that of NC rats, and there was a significant difference between the DM and the IGOB 131-treated groups. Serum glucose levels after sacrifice were significantly lower in the IGOB 131 group than the DM group. However, there was no statistical difference between lowand high-dose treatments. Serum insulin levels increased by 234.4% and 175.9%, respectively, upon treatment with IGOB 131. Serum lipid profiles were not significantly different among the experimental groups. The tested samples had no effects on serum levels of lipid profiles (triglyceride, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein/very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol). These results suggest that IGOB 131 is able to ameliorate diabetes by reducing serum glucose levels that may result from increased insulin levels.

Antihyperglycemic effect of short-term arginyl-fructose supplementation in subjects with prediabetes and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial.

BackgroundA previous study reported that arginyl-fructose may have great value as a functional food with antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. However, there have been few clinical studies on the efficacy of arginyl-fructose supplementation for blood glucose control.MethodsIn this double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 60 Korean subjects with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomly assigned to placebo or test groups. The test group subjects received 1500 mg/day arginyl-fructose. Fasting serum levels of glucose, hemoglobin A1c, insulin, and free fatty acids were measured by 2-hour oral glucose tolerance tests at baseline and after the 6-week intervention. Eleven subjects dropped out or were excluded during the trial. The data for the remaining 49 were statistically analyzed using Student’s t-test and paired t-test.ResultsAfter the 6-week intervention, the test group showed significant reductions in serum glucose levels at 30 minutes (−19.4 ± 5.62 mg/dL) and 60 minutes (−15.4 ± 7.01 mg/dL) and reduced glucose area under the curve (−27.4 ± 8.59 mg/dL) compared with those of the placebo control group. The changes (differences from baseline) in serum glucose levels at 60 minutes and glucose area under the curve in the test group differed significantly from those in the control group even after adjusting for baseline values. In contrast, glucose-related biomarkers including hemoglobin A1c, insulin, and C-peptide levels were not significantly improved by the dietary intervention with arginyl-fructose.ConclusionsArginyl-fructose supplementation (1500 mg/day) may be beneficial for reducing postprandial blood glucose levels in patients with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT02285231. Registered 11 May 2014.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13063-015-1036-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.