Prejudice Reduction Research Articles

Interfaith prejudice in the United States: The role of social identity complexity

Interfaith prejudice continues to be an understudied challenge in the United States. In three studies, the present research focused on prejudice between atheists and Christians and assessed the role that social identity complexity (SIC), the degree of overlap that an individual perceives between their various social identities, plays in these biases, as well as tested a novel intervention method using SIC to reduce bias. Study 1 assessed the relationship between SIC and prejudice for atheists and Christians and found that higher SIC in Christians was associated with lower levels of prejudice, but SIC was unrelated to prejudice for atheists. Study 2 tested the utility of an SIC intervention for reducing prejudice in Christians and showed a small increase in SIC but no reduction in prejudice towards atheists. A mini meta-analysis in Study 3 assessed the relationship between SIC and prejudice across all three studies and fully replicated Study 1. This line of work was an important first step in uncovering the relationship between SIC and interfaith intolerance for atheists and Christians in the United States. The findings suggest that SIC interventions may have potential for reducing prejudice in Christians, but future researchers will need to use methods that can be tested longitudinally for greater impact.

The Impact of Religious Festivals on Prejudice Reduction among Interfaith University Students

This qualitative study inquire into the role of religious festivals in bringing down prejudice among interfaith university students. This research study mainly focus on how taking part in and disclosure to different religious celebrations effect students’ attitudes, perceptions, and their social relations with one another. There are three main objectives of this research : first, to assess the amendment in prejudice levels between interfaith students after taking part in religious festivals of different religions ; second, to find out how interactions between people of different religions during these events enhance reciprocal understanding and tolerance; and third, to comprehend how active partaking in such events shapes students’ perceptions and attitudes toward people of different religions. Data was collected from the sample of ten participants, including 5 Muslim and 5 Christian Students, through semi-structured interviews that were designed purposefully. The analysis conducted is grounded in thematic examination of the gathered information. Results from the study suggest that particopation in religious festivals constitutes a transformative experience, which serves to challenge established stereotypes and nurture empathy among participants. Furthermore, the interactions between students of differing religions during these events are found to significantly contribute to the promotion of dialogue, the establishment of interpersonal connections, and the fostering of mutual respect among individuals.

Reducing prejudice with counter‐stereotypical AI

AbstractBased on a review of relevant literature, we propose that the proliferation of AI with human‐like and social features presents an unprecedented opportunity to address the underlying cognitive and affective drivers of prejudice. An approach informed by the psychology of intergroup contact and prejudice reduction is necessary because current AI systems often reinforce or avoid prejudices. Against this backdrop, we outline unique opportunities for prejudice reduction through ‘synthetic’ intergroup contact, wherein consumers interact with AI products and services that counter stereotypes and serve as a ‘proxy’ members of the outgroup (i.e., counter‐stereotypical AI). In contrast to human‐human contact, humanizing and socializing AI can reduce prejudice through more repeated, direct, unavoidable, private, non‐judgmental, collaborative, and need‐satisfying contact. We illustrate the potential of synthetic intergroup contact with counter‐stereotypical AI using examples of gender stereotypes and hate speech and discuss practical considerations for implementing counter‐stereotypical AI without inadvertently perpetuating or reinforcing prejudice.

The Vietnam Draft Lottery and Whites’ Racial Attitudes: Evidence from the General Social Survey

The Vietnam Draft Lotteries, which randomly assigned men to military service, enable researchers to assess the long-term effects of interracial contact on racial attitudes. Using a new draft status indicator for respondents to the General Social Surveys 1978–2021, we show that white men who were selected for the draft subsequently expressed less negative attitudes toward Black people and toward policies designed to help them. These effects are apparent only for cohorts that were actually drafted into service, suggesting that interracial contact during military service led to attitude change. These findings have important implications for theories of political socialization and prejudice reduction.

Does Empowerment of National Minorities Through Sustainable Ethnic Tourism Overcome Prejudices? Lessons From Serbia

ABSTRACTThis study analyses the perceptions and attitudes of national minorities in Serbia towards the impact of ethnic tourism on the preservation of their cultural identity, economic benefits, the reduction of prejudices and the future development of ethnic‐tourism. Using a qualitative approach, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with members of different national minorities: Slovaks, Hungarians, Bosniaks, Ruthenians, Vlachs and Roma. Thematic analysis was used to identify key issues and gain insights into the views of the interviewees. The results show that ethnic tourism contributes significantly to the economic development of these communities by creating jobs and supporting local businesses. Ethnic tourism also plays a key role in the preservation and promotion of cultural heritage through festivals, traditional crafts and gastronomy. Interaction with tourists helps to break down stereotypes and prejudices and promotes mutual understanding and tolerance. However, challenges are also recognised, such as the commercialization of culture and the need for sustainable practices. The importance of this research for Serbia is particularly great, as it is a country with numerous national minorities and the potential for the development of ethnic tourism. Serbia faces prejudices and stereotypes, and ethnic tourism can play a key role in reducing these prejudices and promoting cultural diversity. The results of this research can inform managers and development professionals on how to integrate sustainable practices and cultural identity into tourism strategies and thus promote the long‐term prosperity of national minorities in Serbia.

The Longitudinal Effects of Intergroup Contact on Youth Attitudes Towards Ethnic Minorities and Constructive Societal Engagement

ABSTRACTGrowing empirical evidence demonstrates that intergroup contact has the potential to reap effects that go beyond prejudice reduction. Much of this evidence, however, is based on findings from cross‐sectional surveys. Building on the relatively smaller body of longitudinal intergroup contact research, we conduct a three‐time point survey amongst youth in Northern Ireland to determine whether frequent and good‐quality interactions with ethnic minority groups are associated with later reports on: (1) attitudes towards ethnic minorities, (2) prosocial behaviour towards ethnic minorities, and (3) civic engagement. Data were collected over the period of a school year amongst youth living in Belfast (n = 420, Mage; T1 = 14.9 years) and analysed using longitudinal path analyses and structural equation models in Mplus. Results demonstrate a lagged effect of higher‐quality contact on more positive attitudes towards ethnic minorities over the school year. There was also a lagged effect of more frequent contact on self‐reported prosocial behaviour in support of ethnic minorities. No lagged effects were observed of intergroup contact on civic engagement. Findings highlight the potential longitudinal effects of intergroup contact on attitudes and behaviours towards ethnic minorities.

Reducing transphobia with the narratives of transgender YouTubers

YouTube has emerged as a valuable resource for trans people to get themselves heard. It also has the potential to help mainstream audiences to understand more about transgender’s lives. Following Contact, Narrative Persuasion, and Queer Intercultural Theories, two experiments were conducted among cisgender people to investigate which types of narratives (positive, neutral, or negative) shared by trans YouTubers are more effective for reducing prejudice towards trans people, and whether this effect depends on the YouTuber’s gender (Study 1) and/or their ethnic background (Study 2). Results from Study 1 (N = 254) show that negative narratives mediate the reduction of prejudice through narrative transportation, empathy, and intergroup anxiety. Trans women’s narratives are more effective for prejudice reduction. Study 2 (N = 161) replicates these findings and shows that xenophobia moderates the aforesaid effect if trans YouTubers are from different nationalities. Consequently, different prejudices might interact in the reception of LGBTQ+ narratives.

How does contact valence and group salience affect outgroup attitudes in asynchronous computer mediated contact? Experiments on intergroup contact via social media posts

ABSTRACT The prejudice reduction potential of face-to-face intergroup contact is widely established, but we know much less about computer-mediated intergroup contact (online contact) specifically via social media where interactions are less controlled and mostly asynchronous. Additionally, much of the work on online contact has focused on positive, controlled contact, neglecting the effect of negative contact. We examined the effects of mediated contact via online posts with differing valence (positive, negative, and neutral) in three experimental studies, in an imaginary scenario (Study 1: N = 120) and a real intergroup scenario with South and North Indians (Study 2: N = 296, Study 3: N = 336). Main effects of One way and factorial ANOVA showed that contact valence significantly affected outgroup attitudes in Study 1 & 2 but was not replicated in Study 3, where quality and quantity of past contact and status differences emerged as significant predictors of attitudes. Multiple mediation analysis revealed that intergroup anxiety and quality of contact explained changes in attitudes, which was less affected by valence and more by regional identity and history of contact. Findings are discussed in light of the possibilities and limitations of asynchronous mediated contact on social media.

WORK RELATIONS AND CHALLENGES FOR INCLUSION OF PEOPLE COMPLYING WITH SOCIO-EDUCATIONAL MEASURES: A theoretical essay based on national literature

Socio-educational measures (SEM) are the State's stance in response to a juvenile's criminal act. The effectiveness of SEM is constantly under attack, and the possibility of more severe punitive measures, especially institutionalization, is often brought up, since juvenile offenders are considered "maladjusted" or "irredeemable". It is noted that such negative conceptions are perpetuated in various sectors of society, and that, in addition, stigmas also appear among the management teams of socio-educational institutions, with a view that corroborates the perspective that these young people do not deserve trust. Our objective was to analyze, through a systematic literature review, national scientific publications about young men, aged between 16 and 20 years, serving MSE in a detention regime, aiming to build a theoretical-reflective foundation to support the analyses of their situation regarding the prospects of entering the job market and the practice of Organizational and Work Psychology, whether in professional guidance or in working in organizations, contributing to the reduction of prejudices that act on this public, promoting their exclusion in the formal job market. Our postulation, which goes in the direction that stigmas and prejudices need to be the target of a process of deconstruction, so that citizens can have equal rights and possibilities of social inclusion and in the job market, is weakened when we realize that a science and profession such as Psychology, objectively Organizational and Work Psychology, has not made this phenomenon the object of its attention.

The Role of Diagnostic Models in Prejudice Toward People With Borderline Personality Disorder: An Experimental Investigation.

We tested whether dimensional personality disorder models such as the Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD) cause less prejudice toward people with borderline personality disorder (BPD) than categorical models, and we sought to identify the mechanisms underpinning this reduction in prejudice. Undergraduate psychology students (n = 183) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions (AMPD, categorical, control) and given descriptive information about BPD. Participants in the AMPD and categorical conditions also received a presentation about their respective BPD diagnostic criteria. Students in all conditions then completed a survey assessing their prejudice toward people with BPD. There was no difference between conditions on overall prejudice toward people with BPD. However, the AMPD increased continuum beliefs and decreased categorical beliefs, and these, in turn, affected perceptions of people with BPD as ingroup members, which indirectly reduced prejudice. We have identified pathways through which the AMPD indirectly reduces prejudice toward people with BPD.

Exploring Egalitarianism: A Conceptual and Methodological Review of Egalitarianism and Impacts on Positive Intergroup Relations.

Considerable research on intergroup relations emphasizes attitudes, motivations, and emotions that lead to the reduction of prejudice. While factors that actively promote positive intergroup interactions have been emerging, a central theoretical framework has not been formally proposed. To address this gap, we engaged a positive psychology lens to explore how researchers have defined key indicators and consider the positive counterparts of traditional prejudice-reduction models to begin building a new framework of egalitarianism. After scanning 16,840 records that emerged in PsycInfo using keywords "egalitarian", "non-prejudice", and "intergroup", we assessed 158 articles for eligibility. Among the relevant articles (N = 54), we analyzed authors' definitions, methods of measurement, types of processes, and outcomes associated with egalitarian values as they related to intergroup behavior. Overall, there was notable variability in how researchers conceptualized and studied egalitarianism. We discuss the five broad categories of egalitarianism (prejudice reduction, universal orientation, concern for others, positive expression, and low social dominance orientation) and how they relate to positive or negative and approach or avoidant outcomes. Through these findings, we urge scholars to utilize a centralized model for studying egalitarianism in intergroup contexts moving forward.

The interplay between teaching for social justice beliefs and intergroup contact experiences in teachers’ responses to new curricular autonomy

ABSTRACT This study explores how South Korean teachers’ beliefs about social justice teaching intersect with their intergroup contact experiences when teaching migrant students under expanded curriculum autonomy. A comparative qualitative case study approach was used, drawing on interviews, classroom observations, and stimulated recalls. The findings reveal three models of social justice teaching – functional, critical, and liberal – as manifest in each teacher’s practice. The discussion highlights two key aspects: First, regarding contact experiences, teachers’ experience of being minoritized in intergroup contact has a more pronounced effect on their prejudice reduction than the density or frequency of contact per se; and indirect contact with outgroup members can be as effective as direct contact in reducing stereotypes. Second, concerning teacher beliefs and policy implementation, teachers’ beliefs significantly shape their interactions with minoritized students; and increased curriculum autonomy does not necessarily lead to critical social justice teaching. Implications for teacher education are discussed.

Implementation of Ethnopedagogy Through Tabak Educative Traditional Games for Multicultural Value Reinforcement

This study explores the use of traditional Tabak games to reinforce multicultural values in Public Elementary School 14, Pontianak City. Utilizing a survey method, the research involved the Pontianak community, teachers, and students from the school. Data collection methods included participant observation, comprehensive interviews, and documentation, with data analysis conducted through an interactive approach. The findings reveal that students favor thematic lessons, particularly history education, when taught using traditional Tabak games. This is evidenced by 90.71 percent of students responding positively to questions about this learning method. The traditional Tabak games embody values such as democracy, education, social skills, personality, courage, unity, and morals. Additionally, the implementation of learning based on local wisdom through traditional educational Tabak games showed an 86.79 percent effectiveness in strengthening multicultural values. This approach provides teachers with an alternative method for creating imaginative and enjoyable educational activities suitable for elementary students. It introduces multicultural values through five dimensions of multicultural education: content integration, knowledge construction, prejudice reduction, and the empowerment of school culture and social structures.

Pendekatan Pembelajaran Culture Responsive Teaching (CRT) Pada Mahasiswa Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Jerman

Research on the Culture Responsive Teaching (CRT) learning approach aims to ensure that in the learning process the educators or teachers focus not only on improving students' learning achievements, but also on helping students accept and strengthen their cultural identity. This research is semi-qualitative research with the research subjects being students of the German Department with 20 respondents . In this research it is used Integration of CRT aspects in learning among others Content Integration, facilitating Knowledge construction, Prejudice Reduction, Social Justice and Academic Development. As instruments used were questionnaires and interviews. The research results show that students have a high tendency towards the facilitating Knowledge construction aspect with a score of 95%, followed by other aspects, namely Prejudice Reduction (94%), Academic Development (92), Content Integration (89), Social Justice (89). It means that cultural elements are very important in the learning process because they can help students understand reading texts well, because teachers can provide explanations using local culture. So it can be concluded that this CRT approach needs to be applied at various levels of education

Addressing anti-Gypsyism with context-dependent psychological tools: Research review, meta-analysis and secondary analysis of prejudice against the Roma

ABSTRACT Anti-Gypsyism is a deeply entrenched form of ethnic bias in Europe, characterised by realistic conflict perceptions, social norms approving bias, unacknowledged historical victimisation, and denial of cultural autonomy. Mainstream prejudice reduction interventions may have limited applicability to anti-Gypsyism, because prejudice is normative, hence people are not motivated to change their views; interventions focusing on increased liking, but not competence perception consolidate status differences; stereotypes are resistant to change because of the overlap with low SES stereotypes and assimilation of counter-stereotypical members. With the help of a meta-analysis with 169 effect sizes from 18 countries in 14 languages we showed that contact frequency was indeed only associated with affective (liking), but not cognitive and behavioural prejudice. However, we found the expected negative association between positive contact and prejudice. Eurobarometer data also showed the salience of counter-normative experiences, as friendships had a stronger impact in countries with higher overall means of anti-Gypsyism.

THE EDUCATIONAL VALUES OF MULTICULTURAL ISLAM IN TURATS SIROJUTTHOLIBIN KIAI IHSAN JAMPES KEDIRI

Multicultural differences are inevitable, especially in the academic life of primary and higher education. To accept this difference, one must be plural or tolerant of diversity. In the context of soul education, the great name Kiai Ihsan Jampes is no stranger to the general public. The purpose of this research is to find the values of multicultural Islamic education in the world's scholars of his origins to the extent to which, along with its analysis, as well as carefully studying the methods, approaches, and dimensions of multiculturalism existing in his turats. Methods used This research belongs to the category of library research and uses a qualitative descriptive approach. The values of multicultural Islamic education reflected by his Turats, at least, are the need to treat others with care, tolerance, and compassion, which is not at all compelling in calling for good. The methods reflected in the above turats are methods of contribution, decision-making, and social action. The approach is aesthetic. The dimensions contained are the dimensions of prejudice reduction. This study contributed to the development of religious moderation and revealed that previous scholars have suggested the importance of a tolerant, moderate attitude in order to form an agamistic and nationalist soul that benefits the long-term revival of human resources.

Does Digital Intergroup Contact Reduce Prejudice? A Meta-Analysis.

With the ubiquity of technology in the modern life, contact between different social groups via different digital means is an everyday reality. Can such a digital intergroup contact reduce prejudice, or does it exacerbate it? In this study, we summarize the present evidence on the links between intergroup digital contact and prejudice in a variety of intergroup contexts. We meta-analyzed experimental and correlational evidence from 88 independent samples (n = 9,385). Digital intergroup contact showed a small but significant effect consistent with prejudice reduction (g = 0.25). Direct digital contact showed larger effect than indirect forms of contact, and contact via computer-mediated communication showed larger effects than contact achieved via other activities such as interacting with nonplayable characters or embodiment. The effects were similar regardless of the type of out-group targeted by prejudice. Overall, meta-analytical results suggest that digital intergroup contact may reduce prejudice.

Scaling Implicit Bias Analysis across Transformer-Based Language Models through Embedding Association Test and Prompt Engineering

In the evolving field of machine learning, deploying fair and transparent models remains a formidable challenge. This study builds on earlier research, demonstrating that neural architectures exhibit inherent biases by analyzing a broad spectrum of transformer-based language models from base to x-large configurations. This article investigates movie reviews for genre-based bias, which leverages the Word Embedding Association Test (WEAT), revealing that scaling models up tends to mitigate bias, with larger models showing up to a 29% reduction in prejudice. Alternatively, this study also underscores the effectiveness of prompt-based learning, a facet of prompt engineering, as a practical approach to bias mitigation, as this technique reduces genre bias in reviews by more than 37% on average. This suggests that the refinement of development practices should include the strategic use of prompts in shaping model outputs, highlighting the crucial role of ethical AI integration to weave fairness seamlessly into the core functionality of transformer models. Despite the basic nature of the prompts employed in this research, this highlights the possibility of embracing structured prompt engineering to create AI systems that are ethical, equitable, and more responsible for their actions.

Трансформация предубеждения в неявные формы как индикатор его функций в межгрупповых отношениях

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Objective. </strong>The study is aimed to clarify the understanding of the functions of prejudice in intergroup relations. A comparison of approaches to explaining intergroup relations and an analysis of the transformation of prejudice into covert, subtle forms were applied in order to achieve the aim. <br><strong>Background. </strong>The plasticity of prejudice, its transformation into covert, subtle forms in response to equal rights movements and social inadmissibility, the inconsistencies in the prejudice reduction techniques effectiveness indicates that something fundamental about the nature of prejudice is being missed by researchers. The persistent negativity of prejudice suggests that one should look for this “missing” in the concept of functions. The functions of prejudice per se have not been a focus of research attention yet. <br><strong>Methodology. </strong>The rationale was based on functional analysis in psychology, sociology and social anthropology.<br><strong>Conclusions. </strong>The persistence, “inflexibility” of a negative attitude is an essential trait of prejudice, and not just an imperfection of its first definitions. It points to the functions that prejudice fulfills in intergroup relations, that is, it leads to a positive, a useful result for the system (society and its structure). Features of the transformation of prejudice into covert forms show that preserving the entitativity and the boundaries of the group (which is the unit of this system) in a “loose” egalitarian society seems to be prejudice function.</p>

Peer inclusion and school equality norm associations with intergroup contact, and academic self‐efficacy amongst ethnic majority and ethnic minority youth

AbstractSocial norms are important predictors of youth attitudes and behaviours. There is substantial evidence that positive and meaningful intergroup contact supported by inclusive norms can have a range of benefits beyond prejudice reduction. The present research explores whether perceived peer inclusion norms and perceived norms of equality in school are associated with better quality and more frequent intergroup contact and in turn, whether these are associated with better academic self‐efficacy. To test these assertions, we conducted a cross‐sectional survey with ethnic majority and ethnic minority youth aged 11–12 (n = 629, 48% female, 43% minority ethnic) attending one of four ethnically diverse secondary schools in England. In support of our hypotheses, we found that both perceived inclusive peer norms and perceived school equality norms were associated with higher quantity and quality of contact for both ethnic majority and minority group youth. An indirect effect was observed whereby perceived peer norms of inclusion and school norms of equality were associated with higher academic self‐efficacy through higher quality outgroup contact for both groups. No indirect effect was observed for contact quantity. Findings evidence the importance of perceived peer and school equality norms as well as intergroup contact effects for outcomes that go beyond prejudice reduction, in this case academic self‐efficacy.