Reduction Of Harmful Emissions Research Articles

Ecological Convergence in the System of Sustainable Development of the Russian Economy

Currently, studies of the problems of convergence of leading countries in terms of the lean use of natural resources, the reduction of harmful emissions and the transition to using new types of energy carriers are highly relevant, with regard to sustainable development mainstream. At the same time, the majority of authors consider convergent processes from an economic or socio-political point of view. In this regard, the article examines the issues of ecological convergence, as a special structural shift in the economy, leading to radical positive changes in the environmental management system and a decrease in anthropogenic impact on the environment.

Повышение энергоэффективности силовых электроэнергетических установок малотоннажных пассажирских судов

The article is devoted to solving the problem of improving the energy efficiency of power plants of high-speed lowtonnage (planing) vessels used for passenger transportation between coastal settlements on the example of the port of Vladivostok located on the Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula, which has mainly land communication with settlements located on the coast. The oversaturation of motor transport, due to the need for communication between localities, which are usually characterized by dense buildings, is one of the main causes of many hours of traffic congestion, which worsen the environmental situation and increase social tension in society. At the same time, the tourist attractiveness of Primorye is also decreasing. One of the promising areas for solving this transport problem is the use of low-tonnage passenger vessels, in particular planing vessels, with hybrid electrified power propulsion systems. According to the available data, such vessels have reduced consumption of fuel and lubricants necessary for the operation of power plants and reduction in harmful emissions into the surrounding atmosphere by more than two times compared to similar traditional diesel vessels. In addition, the prospects of the proposed scientific and technical solution are due to the reduction in the time of passenger transportation while reducing the cost of travel

Combined scheme of solid fuel combustion in low power boilers

Different constructive schemes of solid fuel combustion in heating boilers up to 100 kW with the analysis of their efficiency depending on the quality of the burned solid fuel are considered. It is established that low-power solid fuel boilers with various types of combustion devices depending on the characteristics of the burned fuel and the accepted level of service are used in heat supply systems of premises, buildings and structures: from simple furnaces with manual maintenance to automated combustion devices of complex design. Mostly pre-prepared high-quality fuel is used for combustion: fuel pellets, briquettes, high-quality coal, the high cost of which significantly increases operating costs. In order to reduce capital and operating costs, it is advisable to introduce relatively inexpensive models of low-power heating boilers with an acceptable level of mechanization of combustion technology of cheap fuel, including local, with minimal costs for its preparation. The design of a heating water boiler with a semi-mechanical furnace and a technological scheme of combustion is proposed, which combines the processes of drying, gasification and combustion of fuel in a shaft with a clamping grate and combustion of coke in a layer on a moving grate. It is noted that the periodic supply of fuel in the furnace with a moving grate is maintained the stability of the combustion process in the combustion chamber, in the period between cleaning of ash and slag, without significant changes in the composition of above-layer gases. Due to the smooth movement of the next portion of hot coke from the fuel shaft to the combustion chamber on the rotating grate, conditions are created to maintain the uniformity of the boiler with the normative indicators. A reduction in harmful emissions in the exhaust gases was achieved during the combustion of the reaction fuel by passing a secondary blast of air through a collector and directing it to the combustion zone of light substances at the outlet of the clamping grate. Analytical equations for determining the size of the combustion zone according to the regime and design parameters of the combustion process are given. The efficiency of application of the combined (shaft-layer) technological scheme in low-power boilers was tested during testing of combustion of different quality coal in a semi-mechanical furnace with a rotating grate in the electric coal boiler with a heat output of 50 kW for railway carriages.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ПОТУЖНОСТІ ДОПОМІЖНО-АВАРІЙНОГО ЕЛЕКТРОПРИВОДУ РУХУ СУДНА З КОМБІНОВАНОЮ ДИЗЕЛЬ-ЕЛЕКТРИЧНОЮ СИЛОВОЮ УСТАНОВКОЮ

Purpose. The paper compares the traditional method of calculating the parameters of electric motion of ships in auxiliary emergency modes at low speeds of the vessel with another, simplified because it does not require the use of a large number of diagrams to determine the resistance of the vessel. But according to a simplified method for this example – a container ship with a capacity of 16,000 containers with the main engine capacity of 61776 kW, a synchronous machine with a capacity of up to 6 MW in engine mode, and three diesel generators with an electric capacity of 3187 kW – 39 % more power is obtained. Own experience of operation of the vessel in modes with electric movement – loading of diesel generators in this mode on the vessel about 70 % that is received by calculations. Thus, when upgrading the propulsion system or designing new vessels, it is advisable to compare the results of two calculations of the power of diesel generators at the limit of the minimum stable speed of the main engine and choose the larger of the results. Methodology. Comparison of specific and absolute fuel consumption, made on the basis of known approximation polynomials for low- and high-speed types of diesel of the company at auxiliary emergency movement shows that at the movement from high-speed diesel generators MAK8M32S fuel consumption decreases by 24 %, then at the maintenance of the main engine 12 RTflex-96C from WÄRTSILÄ-SULZER. Results. Therefore, the use of electric motion allows you to save engine power of the main engine, reduce fuel consumption. This ratio is observed on most maritime transport vessels. And given that diesel generators operate at almost optimal load, and the main engine – at idle, electric motion provides a significant reduction in harmful emissions into the atmosphere. The latter is also true for a ship where the synchronous engine is located behind the main engine, although fuel consumption, in this case, increases by 32 %. Figures 9, tables 6, references 15.

Using Recycled Aggregates from Construction and Demolition Waste in Unbound Layers of Pavements

Pavements are an expensive part of transportation infrastructures, as their construction and maintenance require large amounts of resources and materials every year and all over the world. A sustainable solution for considering environmental concerns about roads and pavements, in general, is utilizing recycled materials for their construction. This has been shown to lower the carbon footprint of the construction sector and to result in natural resource conservation, in reduction of harmful emissions and in minimization of overall costs for pavement construction and maintenance. One of the main groups of recycled materials which has attracted much attention since the end of the last century is construction and demolition waste aggregates (CDW). This paper reviews the completed studies referring to the use of the construction and demolition waste aggregates in unbound layers of pavements and compare the in-hand results from various engineering assessments of these aggregates and mixes. A number of tests and evaluations are applied in order to enhance the required quality and durability of the pavements under given traffic volumes traffic loads and climate actions. Today, unbound recycled aggregates (RA) are mainly used in the lower layers, such as subgrade, capping, sub-base and base, but in rural roads they can be adopted also for bound layers, towards the surface of the structure and may be constituents of bound layers and of novel surfacing applications.

On the Phases’ Distribution in Packed Columns

Packed columns are typical apparatuses for industrial separation processes which are important in fuel and energy production and reduction of harmful emissions in the atmosphere. The efficiency of the processes in them is strongly dependent on the regular distribution of phases. The liquid and gas maldistribution has been the subject of long intensive investigations. The formation of a liquid wall flow has been found to be one of the main factors for the large-scale radial irregularity of liquid and gas distribution. The prediction and control of this phenomenon is still unsatisfactory. Our work suggests a new approach for evaluation of the wall flow in countercurrent absorption with random packings. It uses simple mathematical apparatus and is based on experimental data of the wall flow along the column height. It allows gaining knowledge about the liquid flow and evaluating the wall flow volume as a criterion of efficiency for comparison of packings. The model is demonstrated by a case study with data for metal Pall rings.

Study of low compression ratio on the performance of diesel engine in dual fuel operation with different flow rates of acetylene

Using fossil fuels in internal combustion engines was associated with concerns like health hazards due to harmful emissions, rising fuel prices, and depletion of fuels. Many researchers focussed their attention on the use of acetylene as an alternative fuel owing to the characteristics such as ease of availability, better combustion characteristics, and reduction in harmful emissions. The present experimental investigation was carried out on a variable compression ratio CI engine in dual fuel mode with reduced CR from 18 to 13 and flow rates of acetylene from 2 LPM to 5 LPM. The reduced CR of 15 and 4 LPM of acetylene showed better results considering performance parameters and emission. Mechanical efficiency, brake thermal efficiency found increased by 30% and 19% respectively. Also, brake specific energy consumption was found reduced by 19%. CO2 and HC emissions decreased by 4% and 56% respectively, however, increased CO and NOx emissions observed at elevated load conditions and low CR, as in similar studies by other researchers.

New ecological and economic horizons in poultry

The article discusses the reduction of harmful emissions into the environment, the production of organic (bio) products, with increasing demand from the population, describes the experience of using an adsorbent - activated carbon in poultry farming, and provides biochemical data on the effectiveness of our method. The authors analyze various types of pollution, highlighting the role and importance of harmful emissions in the agricultural sector. Moreover, as the researchers note, there is a demand for environmentally friendly agricultural products. The global environmental problems, a significant part of which is the utilization and use of litter, makes us look for ways to reduce harmful factors in poultry farming. On the other hand, the consumption of nitrogen fertilizers in crop production requires metered application. The use of organic fertilizers with the addition of adsorbents is more effective, since the desorption process allows you to saturate the soil with nitrogen gradually, without polluting the sown area.

Exhaust gas recirculation with highly oxygenated fuels in gas turbines

To achieve a near zero emission footprint of combustion in power generation, introduction of fuels with low global warming potential, namely low-carbon or carbon neutral fuels and simultaneous reduction of harmful emissions through implementation of advanced combustion concepts is necessary. The study addresses this challenge experimentally by proposing a new approach which combines the benefits of highly oxygenated waste derived fuels, here represented by glycerol, and an introduction of external exhaust gasses recirculation (EGR) aimed for further reduction of NOx emissions. Thus, the recognized role of the high oxygen content in glycerol can positively influence the well-known penalties of EGR, which are commonly perceivable through elevated CO and soot emissions. The measurements were performed with an experimental gas turbine equipped with an exhaust heat regeneration system and feedback loop for 8% and 13% EGR content in compressor intake air. The proposed system layout represents a technically viable and cost-efficient approach for upgrading existent gas turbine setups with a goal to improve their emission footprint. Results confirm that with 8% and 13% EGR rate, NOx, CO and soot can be reduced simultaneously, thus improving the CO- NOx and soot- NOx trade off approximately 2-fold for each species. Additionally, underlying phenomena responsible for observed improvements while increasing EGR rate are identified as an increased soot reactivity, a competing effect of EGR related dilution and an increased primary air temperature together with spray related parameters linked to low stoichiometric ratio of glycerol.

Modeling gaseous non-reactive flow in a lean direct injection gas turbine combustor through an advanced mesh control strategy

Fuel efficiency improvement and harmful emissions reduction are the main motivations for the development of gas turbine combustors. Numerical computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of these devices are usually computationally expensive since they imply a multi-scale problem. In this work, gaseous non-reactive unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes and large eddy simulations of a gaseous-fueled radial-swirled lean direct injection combustor have been carried out through CONVERGE™ CFD code by solving the complete inlet flow path through the swirl vanes and the combustor. The geometry considered is the gaseous configuration of the CORIA lean direct injection combustor, for which detailed measurements are available. The emphasis of the work is placed on the demonstration of the CONVERGE™ applicability to the multi-scale gas turbine engines field and the determination of an optimal mesh strategy through several grid control tools (i.e., local refinement, adaptive mesh refinement) allowing the exploitation of its automatic mesh generation against traditional fixed mesh approaches. For this purpose, the normalized mean square error has been adopted to quantify the accuracy of turbulent numerical statistics regarding the agreement with the experimental database. Furthermore, the focus of the work is to study the behavior when coupling several large eddy simulation sub-grid scale models (i.e., Smagorinsky, Dynamic Smagorinsky, and Dynamic Structure) with the adaptive mesh refinement algorithm through the evaluation of its specific performances and predictive capabilities in resolving the spatial-temporal scales and the intrinsically unsteady flow structures generated within the combustor. This investigation on the main non-reacting swirling flow characteristics inside the combustor provides a suitable background for further studies on combustion instability mechanisms.

ASSESSMENT THE IMPLEMENTATION THE COMBINED MODE OF MOVEMENT ON THE URBAN PUBLIC TRANSPORT ROUTES WITH IMPLEMENTATION THE PRIORITY LANE ON FOR TRAFFIC

The expediency of the organization of the combined mode of traffic on city bus routes with taken into account the introduction allocating a priority lane in order to increase transport demand, due to involving interests of transport companies and the requests of passengers in terms of quality, reliability and safety are considered. As the level of motorization increases, a significant number of road accidents (accidents) are recorded by the Road Traffic Safety Administration in Ukraine, with not only an increase in their number but also their severity. Most road traffic accidents occur with the participation of city buses. In order to reduce the risk of vehicle collision and improve traffic safety, it is proposed to organize the movement of urban transport vehicles on a dedicated lane. To assess the possibility of implementing high-speed traffic or BRT-like systems by allocating a lane for urban transport routes, Kharkiv city route system was considered with various factors in mind. From the considered urban routes for further consideration regarding the implementation of the dedicated (specialized) lane for routes of the urban transport, the route network of the Slobidsky district of Kharkiv city was selected. Obtained indicators of the route № 226e of Kharkiv during full-time observations in the peak period and the use of the objective function of the feasibility of introducing a combined mode of traffic on city routes indicate that when organizing a combined mode of traffic on the route № 226e, a rational ratio of the number of vehicles is 4 buses operating normally and 2 in express mode. In this ratio, the total cost is minimal, which satisfies both the interests of the transport company and the interests of passengers. The assessment of the feasibility of organizing a combined mode of traffic on urban routes, taking into account the implementation of a dedicated lane indicates that such a process contributes to the reduction of harmful emis-sions into the air and increases the demand for urban passenger transport services by improving the quality of service. The results show that the implementation of a dedicated (specialized) lane for urban transport routes has the effect of reducing the likelihood of an accident, increasing the level of traffic safety along the route. Keywords: traffic safety, urban public transport, priority traffic lane, city transit service.

Utilization of coconut shell pyrolysis oil diesel blends in a direct injection diesel engine

Burning fossil fuels has serious and long-standing negative effects on public health, local communities and ecosystems, and the global climate. This requires an urge to identify suitable methods to reduce emissions or by the usage of alternate fuels which is less harmful to the environment. This paper utilizes the opportunity to find the ability of the pyrolysis oil obtained from coconut shell and diesel blends to replace fossil diesel in a compression ignition engine. For this purpose, a batch type fixed bed pyrolysis reactor was designed and fabricated. The different blends such as 10% coconut shell pyrolysis oil blend with diesel and 20% coconut shell pyrolysis oil blend with diesel and diesel fuel are used to carry out the experiments. From the results, it was found that the performance parameters are comparable and the harmful-emissions reduction is better than diesel operation. It was found that in 20% coconut shell pyrolysis oil blend with diesel, there is a reduction of 27.7%, 23.5%, 7.9% and 13.3% in unburned hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and smoke emissions respectively when the levels are measured against that of a diesel fuel engine.

Characterization of the combustion of the mixtures biogas-syngas at high strain rates

Applying gasification on the residue generated by the biogas process would increase flexibility and efficiency of waste treatment plants while leading to a simultaneous production of biogas and syngas. Existing electricity conversion systems at biogas and gasification plants are usually designed to operate with a single bio-fuel (biogas/syngas). It is, hence, necessary to identify the combustion characteristics of these blended fuels in order to implement them efficiently in the existing systems.The aim of this work is to characterize the structure and emission of mixtures of biogas and syngas in counter-flow flame configuration at laminar regime. Particular attention is paid to the chemical effects of CO2 contained in the biogas and radiative heat losses of the flame. Several compositions of biogas and syngas have been considered in the fuel mixture.The results show that the flame properties are very sensitive to fuel composition. An increase in the volume of methane in the biogas or hydrogen in the syngas improves the Low Heat Value (LHV) of the fuel. Moreover, the addition of a volume of syngas exceeding half of that of biogas allows a reduction of harmful emissions while maintaining a constant level of operating temperature. At the flame front, the NO species is found to be governed by thermal route whereas it is generally produced by prompt path before and after the flame front. In addition, the chemical effect of CO2 reduces the maxima of temperature and emission. This effect remains constant in the syngas mixtures while it is very sensitive to biogas composition where it decreases with the amount of CH4 in biogas.

Numerical Research of the Modification of the Combustion System in the OP 650 Boiler

Changes in the combustion system are one of the paths leading to improved combustion quality. This is manifested by a reduction of the unburnt carbon in fly ash and slag and a reduction in harmful emissions. The article presents the numerical analysis of the modification of the combustion system in the OP 650 boiler. The modifications consisted of changing the direction of swirl of the dust–air mixture in individual burners and changing the distribution of air to Over-Fire Air (OFA) nozzles. These had an impact on NOx and CO emissions and the temperature achieved at the outlet of the chamber. The content of O2, CO, and NOx emissions, flue gas temperature at the outlet from the chamber, flue gas temperature after the platen superheater, as well as temperature at the outlet from the model were presented. The percentage of coal flow directed towards the slag hopper was also noted.

Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of water diesel emulsified fuel for diesel engine: A review

For certain years, various researchers are exploring certain alternative fuel which enhances performance and combustion attributes of the engine along with the reduction of harmful emissions particularly nitrogen oxide (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions. The utilization of water diesel emulsified fuel for diesel engines proves to be an emerging technology in this regard. Through this paper, an attempt has been made to review the performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of diesel engine with the utilization of emulsified fuel without any sort of modifications in the engine. Different researchers revealed their findings regarding the utilization of water diesel emulsified fuel for diesel engines. Most of the findings favour the use of emulsified fuel as an alternative fuel for compression ignition (CI) engines. The performance features of diesel engine with emulsified fuel shows marginal difference as compared to that of neat diesel as a fuel. The NOx and PM emissions decreases simultaneously and thus emulsified fuel proves to be an effective solution for NOx and PM emissions trade off relationship. The combustion features are also improved with the use of water diesel emulsified fuel as compared to that of neat diesel as a fuel. Overall, it can be concluded that water diesel emulsified fuel proves to be a significant alternative fuel as environment attributes are improved along with combustion and performance features for diesel engine without any modifications in the engine.

Reduction of Harmful Emissions from Domestic Power Generator Usage in Nigeria -A Tribological Approach

Worldwide concern for the release of harmful emission from Internal Combustion (IC) engines requires the optimization of the quantity of fuel used, types of fuel blend used and type of lubrication utilized. In Nigeria, the electrical power requirements of many households rely more on alternative sources such as Solar systems and fossil fuel-powered generators. The use of these generators is known to produce exhaust fumes that are harmful to humans and the environment. This study investigated the effect of using two different commercially available lubricating oils for gasoline-fueled power generators for domestic applications in comparison to used oils. These are SAE 40 and SAE 20W50. The effect of Boron additive on the two oil brands and used oils (or aged oils) at different speeds on emission from the exhaust stream from the generator was investigated. This is to provide a better understanding of the behavior of Boron additive with SAE 40, SAE 20W50, and aged oils. The study also compared results of torque and emission measurements from oils containing boron to oils without the Boron additives at different speeds. The instruments used to carry out the measurement are a digital tachometer, torque meter (contact type), and 5-gas exhaust analyzer. Results from this study indicated a general decrease in torque with increased speed for all the lubricating oils. This is in agreement with the results of similar studies on torque outputs from IC engines with increasing speeds. However, oils lubricated with Boron additives minimized this loss at a different speed more in SAE 20W50, SAE 40 than in used oils. Carbon monoxide emission from these results indicated that generators lubricated by aged oils are highest at all speed ranges irrespective of Boron additive inclusion. Cleanliness from a gasoline-powered generator is possible if Boron additive is added to lubricating oils. The concentration of NOx emission was found to rise considerably only when operated at the highest speed for aged oils. The results of this study indicated that tribofilms formed by boron-containing oils played a role in preventing torque reduction or power loss and CO emissions from power generators for domestic use. This behavior was attributed to the friction-reducing boric acid and wear resistance borate glass contained within the trilayer. However, tribofilms formed by used oils on tribological parts of the engine gave poor torque reduction results in comparison to that provided by fresh oils. This indicated that when lubricating oils in power generators used in homes are aged beyond the recommended interval for replacement, substantial power loss and harmful emissions are released to the surroundings.

Improving Energy and Environmental Efficiency of Combined Heat-and Power Plant Based on Absorption Heat Transformers

In the present paper the scheme for increasing the energy efficiency of combined heat and power plants (CHPP) using absorption heat transformers (AHT) is considered. The aim of the study is to increase the energy and environmental efficiency of natural gas use in power supply systems by application steam turbine plants and absorption heat transformers. The simulation of CHPP modernization and a harmful emissions dispersion assessment were carried out using the following software tools: ISC Manager, Thermoflex. All the calculations were made for one power unit of the CHPP in Moscow. Subsequently, the obtained data on energy efficiency increase and harmful emissions reduction were multiplied on the whole power system of Moscow, the main source of heat and electricity of which are the CHPP’s of PJSC “Mosenergo”.

Areas of using environmentally friendly fuel combustion technologies at TPPs of the Irkutsk Region

The use of coal as the main fuel at thermal power plants in the Irkutsk Region, the significant moral and physical depreciation at many of them of the main generating equipment, mainly boiler plants, due to the long service life, determine the relevance of environmental considerations in organizing rational energy supply to regional consumers in the future. The study of the age composition, technical and environmental characteristics of the boiler equipment of thermal power plants in the region. A review of advanced technologies for burning fuel in large installations with the aim of producing thermal and electric energy. Based on an analysis of the state and environmental characteristics of thermal power plants in the Irkutsk Region, a review of advanced technologies for burning fuel in large thermal power plants, the main directions of the future use of these technologies at thermal power plants in the region are considered, taking into account their features and environmental characteristics in order to reduce harmful emissions. The list of thermal power plants recommended for conversion to natural gas burning is determined, as well as the list of thermal power plants where it is advisable to use boilers with a ring furnace or boilers with a low-temperature vortex furnace. The potential volume of reduction of harmful emissions from the introduction of advanced technologies for fuel combustion at thermal power plants of the region is estimated.

Application ofoverfire air technology for reduction of harmful emissions

Application ofoverfire air technology for reduction of harmful emissions

Industry 4.0, digitization, and opportunities for sustainability

The fourth industrial revolution and the underlying digital transformation, known as Industry 4.0, is progressing exponentially. The digital revolution is reshaping the way individuals live and work fundamentally, and the public remains optimistic regarding the opportunities Industry 4.0 may offer for sustainability. The present study contributes to the sustainability literature by systematically identifying the sustainability functions of Industry 4.0. In doing so, the study first reviews the fundamental design principles and technology trends of Industry 4.0 and introduces the architectural design of Industry 4.0. The study further draws on the interpretive structural modelling technique to model the contextual relationships among the Industry 4.0 sustainability functions. Results indicate that sophisticated precedence relationships exist among various sustainability functions of Industry 4.0. ‘Matrice d’Impacts Croisés Multiplication Appliquée àun Classement’ (MICMAC) analysis reveals that economic sustainability functions such as production efficiency and business model innovation tend to be the more immediate outcome of Industry 4.0, which pays the way for development of more remote socioenvironmental sustainability functions of Industry 4.0 such as energy sustainability, harmful emission reduction, and social welfare improvement. This study can serve Industry 4.0 stakeholders – leaders in the public and private sectors, industrialists, and academicians – to better understand the opportunities that the digital revolution may offer for sustainability, and work together more closely to ensure that Industry 4.0 delivers the intended sustainability functions around the world as effectively, equally, and fairly as possible.