Reduction Of Edema Research Articles

The Efficacy of Fibrin Sealant to Reduce Complications After Rhinoplasty: A Meta-Analysis

Background and Objectives Fibrin sealant (FS) is widely used to reduce postoperative bleeding. This analysis aimed to assess the efficacy of FS to reduce complications after rhinoplasty.Materials and Method We searched PubMed, Scopus, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and the Web of Science database for articles on FS and rhinoplasty from the inception of publication to December 29, 2021. Post-rhinoplasty complications, such as edema and ecchymosis, were recorded. The final meta-analysis was performed using three studies.Results Two subgroups were created based on the FS usage after rhinoplasty. The FS effect on edema reduction was favorable on the postoperative day-1 (standardized mean difference [SMD]=-1.07 [-1.70; -0.45]). In addition, the FS effect on ecchymosis reduction was favorable on the postoperative day-1 postoperative (SMD=-1.33 [-2.15; -0.50]).Conclusion Our study shows that FS reduces the early complications of rhinoplasty.

Design and development of high-dose bioactive oil-loaded transdermal patch with the aid of natural waste as an adsorbent- optimization with SeDeM-SLA tool

PurposeRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that affects joints significantly. Its prevalence varies globally, with more impact on females than males. Presently it is treated using NSAIDs which unfortunately show significant adverse effects on the liver and renal system after long-term use. Conventional topical use of bioactive oils like ginseng oil is one of the best natural options to treat RA, but poor retention time has limited its usefulness. By considering the involvement of ginseng oil in managing RA and the associated limitations, the proposed study investigated the impact of the transdermal patch prepared by ginseng oil loaded-natural biocompatible adsorbent in treating RA. MethodAt early stage of research, the flow property of ginseng oil-loaded adsorbent was optimized by using advanced technology, viz. Brookfield powder flow tester and SeDeM model. In the lateral stage, the transdermal patches of oil-loaded adsorbent were prepared by variable concentrations of HPMC and PEG using the solvent casting method. Prepared patches were evaluated for various parameters. ResultOptimized patch showed average thickness, average weight, folding endurance, tensile strength, and moisture content as 0.38 ± 0.10 mm, 0.215 ± 0.41 gm/ 2 sq. inch, 145 ± 0.20, 3.370 ± 0.16 MPA/mm and 3.770 ± 0.81 %, respectively, along with satisfactory skin adherence property. In vitro diffusion study showed increased ginseng oil release from the prepared patch at a specific interval of up to 10 h, and then release diminished. ConclusionAnti-inflammatory test and measurement of cytokines levels (IL-6 and TNF-α) on male Wistar rats showed a significant reduction in paw edema and notable control on the cytokines level compared to a conventional approach.

Potential Effects of Essential Oil from Plinia cauliflora (Mart.) Kausel on Leishmania: In Vivo, In Vitro, and In Silico Approaches.

In the search for new chemotherapeutic alternatives for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), essential oils are promising due to their diverse biological potential. In this study, we aimed to investigate the chemical composition and leishmanicidal and anti-inflammatory potential of the essential oil isolated from the leaves of Plinia cauliflora (PCEO). The chemical composition of PCEO showed β-cis-Caryophyllene (24.4%), epi-γ-Eudesmol (8%), 2-Naphthalenemethanol[decahydro-alpha] (8%), and trans-Calamenene (6.6%) as its major constituents. Our results showed that the PCEO has moderate cytotoxicity (CC50) of 137.4 and 143.7 μg/mL on mice peritoneal exudate cells (mPEC) and Vero cells, respectively. The PCEO was able to significantly decrease mPEC infection by Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania braziliensis. The value of the inhibitory concentration (IC50) on amastigote forms was about 7.3 µg/mL (L. amazonensis) and 7.2 µg/mL (L. braziliensis). We showed that PCEO induced drastic ultrastructural changes in both species of Leishmania and had a high selectivity index (SI) > 18. The in silico ADMET analysis pointed out that PCEO can be used for the development of oral and/or topical formulation in the treatment of CL. In addition, we also demonstrated the in vivo anti-inflammatory effect, with a 95% reduction in paw edema and a decrease by at least 21.4% in migration immune cells in animals treated with 50 mg/kg of PCEO. Taken together, our results demonstrate that PCEO is a promising topical therapeutic agent against CL.

Low-laser action analysis associated with Himatanthus drasticus extract in wound healing.

The aim of this study was to analyze the healing action of low-intensity laser therapy associated with Himatanthus drasticus in wound healing in mice. The study was experimental, analytical, controlled, randomized, and prospective. Twenty Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control with injury, injury + laser, wound + Himatanthus drasticus, and wound + laser + Himatanthus drasticus. The animals underwent surgical skin wounds on their backs, and different treatments were applied based on the group. The healing process was evaluated histologically through the analysis of collagen fibers, neovascularization, and inflammatory reaction. The results showed that low-intensity laser therapy and Himatanthus drasticus treatment improved the healing process in terms of collagen synthesis, decreased inflammatory cell migration, fibroblast proliferation, neovascularization, wound size reduction, and edema reduction. However, the combination of laser and Himatanthus drasticus did not show significant improvement compared to individual treatments. There were no statistical differences in polymorphonuclear cells between the treatment groups. Low-intensity laser therapy and Himatanthus drasticus have demonstrated positive properties in improving the healing process. Further research is needed to better understand their individual and combined effects. The study contributes to the exploration of alternative wound healing methods and encourages further investigation in this field.

In-Vitro and in-Vivo Evaluation of the Developed Curcumin-Cyclosporine-Loaded Nanoemulgel for the Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis

ABSTRACT Background Topical nanogel-based formulations have shown potential in the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of this research work was to explore the synergistic effect of Curcumin (CUR) and Cyclosporine (CYC) in combination via a topical route for the management of RA. Methods The CUR+CYC loaded nanoemulsion was developed using the spontaneous emulsification technique and was subsequently incorporated into Carbopol® Ultrez 30-NF gel. The effect of the developed formulation on levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) was evaluated using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced RAW 264.7 cell culture model. The anti-arthritic activity was evaluated in a Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritic rat model. Results The optimized nanoemulgel (CUR + CYC NE gel) exhibited average globule size of 15.32 nm ±2.7 nm, poly-dispersity index of 0.181 ± 0.034 and zeta potential of −16.3 mV ± 0.9 mV. The cumulative drug release from ex-vivo diffusion studies on porcine ear skin was 99.189% ± 1.419% at the of 24 h and 99.177% ± 1.234% at the end of 18 h for CUR and CYC, respectively. The cell culture studies revealed that the formulation was able to significantly lower (p < .001) the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α, inhibited prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) while significantly elevating (p < .001) the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10). The gel was found to be non-irritating and showed the inhibition of paw edema and substantial reduction of arthritic symptoms in an arthritic rat model as compared to commercial and other conventional alternatives. Conclusion This study highlights the potential of the developed nanoemulgel for the management of RA by enhancing the topical permeation of CUR and CYC.

Wound-healing potentiation in mice treated with phenolic extracts of Moringa oleifera leaves planted at different climatic areas

For years, Moringa oleifera has been known for possessing wound-healing properties. This study aimed to investigate the effect of two extracts: aqueous extract (AE) and ethanolic extract (EE) of Moringa oleifera leaves planted at two regions (Mssisi and Lamta) in Morocco for their anti-inflammatory and healing properties, for which mice were used as a biological model. Inflammation was monitored by assessing forepaw volume of mice, measured at 0 min, 1 h, 3 h, and 5 h, after its induction by carrageenan. Hind paw of mice were treated with extracts of M. oleifera, at a dose of 50 mg/kg, obtained from Mssisi region. This resulted in reduction of edema by 99.2% with EE and by 91.8% with AE, compared to controls and the phenolic extract of M. oleifera planted at Lamta region. Regarding healing of burns induced on rat’s dorsal region; results showed that application of Moringa-based ointment for 14 days, at a dose of 50 mg/kg on wounds, resulted in total healing, compared to controls (negative control: more than 22 days, and positive control: 22 days). M. oleifera extracts resulted in nearly complete tissue repair of 98.26% and 95.34% with EE and AE, respectively.

Pre-emptive Single Dose of Intramasseteric Administration of Dexamethasone Versus Methylprednisolone in Surgical Extraction of Impacted Mandibular Third Molars: Prospective Split-Mouth, Randomised Triple Blinded Clinical Study.

The study aims to contribute in reducing postoperative sequelae and to determine the optimal corticosteroid for reducing postoperative inflammation, pain, swelling, wound healing and quality of life in patients undergoing surgical extraction of impacted mandibular third molars. The study included 191 patients who presented to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at Thai Moogambigai Dental College and Hospital in Chennai with bilateral impacted mandibular third molars that needed surgical removal. The effects ofpre-emptivesingledose ofdexamethasone and methylprednisolone on pain, oedema, trismus, wound healing, and quality of life after surgical extraction of impacted lower third molars were investigated. There was no statistical difference between the two steroids, with both achieving identical levels of wound healing and quality of life. On the third postoperative day, there was a statistically significant difference, with methylprednisolone providing clinically superior results in mouth opening and reduction of swelling. However, by the fifth day, both corticosteroids had exhibited identical improvement. Compared to 8 mg of dexamethasone, 40 mg of methylprednisolone administered as a single preemptive dosage in the intrammaseteric region was associated with enhanced quality of life, a reduction in pain and edema, and almost normal mouth opening.

Reduction of Edema and Pain in Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Treated-Arthritic Rat.

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) has been used to reduce pain or improve motor function in musculoskeletal and neurological disorders in the clinic. Although some studies have suggested electrotherapy as an intervention for edema, the effects and mechanisms of TENS on inflammation-induced edema remain unclear. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effects of TENS on arthritic pain with edema. 1% carrageenan was injected into the right tibiofemoral joint of 69 male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g). After the development of arthritic pain, low-frequency (4-Hz, Low-TENS, n = 25) and high-frequency (100-Hz, High-TENS, n = 25) TENS with sub-motor threshold or placebo-TENS (n = 19) was applied for 20-min to medio-lateral part of the ipsilateral side. Weight bearing and knee-bend tests were used to assess pain-like behaviors. Also, we examined the size of edema and measured tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) levels in the synovium by western blot. Eight rats in each of the two TENS groups were injected with Naloxone. Edema was reduced in the low- and high-frequency TENS groups at 6-h. TENS-treated rats showed reduced pain in the knee-bend test at 6-h. We observed decreased weight load shifts on the ipsilateral side in TENS groups. Naloxone reduced these effects. TNF-α and IL-1β expression decreased in the synovial membrane at 6-h. These results suggest that low- and high-frequency TENS have acutely positive effects on inflammatory edema, with the management of arthritic pain and reduction in pro-inflammatory mediators. Therefore, Low-TENS and High-TENS may be useful in treating acute inflammatory pain and edema.

Potential anti-inflammatory activity of the Salvia fruticosa Mill. essential oil

Context: Salvia fruticosa, known as Greek sage, is a perennial shrub indigenous to the eastern Mediterranean. Historically, its leaves have been prized for their medicinal properties, particularly in traditional remedies for anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and digestive ailments. Aims: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory properties and possible mechanisms of action of Salvia fruticosa essential oil (EOSF). Methods: The essential oil was obtained from the aerial parts of the plant using hydrodistillation and then analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The anti-inflammatory effects of the essential oil were examined using established inflammation models, specifically carrageenan-induced paw edema and peritonitis. To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of the essential oils, widely recognized inflammation models were employed, specifically carrageenan-induced paw edema and peritonitis. In addition, the essential oil's antioxidant activity was evaluated by measuring its ability to scavenge nitric oxide radicals and inhibit lipid peroxidation. Results: The primary constituents of the EOSF were found to be 1,8-cineol (eucalyptol) (45.5%), β-caryophyllene (9.2%), and β-pinene (6.5%). The results of the study demonstrated that EOSF displayed a significant reduction in edema, peritonitis, myeloperoxidase activity, and NOx-peritoneal lavage concentration induced by carrageenan. Moreover, the essential oil exhibited notable inhibition of nitric oxide radical production stimulated by sodium nitroprusside. Additionally, EOSF demonstrated the ability to prevent lipid peroxidation caused by Fe2+ or Fe2+ plus H2O2. Conclusions: The findings indicate that EOSF possesses anti-inflammatory properties, potentially attributed to its antioxidant capacity.

Comparing easywrap with six other adjustable wraps for compression therapy in venous and lymphatic disease by variation in pressure, stiffness and elasticity.

There is no clear guidance or comprehensive comparative evidence to help clinicians select between adjustable wraps for compression therapy. However, adjustable wraps could be compared with three metrics used for compression bandages: variation in pressure, stiffness and elasticity. To determine whether easywrap (Haddenham Healthcare) had lower standard deviation (SD) in lying pressure, greater static stiffness index (SSI) and/or a greater mean elongation ratio than six other adjustable wraps. In this preliminary exploratory study, seven adjustable wraps were tested in vivo 20 times each (140 tests in total), on 20 people (with a variable number of readings per participant), to give the SD in lying pressure and mean SSI. The same wraps were tested in vitro five times each to give the mean elongation ratio. Of all seven adjustable wraps, easywrap had the second lowest SD in lying pressure at 5.9 mmHg, compared with 8.9 mmHg overall; the highest mean SSI at 13.2 mmHg, compared with 9.5 mmHg overall; and the highest mean elongation ratio at 137.0%, compared with 107.1% overall. These metrics suggest that easywrap has clinical advantages over other adjustable wraps. A lower variation in lying pressure suggests more consistent application of pressures within intended therapeutic levels. Higher SSI indicates greater resistance to stretching, which is linked to improved venous function and oedema reduction. Higher elongation ratio demonstrates greater tensile strength, which should maintain therapeutic pressure for longer without readjustment.

Comparing easywrap with six other adjustable wraps for compression therapy in venous and lymphatic disease by variation in pressure, stiffness and elasticity.

There is no clear guidance or comprehensive comparative evidence to help clinicians select between adjustable wraps for compression therapy. However, adjustable wraps could be compared with three metrics used for compression bandages: variation in pressure, stiffness and elasticity. To determine whether easywrap (Haddenham Healthcare) had lower standard deviation (SD) in lying pressure, greater static stiffness index (SSI) and/or a greater mean elongation ratio than six other adjustable wraps. In this preliminary exploratory study, seven adjustable wraps were tested in vivo 20 times each (140 tests in total), on 20 people (with a variable number of readings per participant), to give the SD in lying pressure and mean SSI. The same wraps were tested in vitro five times each to give the mean elongation ratio. Of all seven adjustable wraps, easywrap had the second lowest SD in lying pressure at 5.9 mmHg, compared with 8.9 mmHg overall; the highest mean SSI at 13.2 mmHg, compared with 9.5 mmHg overall; and the highest mean elongation ratio at 137.0%, compared with 107.1% overall. These metrics suggest that easywrap has clinical advantages over other adjustable wraps. A lower variation in lying pressure suggests more consistent application of pressures within intended therapeutic levels. Higher SSI indicates greater resistance to stretching, which is linked to improved venous function and oedema reduction. Higher elongation ratio demonstrates greater tensile strength, which should maintain therapeutic pressure for longer without readjustment.

Role of procalcitonin, interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 as a predictive marker for the use of perioperative steroid in maxillofacial trauma patients

Maxillofacial trauma often brings significant challenges for surgeons in terms of preoperative oedema. Steroids offer oedema reduction, yet potentially increase the risks of postoperative infection. This study explores procalcitonin (PCT), as a marker for bacterial infection risk, and interleukins IL-6 and IL-10, which respectively signify pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses, as potential indicators of infection and inflammation in these trauma cases and thereby aid in refining perioperative guidelines for the use of steroids. A prospective study was conducted at a tertiary public hospital in India from 2019 to 2022 on patients >18 years with facial trauma. After specific exclusions, patients were randomised into steroid (Group A) and non-steroid (Group B) groups. Various parameters including oedema, PCT, IL-6, and IL-10 levels were measured and analysed using SPSS software. Out of 80 patients, 44 were in Group A and 36 in Group B. Post-24 hours, Group A showed significant oedema reduction, with 25 patients displaying a decline to mild oedema, versus 10 patients in Group B (p = 0.034). However, Group A witnessed a higher infection risk, with 20 patients showing positive wound cultures versus three in Group B. Subgroup analysis revealed a link between higher PCT levels and infections (p = 0.039). Additionally, Group A showed less intraoperative bleeding and reduced operating time. While perioperative steroids mitigate swelling, they might increase postoperative infection risk. Elevated PCT levels indicate potential wound infections, suggesting those patients should avoid perioperative steroids. IL-6 and IL-10 trends during perioperative phases can predict pronounced oedema outcomes.

In vivo analgesic, anti-inflammatory and molecular docking studies of S-naproxen derivatives

In the current studies two naproxen derivatives (NPD) were evaluated for analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. The acetic acid and hot plate animal models were used to screen the compounds for analgesic potential. While the anti-inflammatory potential was evaluated through animal paw edema, induced by several inflammatory mediators (carrageenan, bradykinin, and prostaglandin E2), the xylene-induced ear edema was also used as an inflammatory model. Both NPDs showed significant (p < 0.001) antinociceptive effects in the acetic acid-induced writhing paradigm. In the case of the hot plate, the NPD 1 at the tested dose of 5 mg/kg enhanced the latency time after 60 min of injection, which remained significant (p < 0.001) up to the end of the experiment duration. The maximum percent inhibition of NPD 1 was 87.53. The naloxone injection significantly lowered the latency time of NPD 1 as compared to NPD 2. Regarding the anti-inflammatory effect, both of the tested NPDs demonstrated a significant reduction in paw edema against various inflammatory mediators, as mentioned above; however, the anti-inflammatory effect of NPD 1 was better. The maximal percent inhibition by NPD 1 and 2 was 43.24 (after 60 min) and 45.93 (after 90 min). A considerable effect also resulted from xylene-induced ere edema. Further, a molecular docking study was carried out to investigate the binding modes of the NPD. The docking analysis revealed that the NPD significantly interacted with the COX2 enzyme. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulation was carried out for the docked complexes. The MD simulation analysis revealed the high stability of the two naproxen derivatives.

UJI AKTIVITAS EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN BIDARA LAUT (Strychnos ligustrina Biume) TERHADAP PENYEMBUHAN LUKA BAKAR PADA KELINCI (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Burns are damage or loss of skin tissue caused by contact with heat sources such as hot water, fire, chemicals, electricity, friction and radiation. Sea lotus (Strychnos ligustrina Blume) is known to contain compounds that have the potential to heal burns such as flavonoids, saponins and tannins. This study aims to determine the activity of ethanol extract of bidara de mer leaves on burn healing as a function of reduction in burn diameter, wound discoloration, edema and crust formation. This study used 5 Oryctolagus cuniculus that received 4 types of treatment after being induced by hot plate, namely wound I (bioplacenton® gel positive control), wound 2 (HPMC 5% negative control), wound 3 (extract concentration 10%) and wound 4 (concentration of extract 10%) 25%). Apply the test sample to the burns twice a day and observe the condition of the wound daily. Burn healing as a function of wound diameter was determined based on the AUC (Area Under Curve) value and statistically analyzed using SPSS 21.0. The test results showed that the mean AUC value at 10% and 25% concentrations was 0.495 cm/day and 0.532 cm/day, respectively. The results of the statistical analysis showed that the ethanol extract of bidara sea leaves gave significant results compared to the negative control. treatment (HPMC). The conclusion obtained is that the ethanolic extract of sea bidara leaves accelerates the healing process of burns in Oryctolagus cuniculus.

Assessment of developmental toxicity and the potential mode of action underlying single and binary exposure to estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

The current study investigated the effect of single and binary exposure to distinct xenoestrogens, including diethylstilbestrol (DES) and zearalenone (ZEN), on zebrafish embryos subjected to continuous exposure for 4 days starting from 4 h post fertilization. Noteworthy impact on cumulative mortality, hatchability, spinal and tail curvature, pericardial edema, and reduction in blood circulation were observed in DES-treated embryos, with lower incidence and intensity shown for ZEN at the same nominal concentration (3 μM). An interactive effect was seen for the combined exposure to DES and ZEN, in which deformities and circulatory failure mediated by DES were mitigated by co-treatment with low concentrations of ZEN. Similarly, ZEN-induced spinal and tail curvature, pericardial edema, and blood flow reduction declined dramatically following DES co-exposure at low concentrations. A significant counteracting effect has been observed against DES- and ZEN-induced developmental anomalies following co-treatment with an estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist, fulvestrant (FUL). The assessment of the aromatase gene (CYP19A1b) showed that DES strongly upregulated mRNA expression of CYP19A1b with a lower EC50 (1.1 × 10−3 nM) than a natural estrogen, 17β-estradiol (2.5 nM). Similarly, ZEN induced CYP19A1b mRNA expression with an EC50 of 57 nM. Exposure to 10 or 20 μM FUL inhibited the expression of CYP19A1b induced by a single treatment of DES or ZEN. Overall, the competitive action against ER could be the main mechanism underlying the developmental toxicity induced by DES and ZEN.

MEDICINAL BIOMAGNETISM FOR PAIN RELIEF IN VASCULAR ALTERATIONS - APPLICATION OF STATIC MAGNETIC FIELDS THROUGH THE PROTOCOL FOR BLOOD FLOW IN LOWER LIMBS

Introduction: Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI) is a set of clinical manifestations resulting from the chronic dysfunction of the peripheral venous system that affects the lower limbs. There is a growing search for complementary therapies, such as Medicinal Biomagnetism (MB), which acts in a non-invasive, painless, low-cost and with rare contraindications, aiming to improve quality of life. MB uses Static Magnetic Fields (SMF) to restore bioenergetic balance and promote health, including CVI. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of SMF application, through the MB Lower Limb Blood Flow Protocol (LLBFP), on pain resulting from vascular alterations of the lower limbs. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional clinical experimental study in three female participants with vascular alterations in the lower limbs who underwent the LLBFP Protocol. Pain, edema and quality of life complaints were assessed using the Venous Insufficiency Epidemiological and Economic Study (VEINES), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and perimeter measurements questionnaires, before and after the application of the LLBFP. Results: After treatment with the LLBFP Protocol, there was a trend towards the analgesic effect and reduction of edema, as well as improvement in the aspects related to the symptoms of heavy, restless, tired legs, and tingling, burning and itching, promoting improvement in quality of life. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the application of the MB LLBFP Protocol has the potential to reduce the subjective perception of pain and edema in lower limbs with vascular alterations. The magnets used in the LLBFP may promote an anti-inflammatory response, contributing to the improvement of quality of life.

Electrical resistance of brain tissue during terminal ischemia

Terminal ischemia is characterized by several electrophysiological processes, including hyperpolarization, spreading depolarization (tSD), and negative ultraslow potentials (NUP) [1]. tSD is knowin to induce depolarization of neuron membranes to roughly 0 mV, accompanied by the influx of positive ions into cells, which results in the displacement of extracellular fluids into neurons, leading to cell swelling. In addition to the movement of extracellular fluid, cerebrospinal fluid flows into the perivascular region of the penetrating vessels. These processes result in a reduction of extracellular space and brain edema [2], which can elevate the likelihood of patient mortality up to 80% [3]. The decrease in extracellular space may lead to an upsurge in the electrical resistance of the tissue, enabling it to function as an important indicator of the anatomical and functional state of the brain during traumatic injuries and hemorrhages [4]. Our goal was to assess the resistance of the extracellular space in the rat’s barrel cortex by measuring voltage step amplitudes caused by current injection between the V1 cortex and the tail vein of an animal. We used 16-channel probes with iridium electrode sites and glass microelectrodes containing Ag/AgCl conductors filled with NaCl solution. We used a metal Ag/AgCl electrode as a reference, implanted in the cerebellum. The experimental animals were euthanized via inhalation of isoflurane at a lethal concentration. Isoflurane-induced respiratory arrest led to the subsequent development of a sequence of electrophysiological processes that included hyperpolarization, terminal spreading depression, and negative ultraslow potential. The NUP persisted throughout the entirety of the recording period (30–90 minutes), with a significant increase in extracellular space resistance occurring during this time. The rise in resistance began concurrently with the end of respiration. The resistance increased by 40 [23–57]% (median [25th–75th percentile], p=0.002, n=11) after 30 minutes of breath cessation, and by 46 [(–15)–64]% (p=0.109, n=8) after 60 minutes. The resistance demonstrated equivalent changes in all cerebral cortex depths. Additionally, the NUP amplitude following respiratory arrest had a correlation with the increase of voltage step amplitudes at 30 minutes (R=–0.713, p=0.014). The resistances measured using signals from both Ag/AgCl- and Ir electrodes did not vary in any of the experiments conducted (p=1, n=5). Thus, the rise in electrical resistance in brain tissue was shown to initiate at the point of respiratory arrest in the animal and progresses alongside the terminal processes in the cerebral cortex. This correlation is specifically linked to the fluctuations in the negative ultraslow potential. In tDS and NUP, a significant increase in tissue edema occurs due to the movement of water from the extracellular spaces into the cells, which leads to a decrease in extracellular space volume and an increase in resistance. The process can last for several minutes and is characterized by a continuous increase in voltage step amplitudes. These results suggest that tissue resistance increases during focal ischemia, as SD and NUP are also present during the formation of the ischemic focus [5].

Tranexamic Acid in Patients Undergoing Rhinoplasty: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Rhinoplasty is one of the most popular aesthetic plastic surgeriesworldwide. The effects of tranexamic acid (TXA) in patients undergoing rhinoplasty are still being studied to guidea better management. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) analyzing the effects of TXA in patients undergoing rhinoplasty. The outcomes evaluated were blood loss, postoperative edema, postoperative ecchymosis, surgery duration and surgeon satisfaction. Eleven studies comprising 841 patients were included. Overall, TXA reduced total blood loss regardless of dose and administration route (MD = -39.37 mL; 95% CI = -62.70 to -16.05 mL; p = 0.0009; I2 = 92%), using intravenous 10 mg/kg of TXA preoperatively (MD = -16.30 mL; 95% CI = -29.49 to -2.57 mL; p = 0.02; I2 = 61%) andusing 1 g of oral TXApreoperatively (MD = -61.70 mL; 95% CI = -83.02 to -40.39 mL; p < 0.00001; I2 = 0%). TXA also decreased edema (MD = -0.78; 95% CI = -1.28 to -0.27 points; p = 0.003; I2 = 80%) and ecchymosis (MD = -1.13; 95% CI = -1.99 to -0.28; p = 0.01; I2 = 93%) on postoperative day one (POD 1). Surgeon satisfaction was increased (SMD = 1.55; 95% CI = 0.33 to 2.77; p = 0.01; I2 = 95%). However, there was no difference in surgery duration (SMD = -0.26; 95% CI = -0.56 to 0.04; p = 0.09; I2 = 36%). This study found a significant reduction in blood loss, periorbital edema and periorbital ecchymosis, along with an improvement in surgeon satisfaction. These results hold the potential to optimize therhinoplasty management by plastic surgeons. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Drug Polymeric Carrier of Aceclofenac Based on Amphiphilic Chitosan Micelles.

Amphiphilic micelles based on chitosan (CS) were applied as drug carriers of aceclofenac (ACF) as a potential method to induce its bioavailability and therapeutic efficiency. N-octyl-N,O-succinyl CS (OSCS), an amphiphilic CS derivative, was successfully synthesized and loaded physically by ACF at different pH values and using different dosages of ACF, forming ACF-loaded polymeric micelles (PMs). The obtained PMs and ACF-loaded PMs were characterized by different analytical techniques, including AFM, TEM, DLS, UV-vis spectrophotometry, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and FT-IR spectroscopy. The pH 5 sample with a 30% ACF/polymer ratio showed the highest ACF loading capacity (LC) and entrapment efficiency (EE). In vitro release behaviors of pure ACF and ACF-loaded PMs at each release point indicated that the release profile of pH-responsive PMs loaded with ACF demonstrated quicker release rates (94% after 480 min) compared to the release behavior noticed for free ACF (59.56% after 480 min). Furthermore, the release rates exhibit a notable rise when the pH is increased from 1.2 to 4.7. In the carrageenan-induced inflammation model of paw edema in rats, it has been demonstrated that the injection of ACF-loaded PMs (at a dose of 10 mg/kg) resulted in a strengthened inflammatory activity compared to the injection of free ACF at equivalent dosages as well as at time intervals. However, the use of ACF-loaded PMs for a duration of 6 h displayed a notable reduction of paw edema, with an inhibition percentage of 85.09%, in contrast to the 74.9% inhibition percentage observed for the free ACF medication.

EVALUATION OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF SIDDHA HERBOMINERAL FORMULATION RATHINAGARA RASA MEZHUGU IN ANIMAL MODEL

The usage of Nonsteroidal and steroidal drugs in the treatment of Musculoskeletal disorders often results in adverse effects such as renal damage, gastric irritation, etc. Alternative therapies with less or no side effects are the need of the hour. Siddha system offers a lot of Anti-inammatory drugs that are polyherbal or Herbo-mineral in nature and devoid of the above-mentioned adverse effects. This research work deals with the Anti-inammatory screening of a Siddha Herbo-mineral Formulation Rathinagara rasa mezhugu (RNM) documented in classic Siddha literature Anuboga vaidhaya naveneetham Part 5 indicated for inammatory disease conditions. Anti-inammatory activity was evaluated by Carrageenan-induced paw edema in Wistar rats. Indomethacin (10 mg/kg, orally) was used as standard. The formulation in doses of 20mg/kg, 45mg/kg, and 90 mg/kg showed 56%, 61.53%, and 90.47% inhibition of paw edema, respectively at the end of 5 h. The result of the study showed that RNM at all dose levels signicantly(p&lt;0.5) reduced the inammation in a dose-dependent manner when compared to the control. RNM at 90mg/kg was found to be signicant (**p&lt;0.01) and effective in the reduction of paw edema after 5hrs.From the results, it can be concluded that Rathinagara rasa mezhugu (RNM) was found to exhibit high anti-inammatory potential which conrmed the traditional use of the drug.