Reduction In Asymmetry Research Articles

INFRASTRUCTURE OF DISTANCE WORK IN CONDITIONS OF CORONACRISIS

The concept of remote work is considered in the article, its characteristic features are investigated. Situational, planned, fixed types and two types (type of employment and type of self-employment) of remote work are determined. The author’s definition of the terms “remote work” and “remote worker” is given. Emphasis is placed on the main problems of infrastructural support of remote work in the regions of Ukraine. The author emphasizes that the need for flexibility of remote work infrastructure, its foresight, innovation, adaptability to challenges, ability to mobilize the region’s resource potential in overcoming crises should motivate domestic officials to reconsider regional development priorities. The expediency of building a viable infrastructure for remote work in Ukraine, which could operate on different fronts simultaneously and synchronously, is substantiated. The author’s interpretation of the concept of “remote work infrastructure” as a system of regulatory, organizational, technical and informational components that help transform remote workers into active agents who are able to independently or with the help of the employer to create autonomous remote jobs anywhere and perform functional tasks , minimize costs, increase motivation and productivity. A conceptual model of the system of remote work infrastructure at the regional level is proposed. It is proved that the determinant of the functioning of effective remote work infrastructure is increasing the attractiveness of remote work in the regions of Ukraine, ensuring the continuity of enterprises, firms, institutions and organizations, increasing new decent remote jobs, expanding remote employment, dynamic living standards and improving health. creating equal employment opportunities for all citizens; reduction of costs of labor market participants, increase of labor productivity; reduction of regional asymmetries, strengthening of interregional cooperation, increase of digitalization and transformation of economic changes in the regions of Ukraine.

Three-Dimensional Quantification of Facial Asymmetry in Children with Positional Cranial Deformity.

The extent of facial involvement in positional plagiocephaly is only little investigated so far. Investigation methods that take into account the challenging anatomical conditions and growth of infants' faces are desirable. In this study, the authors established a new three-dimensional photogrammetry quantification method evaluating pretherapeutic and posttherapeutic facial asymmetry in positional plagiocephaly. Furthermore, a facial asymmetry index was established and evaluated. Three-dimensional photographs of 100 children undergoing treatment with head orthoses were analyzed by constructing a standardized interindividual coordinate system. Defining landmarks, section planes, and point coordinates with a computer-aided design software, both sides of the faces were compared. Facial asymmetry was quantified by measuring differences between left and right sides and pretherapeutic and posttherapeutic changes in each patient. The facial asymmetry index was calculated by putting the absolute differences in relation with the coordinates of the nonaffected side. Present results indicate that positional plagiocephaly results in a distinct facial asymmetry (range, -3.8 to 9.6 mm) in nearly all spatial directions and facial regions. Helmet therapy led to a significant reduction (p < 0.05) of intraindividual facial asymmetry (median change in facial asymmetry index, -1.9 to 3.1 percent). However, no correlation of the Cranial Vault Asymmetry Index and facial asymmetry (Spearman rank correlation coefficient, ρ = -0.09 to 0.47) has been seen. According to these results, severe occipital deformation does not necessarily provoke distinct facial asymmetry. Present three-dimensional photogrammetry method allows the longitudinal quantification of facial involvement in positional plagiocephaly. Asymmetry has been determined in all facial regions. The facial asymmetry decreased through helmet therapy but was not eliminated completely.

Standardized Biomechanical Investigation of Posture and Gait in Pisa Syndrome Disease

Pisa syndrome is one of the possible postural deformities associated with Parkinson’s disease and it is clinically defined as a sustained lateral bending of the trunk. Some previous studies proposed clinical and biomechanical investigation to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms that occur, mainly focusing on EMG patterns and clinics. The current research deals with the assessment of a standardized biomechanical analysis to investigate the Pisa syndrome postural effects. Eight patients participated in the experimental test. Both static posture and gait trials were performed. An optoelectronic system and two force plates were used for data acquisition, while a custom multi-segments kinematic model of the human spine was used to evaluate the 3D angles. All subjects showed an important flexion of the trunk superior segment with respect to the inferior one, with a strong variability among patients (range values between 4.3° and 41.0°). Kinematics, ground reaction forces and spatio-temporal parameters are influenced by the asymmetrical trunk posture. Moreover, different proprioception, compensation and abilities of correction were depicted among subjects. Considering the forces exchanged by the feet with the floor during standing, results highlighted a significant asymmetry (p-value = 0.02) between the omo and contralateral side in a normal static posture, with greater load distribution on the same side of lateral deviation. When asked to self-correct the posture, all patients demonstrated a reduction of asymmetry, but without stressing any statistical significance. All these aspects might be crucial for the definition of a PS patients’ classification and for the assessment of the efficacy of treatments and rehabilitation.

Interhemispheric functional connectivity of sensorimotor cortex predicts responsiveness of transcranial magnetic stimulation in older adults

Abstract Background: Theta burst stimulation (TBS) holds promise for the induction of brain plasticity. However, the effects of TBS are highly variable across individual participants, and perhaps more so in older adults. Although it’s well established that non-invasive brain stimulation, including TBS, affects not only the stimulated region but also remote areas, how brain connectivity is modulated by TBS in older adults and whether baseline connectivity mediates the TBS effect remain unclear. The purpose of the study is to identify baseline network properties of sensorimotor system that may contribute to inter-individual variability of TBS response. Methods 19 right-handed older adults underwent one excitatory intermittent TBS (iTBS) session over left primary motor cortex (M1). We acquired both motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) at 13 single-pulse stimulation intensities and resting state fMRI data immediately before and after the iTBS session. We tested whether baseline measures including active motor threshold (aMT), input-output curve parameters and interhemispheric functional connectivity (ihFC) would predict individual response pattern. Results: iTBS significantly enhanced MEPs and functional connectivity in bilateral M1, somatosensory cortex and supplementary motor area. We found that participants with a lower aMT featured a relatively lower ihFC among motor cortices at baseline. Furthermore, our study showed that the relatively lower ihFC before iTBS session was associated with a greater enhancement in MEPs. Conclusion: Age-related reduction in hemispheric asymmetry has been frequently reported. In agreement with previous studies, older adults may recruit bilateral sensorimotor networks to maintain functionality, and thus exhibit a higher level of baseline ihFC. Similarly, the higher level of baseline ihFC might serve as a compensatory mechanism for the decreased sensitivity to single-pulse stimulation as indicated by a higher aMT. In summary, our findings suggest that older adults with lower aMT as well as lower ihFC might be able to elicit iTBS induced plasticity more effectively. Keywords: Theta burst stimulation, Cortical excitability, Interhemispheric connectivity, Inter-individual variability

Choreoathetosis in Moyamoya Disease

Moyamoya disease is a cerebral angiopathy characterized by bilateral progressive narrowing of internal carotid arteries, developing collateral vessels with the aspect of a "puff of smoke." The presentation with movement disorders is extremely rare. We present the case of an 11-year-old girl with low academic performance who complained of involuntary movements starting in her right hand. Neurologic examination showed preserved muscle strength and right hemichoreoathetosis. Neuroimaging showed left hemisphere hypoperfusion and a hypertrophic distal lenticulostriate artery. The symptoms were controlled with medications, and cerebral revascularization was performed. Although movement disorders are usually related to cerebral lesions or hypoperfusion, cases without these etiologies were described. Thus the finding of asymmetric lenticulostriate arteries improving after asymmetry reduction suggests a possible role in the pathogenesis. Further studies are needed to fully elucidate the mechanisms between moyamoya disease and movement disorders.

Does Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in Older Adults in Motor Cortex Reflect Compensation?

Older adults tend to display greater brain activation in the nondominant hemisphere during even basic sensorimotor responses. It is debated whether this hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older adults (HAROLD) reflects a compensatory mechanism. Across two independent fMRI experiments involving adult life span human samples (N = 586 and N = 81, approximately half female) who performed right-hand finger responses, we distinguished between these hypotheses using behavioral and multivariate Bayes (MVB) decoding approaches. Standard univariate analyses replicated a HAROLD pattern in motor cortex, but in and out of scanner behavioral results both demonstrated evidence against a compensatory relationship in that reaction time measures of task performance in older adults did not relate to ipsilateral motor activity. Likewise, MVB showed that this increased ipsilateral activity in older adults did not carry additional information, and if anything, combining ipsilateral with contralateral activity patterns reduced action decoding in older adults (at least in experiment 1). These results contradict the hypothesis that HAROLD is compensatory and instead suggest that the age-related ipsilateral hyperactivation is nonspecific, consistent with alternative hypotheses about age-related reductions in neural efficiency/differentiation or interhemispheric inhibition.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A key goal in the cognitive neuroscience of aging is to provide a mechanistic explanation of how brain–behavior relationships change with age. One interpretation of the common finding that task-based hemispheric activity becomes more symmetrical in older adults is that this shift reflects a compensatory mechanism, with the nondominant hemisphere needing to help out with computations normally performed by the dominant hemisphere. Contrary to this view, our behavioral and brain data indicate that the additional activity in ipsilateral motor cortex in older adults is not reflective of better task performance nor better neural representations of finger actions.

Inhibition, excitation and bilateral transfer following a unilateral complex finger-tapping task in young and older adults.

Neuroplasticity underpins motor learning, with abnormal neuroplasticity related to age-associated motor declines. Bilateral transfer of motor learning, through rehabilitation, may mitigate these declines; however, the magnitude of transfer may be reduced in older populations. This study investigated excitatory and inhibitory pathways in the trained and untrained hemispheres following unilateral training of a complex finger-tapping task across ageing. Fifteen young (26.2 ± 3.8years) and 11 older adults (63.7 ± 15.4years) received transcranial magnetic stimulation, although surface electromyography was recorded from the extensor digitorum communis (EDC) and abductor pollicis brevis (APB), before and after practicing a complex finger-tapping task with the dominant hand. Excitability, inhibition (expressed as percent change scores from pre- to post-training), motor task performance and bilateral transfer were assessed between groups. Investigation of hemispheric differences within each group was completed for measures that significantly differed between groups. There were no between-group differences in task performance or bilateral transfer, with task performance improving post-training irrespective of group for both hands (p < 0.05). Pre- to post-inhibition change scores of the untrained EDC muscle increased (p = 0.034) in older compared with younger adults, indicating reduced inhibition in older adults. Inhibition change scores significantly differed between hemispheres for the young group only (p = 0.037). Only the younger group presented with hemispheric lateralisation, providing some support for the Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in OLDer adults (HAROLD) hypothesis. Whether this reduction is evidence of de-differentiation or compensation will need to be confirmed with additional measures.

AI, ML, and competition dynamics in financial markets

AbstractThere is a common assumption that the adoption of AI and ML in financial markets will make markets more competitive and reduce consumer prices. This paper argues, however, that this is far from obvious and identifies when increases in competition are unlikely to arise. There are several key messages. It is argued that, in contrast to the experience in bigtech markets, the widespread use of AI and ML at the sector-wide level is unlikely to lead to any significant short-term changes in concentration in financial markets. In the longer term, however, the question of whether there will be more concentration will depend on the balance of two opposing forces. On the one hand, rapid acceleration of the nascent merging of the boundaries between bigtech and financial markets could increase concentration; but on the other, action around the significant tightening of bespoke regulations, notably regulatory mandated data sharing, could push in the opposite direction. At the micro-market level, it is also argued that the impact of adopting AI and ML will be very sensitive to the specifics of the market (e.g. the impact of any consequent reduction of asymmetry of information is highly sensitive to the underlying asymmetry).

Vertical jump impulse deficits persist from six to nine months after ACL reconstruction

ABSTRACT Later-stage rehabilitation following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR) provides a valuable opportunity to target performance deficits before return to sport. This study aimed to: (1) evaluate bilateral counter-movement jump (CMJ) phase-specific impulse and isokinetic strength inter-limb asymmetry progression from 6 to 9 months post-ACLR; and (2) examine the extent to which individual changes in strength asymmetry could explain changes in impulse asymmetry. Male athletes (n = 44) with a hamstring tendon or bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft were tested 6 and 9 months post-ACLR. Two-way mixed-model ANOVAs were used to identify inter-session and inter-graft differences in CMJ phase-specific impulse asymmetries and knee isokinetic flexor and extensor strength asymmetries, as well as in absolute impulse and strength values of independent (ACLR/uninvolved) limbs. Linear regression models were used to assess the relationship between changes in impulse asymmetry and strength asymmetry. Reductions in strength asymmetry arose from improved ACLR-limb performance, whereas concentric impulse asymmetry reduced consequent to decreased uninvolved-limb performance and eccentric deceleration impulses decreased bilaterally. Graft type did not modulate findings. Changes in strength asymmetry had little or no ability to explain changes in impulse asymmetry. Consideration of approaches that may influence persisting deficits observed bi-laterally throughout vertical jumping performance post-ACLR may enhance rehabilitation practice.

Biopharmaceutical patents: multifaceted signals, reducing and enhancing knowledge asymmetries in drug discovery

ABSTRACT Patents are often studied as signals that convey invaluable insights into a firm’s inventive capabilities, aiding in the reduction of knowledge asymmetries between the firm and external investors. Yet, most researchers examine patents as providing a single positive signal. We argue patents provide multiple and possibly countervailing signals; some characteristics may increase perceived knowledge asymmetries, while others decrease perceived knowledge asymmetries. We provide evidence patent characteristics provide multiple signals, impacting investors’ perceived knowledge asymmetries.

Asymmetry of the insula-sensorimotor circuit in Parkinson's disease.

Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) experience motor and non-motor symptoms, suggesting alterations of the motor and/or limbic system or more probably of their communications. We hypothesized that the communication between the insula (part of the limbic system) and sensorimotor cortex in PD is altered and hemispheric asymmetric. Furthermore, that this asymmetry relates to non-motor symptoms, and specifically, that apathy-related asymmetry is unique to PD. To test these hypotheses, we used a novel multivariate time-frequency analysis method applied to resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data of 28 controls and 25 participants with PD measured in their OFF medication state. The analysis infers directionality of coupling, that is, afferent or efferent, among four anatomical regions, thus defining directed pathways of information flow, which enables the extension of symmetry measures to include directionality. A major right asymmetry reduction of the dorsal-posterior insula efferent and a slight bilateral increase of insula afferent pathways were observed in participants with PD versus controls. Between-group pathways that correlated with mild cognitive impairments combined the central-executive and default-mode networks through the right insula. Apathy-correlated pathways of the posterior insula in participants with PD versus controls exhibited reduced right efferent and increased left afferent. Because apathy scores were comparable between the groups and effects of the other motor and non-motor symptoms were statistically removed by the analysis, the differences in apathy-correlated pathways were suggested as unique to PD. These pathways could be predictors in the pre-symptomatic phase in patients with apathy.

Determinants and Consequences of Risk Disclosure: Evidence from Chinese Stock Markets during the COVID-19 Pandemic

ABSTRACT This study examines the determinants and consequences of firms’ disclosures related to the COVID-19 pandemic in annual financial reports in China. First, we find that firms with high growth opportunity or low stock liquidity tended to disclose COVID-19 pandemic information to mitigate information asymmetry. Second, our results show that voluntary risk disclosure significantly decreased stock risks due to the reduction of information asymmetry. We further find that stock price crash risks decreased for firms that reported risk information compared with those that did not. Our results suggest that detailed voluntary risk disclosure is needed to mitigate stock risks, especially in extreme situations.

Age-Related Changes in Hemispherical Specialization for Attentional Networks.

Many cognitive functions face a decline in the healthy elderly. Within the cognitive domains, both attentional processes and executive functions are impaired with aging. Attention includes three attentional networks, i.e., alerting, orienting, and executive control, showing a hemispheric lateralized pattern in adults. This lateralized pattern could play a role in modulating the efficiency of attentional networks. For these reasons, it could be relevant to analyze the age-related change of the hemispheric specialization of attentional networks. This study aims to clarify this aspect with a lateralized version of the Attentional Network Test for Interaction (ANTI)-Fruit. One hundred seventy-one participants took part in this study. They were divided in three age groups: youth (N = 57; range: 20–30); adults (N = 57; range 31–64), and elderly/older people (N = 57; range: 65–87). The results confirmed the previous outcomes on the efficiency and interactions among attentional networks. Moreover, an age-related generalized slowness was evidenced. These findings also support the hypothesis of a hemispheric asymmetry reduction in elderly/older adults.

Advanced power transformer with improved parameters for rural electrical networks

The problem of power quality supply is relevant for rural electrical networks, due to long distance and branching, as well as connection of a large number of single-phase and non-linear loads. Asymmetry of electrical loads causes voltage asymmetry, which adversely affects the operation of all elements of the electrical system, causing additional power losses, reducing the service life of electrical equipment and its economic performance, as well as reliability of operation of individual electrical equipment and power supply system as a whole. Reduction of voltage asymmetry can be ensured by rational construction of electrical network circuit and use of special correcting devices. The authors consider it reasonable to use relatively simple and reliable by design and inexpensive power transformers with a “star - double zigzag with a zero wire” (Y/2Zн) winding connection circuit with a neutral winding connection group. The paper deals with design and processes of converting electrical energy in a transformer. It has been proved that phase EMF of the secondary winding coincides in phase with the same EMF of the primary winding, i.e. the proposed circuit has a neutral windings’ connection group. Results of theoretical studies of transformer operation with an asymmetric and non-linear load are presented. Decrease in voltage asymmetry is due to the neutral sequence components compensation. Decrease of the higher harmonic voltage components level occurs due to the compensation of the higher harmonics multiplied three times. It is theoretically substantiated that transformer will not emit higher harmonic components of zero sequence voltages into the supply network. Experimental studies have confirmed the theoretical conclusions that a transformer with Y/2Zн winding connection circuit allows obtaining the highest level of voltage symmetry with an asymmetric load. In single-phase load mode, the values of voltage unbalance factor in reverse sequence do not exceed 1.7 %, in neutral sequence - 2.9 %. The transformer allows obtaining 1.2-1.5 times lower value of total harmonic components factor at non-linear load, which is the best result among circuits studied. This power transformer is resistant to load effects that distort voltage quality and is capable to provide a high level of symmetry and sinusoidal voltage as well as parallel operation with commercially available transformers. This makes it possible to use it in rural electrical networks to reduce power losses, increase service life and efficiency of electrical equipment, and increase reliability of the power supply system.

Voluntary disclosure and information asymmetry: do investors in US capital markets care about carbon emission?

PurposeThis paper aims to exploit the varying level of responses to the carbon disclosure project (CDP) to assess the economic consequences of carbon emission disclosure by disclosure level. Economic theory suggests that increased disclosures by a firm should lower the information asymmetry component of the firm’s cost of capital. Using CDP disclosures by US firms, the authors study the effect of voluntary carbon emission on the information asymmetry risk in capital markets.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conduct cross-sectional analyses to examine whether, from the investor perspective, firms with varying CDP disclosure levels experience differential information asymmetric risk. The authors also conduct a pre- and post-disclosure comparison to examine whether the market responds to first-time carbon emission disclosure with decreases in the relative bid-ask spread.FindingsIn the cross-sectional analysis, the authors find that firms that decline to disclose carbon emission information, firms that provide incomplete information and firms that do not respond to the CDP survey have higher information asymmetry than firms that provide complete information and opt to make it available to the public. Using a pre- and post-disclosure comparison, the authors find that the market responds to first-time carbon emission disclosure with decreases in the relative bid-ask spread. Additionally, only firms that participate, provide complete disclosures and opt to make it available to the public enjoy the largest reduction in bid-ask spreads, which is followed by firms that provide incomplete information. Other firms do not experience a reduction in information asymmetry.Research limitations/implicationsThis study examines the impact of CDP disclosures on information asymmetry using a US sample. The results of the study may not be generalizable to other countries that have different institutional arrangements and settings.Practical implicationsThe study has important social and policy implications. The findings on the role of carbon emission disclosures in reducing information asymmetry in the capital markets suggest the need for policymakers to promote greater carbon emission disclosures in the USA and other countries where such disclosures have been traditionally less emphasized. As to stakeholders, bringing corporate carbon emission disclosure in line with recommended guidelines will require them to exercise more direct stakeholder pressure to encourage firms to fully participate in the CDP project. This is particularly critical in settings of regulatory inaction and weak enforcement with respect to environmental policies and disclosure such as the USA.Social implicationsThe results span the current gap between two broad perspectives on corporate social responsibilities. The traditional shareholder perspective argues that companies only participate in socially responsible activities which increase shareholder value, while an alternate perspective argues that companies also undertake social responsibilities to benefit society even at the cost of shareholders (Moser and Martin, 2012). The study demonstrates that the two perspectives are not always at odds, carbon emission disclosure not only provides important information on the corporate social responsibility of the firm but also contributes to enriching the information environment leading to reduced information asymmetry in the equity markets for US firms. Thus, from both a stakeholder and capital market perspective, firms have incentives to provide carbon emission disclosures voluntarily. More direct stakeholder pressure may be helpful to encourage more firms to provide complete carbon emission information and opt to make it available to the public.Originality/valueFew studies investigate the impact of CDP disclosure on the information environment of public companies. The lack of research on this key connection between new disclosures on carbon emissions and information asymmetry in the capital markets is the primary motivation for the paper. The study also provides important insights on disclosure level; just participating in the CDP survey is not enough, the degree of participation is also important. The results of the study suggest that the varying level of disclosure matters, the greatest benefits in terms of reduction of information asymmetry accrue to firms that provide complete information and opt to make it available to the public.

Web-based financial reporting, social media and information asymmetry: the case of Saudi Arabia

Purpose This paper aims to examine the effect of Web-based financial reporting and social media platforms on the proxies of information asymmetry in the Saudi Stock Exchange. Design/methodology/approach The sample of this paper consists of 133 Saudi listed non-financial companies for the year 2019. Web-based disclosure level was measured using 25 items, and the social media platforms examined in this study are Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn. The information asymmetry proxies are measured using the relative spread and the time-weighted average bid-ask spread. Findings The empirical results have shown that there is a negative and significant relation between Web-based financial reporting and the adoption of social media platforms and the proxies of information asymmetry. Indeed, the relative spread and the time-weighted average bid-ask spread decreased with increased Web-based reporting levels. Among three platforms (Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn), the results show that only the use of Twitter as a channel for information disclosure has a negative and significant effect on information asymmetry proxies. Consequently, in the Saudi context, the authors demonstrate that the assumptions of the agency, stewardship and signaling theories are supported. Also, results reveal that the effect of information disclosure through websites and social media on reducing information asymmetry is stronger for large companies than small companies. Practical implications The paper provides new insights into the role played by websites and social media platforms in the reduction of the information asymmetry in the stock market. Consequently, investors and regulatory authorities in the Saudi financial market must give great importance to online information disclosure and its implications for lowering information asymmetry. This empirical study informs regulators in Saudi Arabia to conduct the better practice of Web-based and social media financial reporting and to regulate the current practice of information disclosure. Besides, the obtained results have the potential to convince firms’ managers to improve online information disclosure to benefit from the reduction in information asymmetry. Originality/value Unlike previous studies, this study investigates, simultaneously, the effect of Web-based and social media information disclosure on the proxies of information asymmetry in a developing economy. In addition, the hypotheses of this study are developed based on a set of theories (the agency, signaling and stewardship theories), to verify the applicability of these three theories in the Saudi context.

Age-related Reductions in Manual Asymmetry with Increased Visuospatial Demands

Age-related Reductions in Manual Asymmetry with Increased Visuospatial Demands

The Peculiarities of the Correction of Psychomotor Disorders of Patients with Ischemic Stroke: the Psychological Aspect

The objectives of article are: to propose the author’s view on biomechanical laws which show the picture of disorders of psychomotor function; to make the research and to analyze obtained data on the initial state of motor function of patients with ischemic stroke of the subgroup «plesia + paresis»; to propose psychological principles of the development of general compensatory reactions of the patient in a case of physical rehabilitation of patients with ischemic stroke. Methods of the research. We used the method of the analysis of literature sources; the method of pedagogical observation; psychological and pedagogical experiment; providing the research of psycho-emotional state (M. Lucher’s test is used). The results of the research. We proved that regardless of the level of disorders, the picture of disorders of psychomotor function is subjected to certain biomechanical laws: 1. The rule of redistribution of functions of the affected limb. The functionality of the affected limb to maintain body weight is significantly reduced. This is especially noticeable in the period of single support: decreases both absolute and relative in time intervals of the function of single support, as well as the duration of the period of this support. But this kind of unloading of the sick side must be compensated, because the period of support of a healthy leg increases significantly. The change of periods of support has an obvious consequence – the increase of the sick side of the transfer time, also of the healthy side – we mean its reduction. 2. The rule of functional copying of another person’s movements. Pathological asymmetry is not beneficial to the body in terms of energy or mechanics. The need to maintain the relative symmetry of the function of the right and left sides of the body leads to the following conclusion: the healthy side of the body (or a limb) has a considerable functional reserve than a sick limb, so the reduction of functional asymmetry occurs by approximating the pattern of functioning of a healthy limb. 3. The rule of ensuring the optimum in psychomotor activity. The functioning of all elements of the normal cycle of psychomotor activity is the basis of physiological optimality of the individual. Any deviations from physiological optimality require the inclusion of additional adaptive reserves, which are slightly altered on the affected side. It is possible to provide the patient with optimal functioning due to the functional stress of a healthy side. Conclusions. We proposed psychological principles of the development of general compensatory reactions of the patient in a case of physical rehabilitation of patients with ischemic stroke were proposed in this research. These principles are: 1) the principle of actualization of the defect; 2) the principle of progressive mobilization of compensatory mechanisms of psychomotor activity; 3) the principle of continuous reverse of concentration of compensatory mechanisms of the psyche of the person; 4) the principle of sanctioning compensatory mechanisms of the psyche of the person; 5) the principle of relative stability of the compensatory mechanisms of the psyche of the patient. It was proved that in a case of ischemic strokes there is a certain dynamics of recovery of locus disorders. Firstly, reflex functions and tone are restored, then psychomotor actions (global and coordinating synkinesis) and auxiliary actions appear, and finally arbitrary movements are restored. In order to begin to restore tendon reflexes and muscle tone, it is necessary to normalize the functions of the spinal cord. We emphasized that compensation of certain function that had disorders is based on the restructuring of the old stereotype and the development of a new dynamic stereotype. The most important point of compensation for structural and functional disorders in the case of psychomotor pathology is active participation in the rehabilitation process and the patient himself/herself, who should seek to activate the body’s systems, which are not affected at all or suffered insignificantly. It has been shown that due to new unaffected parts of the central nervous system, it is possible to rearrange the innervation between the antagonists.

Combining a multi-analyzer stage with a two-dimensional detector for high-resolution powder X-ray diffraction: correcting the angular scale.

In a test experiment, a two-dimensional pixel detector was mounted on the nine-channel multi-analyzer stage of the high-resolution powder diffraction beamline ID22 at the ESRF. This detector replaces a bank of scintillation counters that detect the diffracted intensity passing via the analyzer crystals as the diffractometer arm is scanned. At each diffractometer detector arm angle 2Θ, a 2D image is recorded that displays nine distinct regions of interest corresponding to the diffraction signals transmitted by each of the analyzer crystals. Summing pixels from within each region of interest allows the diffracted intensity to be extracted for each channel. X-rays are diffracted from the sample at various angles, 2θ, into Debye-Scherrer cones. Depending on the azimuthal angle around the cone, diffracted photons satisfy the analyzer-crystal Bragg condition at different diffractometer 2Θ values and arrive on the detector at different horizontal (axial) positions. The more the azimuthal angle deviates from diffraction in the vertical plane, the lower the 2Θ angle at which it is transmitted by an analyzer crystal, and the greater the distance of the detecting pixel from the centerline of the detector. This paper illustrates how the axial resolution afforded by the pixel detector can be used to correct the apparent diffraction angle, 2Θ, given by the diffractometer arm to its true diffraction angle, 2θ. This allows a reduction in peak asymmetry at low angle, and even with a relatively small axial acceptance, the correction leads to narrower peaks than if no correction is applied. By varying axial acceptance with diffraction angle, it is possible to optimize angular resolution at low diffraction angles and counting statistics at high angles. In addition, there is an intrinsic peak broadening with increasing azimuthal angle, dependent on the axial beam and detector pixel sizes. This effect reduces with 2θ, as the curvature of the Debye-Scherrer cones decreases. This broadening can be estimated and used to help choose the axial range to include as a function of diffraction angle.

Growth Opportunities, Information Asymmetry, and Dividend Payout: Evidence from Mandatory IFRS Adoption

We study how the relationship between a firm’s growth opportunities and its dividend policies shifts in response to a reduction in information asymmetry between investors and firms. Existing literature suggests a negative relationship between growth opportunities and dividend payouts in the presence of information asymmetry. Using the mandatory adoption of IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards) as an exogenous shock to the information environment of a firm, we document that the negative relationship between growth opportunities and dividend payout strengthens. This suggests IFRS adoption improves capital allocation by shifting dividend demand towards low-growth firms and reducing dividend demand from high-growth firms.