Reduction Of Total Suspended Solids Research Articles

Effective Microorganism-4 (EM-4) pada Proses Bioremediasi Limbah Cair Industri Tahu

Tofu industrial wastewater has a Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Suspended Solid (TSS) value exceeding the environmental quality standards. The high value of COD and TSS of tofu industrial wastewater is caused by the high content of organic matter and if there is no treatment, the liquid waste of the tofu industry can cause pollution in the aquatic environment. One of the biological processing of tofu industrial wastewater is the bioremediation process using microorganisms. This study aims to determine the ability of the effective microorganisme-4 (EM-4) on reduction of COD and TSS in tofu industrial wastewater. This research was conducted by mixing tofu industrial wastewater and effective microorganism-4 solution into the reactor with various concentrations of EM-4 3%, 5%, 7% and 10% and residence time for 2 days, 4 days and 6 days. The parameters were measured of COD, TSS and pH. The results showed that the tofu industrial wastewater treatment using EM-4 solution with a concentration of 10% for 6 days gave the best results, namely a decrease in COD by 70%, an increase in pH to 8.36 and TSS by 180 mg/L

The study of TSS reduction in industrial wastewater by nano-coagulants

The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of coagulants and nano-coagulants in different concentrations to reduce the TSS of industrial wastewater using the Taguchi statistical method. Two chemicals, iron chloride and aluminum sulfate, and two nanoparticles of iron oxide and alumina, were used as coagulants within the wastewater flocculation process at Beshel industrial complex. A L16 orthogonal array with the four factors of control at four levels each and two interactions was employed for optimization of coagulants and nano-coagulants concentration to reduce total suspended solids (TSS) in industrial wastewater. The concentration of iron chloride 1.5 g/l, concentration of iron oxide nanoparticles 1.5 g/l, concentration of aluminum sulfate 1.5 g/l and concentration of alumina nanoparticles 1.5 g/l was the optimal conditions to reduce the TSS of industrial wastewater.

Combined sewer overflow treatment: Assessing chemical pre-treatment and microsieve-based filtration in enhancing the performance of UV disinfection

Disinfection of combined sewer overflow (CSO) is necessary to reduce the amount of microorganisms discharged into surface waters. In this study, an efficient and cost-competitive treatment for CSO, employing UV disinfection, was developed. High suspended solids content in CSO poses a significant challenge for UV disinfection so laboratory experiments were carried out to asses the effect of chemical pre-treatment followed by micro-sieve filtration on the reduction of total suspended solids (TSS) and the increase of UV transmittance (UVT). The efficiency of UV, with and without pre-treatment, was investigated and a microbial inactivation model was developed to describe the fecal coliforms (FC) inactivation kinetics. Finally, the environmental impacts of the proposed treatment were simulated at the large-scale by stormwater management model (SWMM), and the cost of the proposed treatment train was evaluated and compared with current CSO treatment strategies.Experimental results showed that UV alone achieved 3.6-log reduction of FC at a UV fluence of 80 mJ/cm2, while a 4-log reduction of FC was achieved at a much lower UV fluence of 10 mJ/cm2, when the UV disinfection was preceded by chemical pre-treatment and microsieving filtration using a 32 μm mesh. Under these conditions, the TSS removal achieved was 73%, and the UVT increased from 14% to 32%.The SWMM showed that the proposed CSO treatment achieved a reduction in TSS by one order of magnitude and a decrease in number of FC from 1.05 × 1014 to 1.24 × 1010 CFU. The cost analysis performed herein suggests that the proposed treatment train is competitive to current CSO treatment strategies in terms of cost-effectiveness.The study demonstrates the potential of the innovative CSO treatment scheme to quickly and effectively treat a large amount of wastewater flow thus providing municipalities with a low footprint treatment unit for CSO.

Evaluation of laboratory submerged membrane bioreactor and reverse osmosis system for treating textile wastewater and reuse

This study aims to assess the overall performance of a membrane bioreactor and reverse osmosis membrane for the treatment of textile effluent as well as to investigate their ability in meeting the water reuse standards. The laboratory-scale MBR-RO units were fed with textile wastewater, and the MBR effluent performance was evaluated through water quality for the parameters like total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and colour. The results reveal that the MBR system yields good quality permeate water. We obtained 99%, 90.3%, and 82.5% (average) reduction of TSS, COD, and colour, respectively, with this system. Moreover, the MBR technology is highly effective for pre-RO treatment. We also studied the impact of pressure and temperature applied to the RO membrane on the efficiency for eliminating TDS, COD, colour, and the permeate flux. The results demonstrated that the applied pressure positively affected while the feed temperature negatively affects the overall removal efficiency. This study confirms that the feed temperature, besides pressure, have a positive effect on the flux for an RO system.

Lack of Environmental Policy and Water Governance

In Pakistan, water pollution is a cause of numerous health issue and water stress. The aim of writing this paper is to empirically investigate the impact of industrialization, foreign direct investment, and economic growth along with energy consumption on total suspended solids in the Indus River, which is used as a proxy for water pollution. The authors employed ARDL estimation to achieve the research objective. The findings revealed that in long-run economic growth, foreign direct investment inflows and industrialization have a positive influence on water pollution in the Indus River. Still, on the other hand, due to sustainable energy production, water pollution is falling in the Indus River. At the same time, in the short-run, economic growth causes reduction in total suspended solids, whereas industrialization is still a major cause of water pollution in the Indus River.

Feasibility of using divergent plantation to aggrandize the pollutants abatement from sewage and biomass production in treatment wetlands

Constructed wetlands are one of the most viable wastewater treatment technologies, with an additional aspect of biomass production that could be utilized in the manufacturing of valuable products. With this objective, four species of divergent commercial plants were grown individually and polyculture in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HSFCW). Rural sewage was supplied from a storage tank to each CW through the inlet chamber. The experiment was continued for 12 weeks (July to October). Collectively, the HSFCW having polyculture of plants was more effective in the removal of all pollutants. While monoculture of Ipomoea aquatica exhibited better performance for the reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and nutrients, viz., total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), ammonium nitrogen (NH4+–N), and nitrate-nitrogen (NO3̄–N) with a removal efficiency of 69, 77, 96, 90 and 80%, respectively. Whereas, Iris pseudacorus and Canna indica showed significantly better results for fecal coliform and total suspended solids reduction. At the last stage of the experiment, all plant species achieved the maximum growth rate; particularly, Ipomoea aquatica and polyculture or mixed planting (MP) had the highest growth rate and larger above-ground biomass. Thus, current findings reflect that MP wetland in wastewater treatment coupled with biomass production renders environmental and economic benefits.

Improving Plant Health Through Nutrient Remineralization in Aquaponic Systems.

The exploitation of readily bioavailable fish excreta as a source of plant nutrients lies at the cornerstone of aquaponics farming. Research on nutrient cycling in aquaponic systems has devoted considerable attention to the plant uptake of dissolved nutrients in fish excreta, however, the integration of particulate-bound nutrients into downstream hydroponic farming has remained elusive. The high amount of organic carbon present in fish sludge may lead to biofouling if directly incorporated into hydroponic circulation systems, reducing the utility of incorporating fish solids on a large scale. In this study, we implemented a novel treatment system capable of reducing the carbon and nitrogen load of fish solids to produce a liquid fertilizer for a downstream hydroponics unit. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) fertilized with exclusively a commercial nutrient solution, the biofilter effluent (coupled aquaponic system), effluent from the solids treatment system, or the latter two combined were grown in nutrient flow technique gutters downstream of a recirculating aquaculture system stocked with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). While crop yields were lower for the aquaponic treatments compared to lettuce grown in a commercial nutrient solution, plant sap analysis demonstrated a contrasting picture with respect to internal nutrient concentrations. Lettuce grown in the commercial hydroponic solution were deficient in several mineral nutrients (Mg, Ca, Na, and Si) nor did they have higher iron concentrations despite the significantly higher EDTA-chelated aqueous iron (460 × greater than other treatments) in the nutrient solution. Nutrient uptake in the rhizosphere was not investigated on a molecular level, although stunted rhizosphere growth in the commercial nutrient solution control suggests a weakened capacity for nutrient uptake in comparison to other treatments. Alongside the remineralization of micronutrients, the solids treatment system addressed the common issue of excess carbon leading to biofouling via a total suspended solids reduction of 87.27% ± 9.95 during the coupled aquaponics cultivation period. Ultimately, these data lead to two important conclusions. Firstly, optimizing nutrient bioavailability is not synonymous to increasing the presence of a nutrient in the water column. Secondly, estimating ideal nutrient solution concentrations involves both preventing nutrient blocking and improving bioavailability.

A vermifilter system for reducing nutrients and organic-strength of dairy wastewater

Vermifiltration is an emerging low-cost and environmentally sustainable technology for the treatment of wastewater and recovery of nutrients. This study evaluated, for six months, the efficacy of a pilot-scale vermifilter for the treatment of a side-stream of dairy wastewater at a commercial dairy farm in Washington State. Samples of dairy wastewater were collected at the upstream and downstream of the vermifilter during these six months and analyzed for reductions in the solids contents (total solids (TS) and total suspended solids (TSS)), chemical oxygen demand (COD), pertinent nitrogen species (total nitrogen (TN), total ammonia-nitrogen (TAN), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3–N), and phosphorus species (total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate (Ortho-P)). The respective reductions were 81 ± 7.1% for TAN, 77 ± 8.4% for TN, and 74 ± 9.5% for NO3–N. Total solids reduction was, generally, low at 21 ± 7.0% but the reduction of TSS was significantly high at 68 ± 10%. Results indicated modest reductions of TP (48 ± 6.0%) and COD (45 ± 4.1%) but relatively lower Ortho-P reduction (3.9 ± 19.2%). Regression modeling showed that ambient temperature has a significant influence on the reduction efficiencies of TAN (by as much as 50%) and COD (by as much as 59%). Overall, this study demonstrated that vermifiltration has great potential in alleviating nutrients contents and simultaneously reducing the organic strength of the vermifilter effluents.

Understanding Constraints on Submersed Vegetation Distribution in a Large, Floodplain River: the Role of Water Level Fluctuations, Water Clarity and River Geomorphology

Aquatic vegetation is a key component of large floodplain river ecosystems. In the Upper Mississippi River System (UMRS), there is a long-standing interest in restoring aquatic vegetation in areas where it has declined or disappeared. To better understand what constrains vegetation distribution in large river ecosystems and inform ongoing efforts to restore submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV), we delineated areas in ~1200 river km of the UMRS where the combined effects of water clarity, water level fluctuation, and bathymetry appeared suitable for establishment and persistence of SAV based on a 22-year dataset for total suspended solids (TSS), water surface elevation, and aquatic vegetation distribution. We found a large increase in suitable area downstream from a large natural riverine lake near the northern end of the UMRS (river km 1230) that functions as a sink for suspended material. Downstream from river km 895, there was much less suitable area due to decreased water clarity from tributary input of suspended material, changes in river geomorphology, and increased water level fluctuation. A hypothetical scenario of 75% reduction in TSS resulted in only minor increases in suitable area in the southern portion of the UMRS, indicating limitations by water level fluctuation and/or bathymetry (i.e., limited shallow area). These results improve our understanding of the structure and function of large river systems by illustrating how water clarity, fluctuations in water level, and river geomorphology interact to create complex spatial patterns in habitat suitability for aquatic species and may help to identify locations most and least likely to benefit from management and restoration efforts.

A coagulation-flocculation process combined with continuous adsorption using eggshell waste materials for phenols and PAHs removal from landfill leachate

A sequential treatment consisting of coagulation/flocculation followed by transport column experiment was adopted and used in this work for the treatment of landfill leachate containing phenols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Coagulation experiment was performed in a standard jar test apparatus using alum as coagulant material. In column experiments, natural eggshell material was used as filter media after calcinations at 750oC either separately or combined with granular activated carbon (GAC). Alum addition at a predetermined optimum dose (3.5 g/L) caused a reduction in total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phenols, and total (PAHs) by 82%, 32%, 24%, and 34% respectively. Specific PAHs analysis revealed higher binding affinity of more hydrophobic PAHs toward particles with 50% reduction than those of less hydrophobic PAHs with only 6% reduction. The results obtained from the transport column experiments indicate that calcined eggshell (ESC) particularly when applied as a mixture with GAC can be used as promising adsorbent for both phenols and PAHs. 95% of phenols and PAHs were removed during the first 1,500 pore volumes (PV) of column operation while > 80% were obtained at the end of the experiment (3,500 PV).

Remediation of trace organic contaminants from biosolids: Influence of various pre-treatment strategies prior to Bacillus subtilis aerobic digestion

Biosolids from wastewater treatment plants is a crucial channel for the transfer of trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) from wastewaters to the soil, which necessitates the treatment of the biosolids prior to any application. The present study evaluated the effect of four different pre-treatment strategies on biosolids valorization and the subsequent removal of TrOCs during bioaugmentation with Bacillus subtilis. On analyzing the biosolids, out of the 72 TrOCs investigated, eight pharmaceuticals (total concentration of 157.2 ± 43.4 µg/kg), and two pesticides (total concentration of 18.8 ± 5.8 µg/kg) were detected. It was observed that when the biosolids was augmented with B. subtilis for 28 days, 52% TrOCs removal with a total suspended solids (TSS) reduction of 12% was achieved. In order to enhance the effect of aerobic digestion, four different pre-treatment strategies – alkali, ultrasonication, freeze-drying and enzymatic, were employed for biosolids management. Among these strategies, alkali pre-treatment showed the maximum TrOCs removal of 63% with 8% reduction in TSS, followed by ultrasonication, where the TrOCs removal was 32% with 5% TSS reduction. On comparing the combinational effect, the aerobic digestion of enzyme pre-treated biosolids showed an enhanced TrOCs removal of 90%, which also incurred TSS reduction of 18%, followed by the alkaline treated, freeze-dried and ultrasonicated biosolids. Thus, this study establishes B. subtilis aided aerobic digestion as an effective process for biosolids treatment and explains the impact of pre-treatment processes on TrOCs and TSS removal.

Biofloc removal by the oyster Crassostrea gasar as a candidate species to an Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) system with the marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Currently, aquaculture seeks to implement production models that keep up with the global demands for sustainability and reduced environmental impacts. One of the options adopted is integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA), which cultivates species of different trophic levels, improving the use of nutrients and increasing the economic profitability of the system. On the other hand, the Biofloc Technology system (BFT) has also been highlighted as an important eco-friendly activity. In an attempt to reduce total suspended solids (TSS) and in accordance with the IMTA principles, the present work evaluated the action of the oyster Crassostrea gasar on the reduction of TSS and its influence on the microbial community present on the bioflocs. An experiment with two treatments (With and Without Oyster) was carried out in waters from an ongoing marine shrimp crop. The experiment lasted for 5 days, when water samples and oyster stomach content were collected for analysis of microorganisms. The water quality parameters did not show significant differences. The TSS and aggregates number also showed no differences between treatments, indicating that the presence of oysters did not influence the amount of total suspended solids. However, the predominance of flagellates in the stomach contents of the bivalves indicates a prey selectivity by C. gasar by this microorganism. Thus, it is likely that C. gasar is not an effective tool to reduce suspended solids in IMTA, but this organism can highly benefited from protozoan present in BFT system.

A constructed wetland system for bio-polishing palm oil mill effluent and its future research opportunities

This study was carried out to investigate the potential of Scirpus grossus in polishing final discharge of palm oil mill effluent (POME). The removal of total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from POME by S. grossus was conducted in two different flow systems: a sub-surface (SS) and a free-surface (FS) batch constructed wetland (CW) systems. S. grossus was exposed to POME for 30 days. It was found that S. grossus plants performed better in TSS removal from POME in both systems (98 %) as compared with unplanted treatments (85 %). Plants developed root mats, which increased the filtration efficiency, leading to a reduction of TSS during the treatment period. Additionally, on day 7, the TSS removal by the FS system was higher than that by the SS system, with concentrations of 8 and 99 mg/L, respectively, on that day. The content of suspended solids in POME was believed to help this happen, as a system with more suspended solids will sediment faster than a system with less suspended solids. The removal of COD, on the other hand, did not differ between the two flow systems or between treatments with and without plants (96–97 %), indicating that sand medium played a significant role in COD removal from POME. It can be concluded that treatment combining sand medium, S. grossus, and the FS system is highly capable of polishing TSS and COD in final discharged POME. CW could be a promising green solution to improve the environmental ecosystem and ensure sustainability.

Particle size distribution modeling and kinetic study for coagulation treatment of tannery industry wastewater at response surface optimized condition

The presence of considerable amounts of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) in wastewater streams can pose a severe threat to aquatic and human life. A high level of TSS will increase water temperature at an alarming rate and decrease dissolved oxygen levels. This study aims to remove TSS from raw tannery wastewater using an active coagulating protein extracted from Moringa oleifera (MO) seeds. The process variables such as, coagulant dosage and pH are varied to test the potential of the coagulant extracted using NaCl and KCl salt solutions, for TSS removal from tannery wastewater. The results show that the NaCl extracted coagulant could effectively remove 89.87% of TSS whereas the KCl extracted coagulant eliminated 76.23% of TSS, at the optimum condition of 40 mL coagulant dosage and 7 pH. The assessment of coagulation rate parameters using differential method of analysis reveals that at optimum condition, the TSS reduction process obeys second order kinetics with a rate constant 3.556 × 10– 5 (mg/L)– 1 min– 1. The volume distribution of suspended solids in raw wastewater is fitted with a log-normal distribution model and Gaussian distribution model. From the magnitude of the coefficient of determination (R2) and Akaike information criterion (AIC) of the Gaussian model (R2 = 0.6864 and AIC = 3.89), it is concluded that the Gaussian model is better than the log-normal distribution model (R2 = 0.4708 and AIC = 6.31) for explaining the volumetric distribution of suspended particles. The numeric distribution of suspended solids in raw wastewater is explained well by the variable β model (R2 = 0.668) rather than the power law model (R2 = 0.196). The 3D response surface plot indicates that maximum TSS removal can be achieved at an optimal condition of 40 mL coagulant dose and 7 pH. The quadratic model developed for the treatment process utilizing the NaCl extracted coagulant shows better response prediction ability (R2 = 0.8118) when compared to the model built for the KCl extracted coagulant (R2 = 0.7911). Both the model equations have a p-value less than 0.05 which indicates that the proposed models are statistically significant. The elliptical contours for TSS removal using NaCl extracted coagulant demonstrate the significant interactions between the process variables. This study exhibited the applicability of MO seed extract for real-time tannery wastewater treatment.

Excess sludge disintegration by discharge plasma oxidation: Efficiency and underlying mechanisms

A huge amount of excess sludge is inevitably produced in wastewater treatment, and it is becoming more and more urgent to realize efficient sludge reduction. Discharge plasma oxidation was used to efficiently disintegrate excess sludge for sludge reduction in this study. Approximately 18.22% sludge disintegration and 27.8% reduction of total suspended solids (TSS) were achieved by discharge plasma treatment. The water content of the filter cake decreased from 81.9% to 76.0% and the bound water content decreased from 2.66 g/g dry solid to 0.73 g/g dry solid after treatment. The large quantities of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by discharge plasma played important roles in sludge disintegration by destroying flocs and promoting the transformation of organic substances. Concurrent cell lysis induced by ROS oxidation released intracellular organics and water into the liquid phase. The fraction of soluble extracellular polymer substances (S-EPS) was enhanced from 16.10% to 58.51%, whereas the tightly bound fraction was reduced from 70.62% to 28.91%. Migration and decomposition of EPS were the main processes for EPS changing at a low oxidation capacity, whereas cell lysis became important at a high oxidation capacity. In summary, the plasma treatment effectively improved sludge disintegration.

Establishing an empirical equation for the relationship between total suspended solids and total phosphorus concentrations in the downstream Red river water

Recently, the Asian rivers have faced the strong reduction of riverine total suspended solids (TSS) flux due to numerous dam/reservoir impoundment. The Red river system is a typical example of the Southeast Asian rivers that has been strongly impacted by reservoir impoundment in both China and Vietnam, especially in the recent period. It is known that the reduction in total suspended solids may lead to the decrease of some associated elements, including nutrients (N, P, Si) which may affect coastal ecosystems. In this paper, we establish the empirical relationship between total suspended solids and total phosphorus concentrations in water environment of the Red river in its downstream section from Hanoi city to the Ba Lat estuary based on the sampling campaigns conducted in the dry and wet seasons in 2017, 2018 and 2019. The results show a clear relationship with significant coefficient between total suspended solids and total phosphorus in the downstream Red river. It is expressed by a simple equation y = 0.0226x0.3867 where x and y stand for total suspended solids and total phosphorus concentrations (mg/l) respectively with the r2 value of 0.757. This equation enables a reasonable prediction of total phosphorus concentrations of the downstream Red river when the observed data of total suspended solids concentrations are available. Thus, this work opens up the way for further studies on the calculation of the total phosphorus over longer timescales using daily available total suspended solids values.

Production of methane as bio-fuel from palm oil mill effluent using anaerobic consortium bacteria

Consortium of bacteria (Bacillus toyonensis strain BCT-71120 and Stenotrophomonas rhizophila strain e-p10) can reduce biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) values in aerobic fermentation process of POME. This study aims to degrade the organic and inorganic compounds in POME by using anaerobic bacterial consortium of Bacillus toyonensis strain BCT-71120 and Stenotrophomonas rhizophila strain e-p10 to produce biogas and reduce the values of COD, BOD and total suspended solid (TSS). Effect of fermentation time on TSS, COD, BOD and pH are investigated. Specific growth rate and generation time are determined to obtain optimal fermentation time. The results shows that the bacterial consortium of Bacillus toyonensis strain BCT-7112 and Stenotrophomonas rhizophila strain e-p10 reduced COD, BOD and TSS values of POME and produce methane in biogas for 18 d of anaerobic fermentation process. The highest reduction of COD, BOD and TSS were 86, 94 and 80%, respectively, while the highest methane content was 41.05%. The pH values ranged from 7.8 to 8.3 as sufficient condition for the bacterial growth. The highest specific growth rate of the bacteria achieved at 0.268 1/d and the lowest generation time was 3.74 d. Values of μmax and Ks were achieved 0.174 1/d and 63.011 mg/L, respectively. Value of Y = 1.4 × 109 CFU/mg, Kd = 0.42 1/d and qmax = 1.24 × 10−10 mg/CFU.d based on BOD values. Values of μmax and Ks were achieved 0.122 1/d and 5.945 mg/L, respectively. Y = 2.41 × 109 CFU/mg, Kd = 6.60 1/d and qmax = 5.062 × 10−10 mg/CFU.d. based on COD values.

Phytoremediation of TSS, NH3-N and COD from Sewage Wastewater by Lemna minor L., Salvinia minima, Ipomea aquatica and Centella asiatica

The rapid growth of industries has resulted in wastewater generation containing different organic and chemical substances channeled into the water body. This causes the arising of water pollution issues in many regions. The phytoremediation method was introduced in the process of treating water pollution as it is low cost and environmentally friendly. Lemna minor, Salvinia minima, Ipomoea aquatica and Centella asiatica were chosen in this study because they have tolerance to various pollution conditions and are able to remove organic pollutants and heavy metals. The objectives of this study were to determine the water quality before and after treatment, to determine the rate of reduction in total suspended solids (TSS), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in sewage water through the phytoremediation method and to assess the effectiveness of the plants in the phytoremediation of sewage wastewater. It was found that, Lemna minor, Salvinia minima, Ipomoea aquatica and Centella asiatica were able to reduce TSS by 50.8%, 77.6%, 85.6% and 67.6%, respectively; NH3-N by 80.4%, 89.9, 97.3% and 79.1%, respectively; and COD by 75%, 82%, 44.8% and 36.46%, respectively. In this study, it was found that sewage wastewater treatment using Ipomoea aquatica was more efficient in reducing NH3-N and Salvinia minima was more efficient in reducing TSS and COD values.

ANALYSIS OF ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS PEEL AS A NATURAL COAGULANT USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY (RSM)

The chemical coagulants used in the process of wastewater treatment causes negative implications on environment and human health. Exploration on natural coagulants as environmental friendly solution has been widely carried out. In present research, Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit) peel is used as coagulant in treating domestic wastewater. This study aimed to assess optimum pH of wastewater and coagulant dosage by varying them to achieve the maximum removal rate of total suspended solid (TSS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and turbidity. The studied range for pH of wastewater was pH 1-3 and dosage of coagulant within 50–70 mg/L. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD) implied in optimization of this coagulation process. Treatment using this natural coagulant enabled maximum reduction of turbidity, TSS, BOD and COD up to 80.7 %, 77.5 %, 34.3 % and 34.6 % respectively under optimum condition of pH 2.1 and dosage of 58 mg/L. These findings revealed higher reduction in turbidity and TSS. Thus, this study indicates the promising potential of the Artocarpus heterophyllus peel extract as an alternative bio-based coagulating agent for effective pre-treatment of wastewater.

Study of anaerobic biofilter tofu wastewater treatment with bioball media and phytoremediation by kiambang (salviniamolesta)

Small and medium industries such as tofu industry are characterized as industries with high levels of pollution because it lacks or does not have a wastewater handling system. Tofu wastewater contains high level of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solid (TSS). If referring to the standard quality of wastewater, tofu wastewater requires treatment before being discharged into water bodies. This research aims to find out the effect of residence time and plant mass variation on the efficiency of reducing COD and TSS in tofu wastewater. This research were used anaerobic reactors with bioball media and phytoremediation reactors using kiambang (salviniamolesta) with plant mass variations of 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 grams. The research begins with the process of seeding to breed microorganisms derived from tofu wastewater then proceed with running on the anaerobic reactor until the reduction in COD reaches 60% -70%. On the 6th day of running, the reduction in COD has reached 66.66% so that it can be continued flowing tofu wastewater to the phytoremediation reactor. The process of running on phytoremediation is done with variations in plant mass and residence time of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 days. The results showed that the variation of residence time affected the level of COD and TSS reduction. In phytoremediation reactors, the best plant mass in reducing COD levels is 250 grams with removal efficiency at D-7 reaching 59.61% while the best plant mass in reducing TSS levels is 50 grams with removal efficiency at D-7 reaching 89.41 %.