Smoke Reduction Research Articles

Graphene-enhanced sustainable fuel from Calophyllum inophyllum for premixed charge compression ignition engines: Advancing circular economy and emission reduction

This study investigates the impact of modifying a conventional compression ignition (CI) engine by inducting pentanol in inlet manifold and injecting graphene-blended tamanu biodiesel into the cylinder. These modifications significantly enhance ignition quality and expand operational capabilities within the premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) engine. The use of graphene-enhanced biodiesel in PCCI mode demonstrates potential for improved combustion efficiency and emission reduction. Dispersed graphene nanoparticles in tamanu biodiesel notably improve brake thermal efficiency due to their increased surface area, which enhances fuel-air mixing. Graphene-suspended biodiesel at a concentration of 100 ppm in PCCI mode results in an 11.5 % peak pressure rise and an 8.4 % rise in heat release rate with respect to pure biodiesel in CI mode. This nano-suspension biodiesel also shows significant thermal efficiency improvements, with an 8.20 % increase and a 22.08 % reduction in fuel consumption with respect to neat biodiesel in CI mode. The combination of pentanol and graphene-blended tamanu biodiesel improves combustion quality, yielding a 13 % reduction in carbon monoxide emissions, a 34.67 % reduction in hydrocarbon emissions, a notable 65.84 % lower in nitrogen oxide, and a 33.91 % reduction in smoke with respect to neat tamanu biodiesel in CI mode of operation.

Investigation of performance and emission values of new type of fuels obtained by adding MgO nanoparticles to biodiesel fuels produced from waste sunflower and cotton oil

Biodiesel was produced using the transesterification method from waste sunflower and cotton oil. As a result of the analysis of the new type of nanoparticle-added biodiesel fuels we produce, the parameters with a decrease in emissions are CO, HC, and smoke emissions. There is a partial increase in NOx emissions. In addition, nanoparticle addition made a positive contribution by increasing thermal efficiency. The produced MgO nanoparticle-doped biodiesel fuel samples were compared with diesel fuel. As seen in these comparisons, nanoparticle additives contributed positively to reducing emission values. These improvements were observed as a 31.25 % reduction in CO in the WSOB5+ 100 ppm MgO fuel sample, 41.6 % reduction in HC in the COB5+ 100 ppm MgO fuel sample and 36.92 % reduction in smoke (soot) in COB5+ 100 ppm MgO fuel sample. A comparison was made between the fuel samples in our study, biodiesel produced from waste sunflower and cotton, and fuels produced with nanoparticle additives of 50, 75, and 100 ppm. It was observed that the most efficient fuel sample in terms of emission values and performance was COB5 + 100 ppm MgO nanoparticle additive fuel. The biodiesel fuel sample produced with COB5 + 100 ppm MgO nanoparticle additives provided a 3.25 % improvement in thermal efficiency compared to biodiesel without additives. A positive effect on the heat transfer coefficient was observed as a result of the data on the new type of nanoparticle doped biodiesel. With the impact of this contribution, parameters such as positive contribution to in-cylinder temperature, ignition delay, and combustion time were positively affected in the same direction. Another positive effect of nanoparticle additive to biodiesel, thermal efficiency, increased by 1.1 % in the COB5 + 100 ppm MgO fuel sample. Depending on the decrease in emission rate, it was concluded that the nanoparticle additive added to the fuel greatly benefits the environment.

Combination of high cetane diesel fuel and post injection mode in a diesel engine: A path towards lower exhaust emissions

The major objective of the presented work is to explore the effect of post injection (PI) strategy using neat diesel fuel (D100) blended with cetane number enhancer (CNE). The motive behind adding CNE in diesel fuel was to lower its self-ignition temperature and hence delay period subsequently. This can lead to more efficient combustion of post injected fuel which leads to lower incomplete combustion losses. The CNE used was Di-Tert-Butyl Peroxide (DTBP) which was blended with D100 in proportion of 1 % by volume. Initially experiments were conducted with D100 under various PI modes where variation of post injection timing (PIT) as well as post quantity (PQ) was considered. The experimental results showed that implementing PI resulted in lower smoke, unburned hydrocarbon (UHC), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions compared to single injection while affecting fuel consumption negatively. Then after similar experiments under various PI modes were repeated using blends of D100 and DTBP (D/DTBP) and results were compared with D100 case. It was found that addition of CNE in D100 resulted in more complete combustion of post fuel which further reduced CO and UHC emissions. The shorter delay period in case of D/DTBP blend compared to D100 case led to lower NOx emissions as well as higher smoke emissions. The obtained results revealed that PI mode with 3 mg PQ and 20° after top dead center (ATDC) PIT with D/DTBP blend offered 41.18 %, 17.55 %, 64 % and 62.5 % reduction in smoke, NOx, UHC and CO emissions respectively compared to single injection mode using D100 fuel.

Managing forest residues for biodiversity, bioenergy, and smoke reduction: Insights from a Discrete Choice Experiment in Tasmania, Australia

The management of forest residue following timber harvesting is an important global issue. If forest residues are not managed appropriately, they can increase the risk of catastrophic wildfires, negatively impact wildlife and aesthetic values. These risks can be reduced if forest residues are used for bioenergy production, which can also generate jobs, but using forest residues for bioenergy production may adversely impact biodiversity. We explore public preferences relating to the varied impacts of forest residue management outcomes using data collected for a Discrete Choice Experiment in Tasmania, Australia. On average, respondents were willing to pay AUD 34, AUD 29, and AUD 14 per year, respectively, to reduce smoke emissions, increase the abundance and diversity of invertebrate species, and create employment. This suggests that Tasmanian forest managers may find public support for residue management practices that include the production of at least some bioenergy products. Moreover, the social benefits of the state-wide harvesting of forest residues for bioenergy could be positive even with relatively high costs. WTP varied by age, education, environmental group membership, invertebrate fear, and wildfire exposure. The influence of these factors varies across regions, offering insights into forest residue management for regions with similar socioeconomic and environmental contexts.

Effect of swirl number on structural and emission characteristics of moderate size burner flames

An experimental investigation was conducted on the flame characteristics, thermal properties, and emissions of industrial-scale (40 kW) diesel flames. This study uniquely measured structural (flame length, diameter, volume), thermal (temperature, heat flux), and emission characteristics (COX, NOX, Unburnt HC) across various equivalence ratios (0.2–0.6) and swirling conditions (Swirl number varying from 0.73 to 1.04). Results indicated that higher swirl numbers generally led to more stable and compact flames, though structural properties were less affected during lean combustion. Notably, flame temperature varied significantly, up to 350 K, resulting in substantial difference in specified emission products. The emission reductions were achieved, particularly with a geometric swirl number of 1.04, which balanced flame performance and emission both, achieving reductions in CO (9–97 %), HC (18–96 %), NO (8–16 %), and Smoke (0.3–82 %). These findings underscore the critical impact of swirl angle on combustion efficiency and emissions, highlighting the need for meticulous optimization to mitigate harmful emissions effectively. This study provides new insights into optimizing combustion parameters for enhanced environmental sustainability in industrial processes.

Revealing patterns in improving the performance of portable smoke and heat removal devices when using fine sprayed water

An issue related to the application of portable smoke and heat removal devices for buildings and structures is to provide for their effectiveness when removing smoke and reducing temperature. That us why the object of this study was a change in the performance of a portable smoke and heat removal device when using finely sprayed water. Improved efficiency of the use of portable smoke and heat removal devices was based on experimental studies. It was proved that the reduction of smoke concentration and temperature in the room to the initial conditions was achieved for independent smoke dispersion in 5340 s, and cooling occurred in 3120 s. With the use of a smoke and heat removal agent during air supply, the smoke dissipated in 720 s, and cooling took 1560 s. And with the simultaneous supply of air and a sprayed jet of water, smoke dispersal occurred in 360 s, and cooling in 1020 s, respectively. To determine the efficiency of the smoke and heat release device, a calculation-experimental method has been devised that makes it possible to estimate the coefficient of the smoke and heat release agent when supplying air and water. According to experimental data, it was calculated that the coefficient of effectiveness of the smoke and heat removal devices when supplying air and water compared to the means when supplying only air increases by 2.1 times. The practical significance is that the results were taken into account when devising methodical recommendations for extinguishing fires. Thus, there are reasons to assert the possibility of targeted regulation of the processes of smoke reduction and temperature reduction through the use of a smoke and heat release device that simultaneously supplies air and finely sprayed water

Comparative study of polycarboxylic acids for sustainable crosslinking of silk fabrics: Evaluating flame retardancy and physical performances

For protein fibers, polycarboxylic acids represent a green strategy to enhance durability without using formaldehyde. This study evaluated the physical and flame retardant properties of silk fabrics treated with three formaldehyde-free crosslinkers: citric acid (CA), 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA), and 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (PBTCA). Results showed that these acids bond with silk protein through esterification and amidation, improving washing durability. Particularly, PBTCA integrates phosphorus into silk, boosting flame retardancy. While BTCA led to the highest weight gain and improved wrinkle recovery, it negatively impacted the tensile strength and softness of silk fabrics. Conversely, PBTCA adeptly balanced enhanced wrinkle resistance with minimal effects on tensile strength and softness, and least affected the silk fabrics' whiteness, thus preserving its aesthetic appeal. All crosslinkers improved flame retardancy, but PBTCA displayed superior performance, achieving a limiting oxygen index of 32.4 % at an 80 g/L concentration. In vertical burning tests, PBTCA treated silk fabrics showed reductions in damage length and demonstrated self-extinguishing properties, qualifying them for a higher flame retardant grade. Phosphorus in PBTCA promotes char formation during combustion, essential for effective flame retardation and smoke reduction. This research highlights the exceptional potential of silk treated with PBTCA, showcasing its suitability for demanding applications.

Blends of Salvinia molesta oil microemulsion with diesel in an unmodified diesel engine for the simultaneous reduction of nitrogen oxide and smoke

In this study, microemulsion synthesized from chemically extracted Salvinia molesta oil with diesel was evaluated as fuel in stationary unmodified diesel engine. The microemulsions from S. molesta oil was prepared using the best combinations of 67% S. molesta oil, 15% ethanol, 13% water and 5% surfactant (span 80) and its properties were compared with that of diesel. The engine test conducted with M10, M20 and M30 blends and reported a brake thermal efficiency of 29.76% and brake specific fuel consumption of 0.3239 kg/kWh with M20. The emissions like NO and smoke reduced by 18.07% and 7.37%, respectively, with marginal increase in CO, CO2 and unburned hydrocarbon by 3.8%, 3.4% and 16.66% respectively, with M20 compared to diesel at maximum engine load of 3.73 kW. At lower engine loads with M10, M20 and M30 slightly lower CO2 emission than diesel. A drop in peak pressure and heat release rate was found to be 1.73% and 8.40%, correspondingly with M20, as that of diesel. Even though a slight reduction in brake thermal efficiency observed with M20 as compared to M10 and diesel by considering the lowest emissions of NO and smoke, it is feasible to use as promising fuel for unmodified diesel engines.

Experimental Studies on the Jatropha-Biogas Dual Fuel Engine

In the current study, experiments were conducted on a compression ignition engine using neat vegetable oil (Jatropha oil) and biogas in the dual-fuel mode. A mono-cylinder, 4-stroke, direct injection, air-cooled diesel engine producing an output power of 4.4 kW at 1500 rpm was used to carry out the experiment. This engine was modified to operate in a dual fuel mode at 100% and 50% load conditions. From the result, the jatropha oil operation resulted in reduced thermal efficiency and increased smoke and hydrocarbon emissions. Brake thermal efficiency has been observed as 31% and 27% with neat-diesel fuel and jatropha oil respectively. While operating the engine in dual fuel mode, the thermal efficiency was observed to be inferior and increase in hydrocarbon emission, with a considerable reduction in smoke compared with single fuel operation. The key reason for lower thermal efficiency during dual fuel operation is mainly due to the presence of carbon dioxide in primary biogas fuel. Overall, it was concluded that adopting the dual fuel mode with vegetable oil as pilot fuel will result in reduced emissions and improvement in efficiency at medium and high outputs.

Allometry of nanoparticles in diesel-biodiesel blends for CI engine performance, combustion and emissions

Most countries in the world are facing two major challenges, one is the increase in the demand for energy consumption difficult to fulfill because of limited fossil fuel, and the second is the emission norms specified by many countries. Various methods are adopted to reduce emissions from engines but that leads to sacrificing the performance of CI engines. To eradicate this problem in the present study, the nanoparticles like (TiO2) are used with different particle sizes 10–30 nm, 30–50 nm and 50–70 nm induced in B20 (20% biodiesel and 80% diesel) with the constant volume fraction of 100 ppm, and utilized in the diesel engine without any modifications. The results showed that the incorporation of TiO2 nanoparticles improves the combustion of hydrocarbons and reduces the emissions of CO, unburned hydrocarbon concentration, NOx and soot. Moreover, among three sizes of the nanoparticles, those with size 30–50 nm showed interesting results with the reduction in brake-specific energy consumption, NOx, smoke and HC by 2.9%, 16.2%, 35% and 10%, respectively, com-pared to other blends used in the study, and hence the blend with the nanoparticle of size 30–50 nm is expected to be a more promising fuel for commercial application in CI engines.

Performance and emission characteristics of biogas fuelled dual fuel engine with waste plastic oil as secondary fuel

This study investigates the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a stationary engine under diverse operating conditions. The research focuses on the impact of waste plastic oil (WPO) blends with and without biogas addition. WPO added in diesel at various proportions such as 20%, 35% and 50% by volume. Biogas is inducted through inlet manifold. Biogas flow rate was varied. This study introduces a pioneering approach by investigating the superior performance of WPO blends coupled with the unique exploration of biogas addition, revealing intricate relationships between fuel blends and combustion characteristics for enhanced stationary engine efficiency and reduced emissions. Notably, WPO with 80% diesel (WPO20) demonstrates superior Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), showcasing a significant increase compared to WPO35 and WPO50 across varying load conditions. The addition of biogas to WPO20 results in a measurable reduction in BTE due to incomplete combustion, insufficient excess air, and increased emissions. Hydrocarbon (HC) emissions increase with load for WPO blends, with WPO20 exhibiting the lowest HC emissions. Carbon monoxide (CO) emissions are influenced by WPO concentration, with WPO20–B12 and WPO20–B16 dual fuel mode showing varying trends. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions decrease with the addition of biogas, indicating a 10% reduction for WPO20–B16 compared to WPO20–B12. Smoke emissions increase with higher WPO concentrations but decrease with the introduction of biogas, exhibiting a 20% reduction in smoke for WPO20–B16 compared to WPO20–B12.

Research and development of foam smoke reduction device for underground confined spaces

Research and development of foam smoke reduction device for underground confined spaces

INNOVATIVE SOLUTION TO REDUCE AIR POLLUTION

In our Project we are aiming to make a ‘Air Pollution Absorbing Material’, which contains Titanium dioxide in addition to the conventional ingredients. Titanium dioxide is already commonly used in various toothpastes, Cosmetic Products because it functions as a self- cleaning chemical, meaning the new Material has the additional advantage that it breaks down algae and dirt so its surface stays clean. The Material is made up of traditional cement mixed with titanium dioxide. This unique mixture allows air to pass through while simultaneously capturing nitrogen-oxide particles, a main component of smog. Titanium dioxide functions as a catalyst to the chemical reaction which is activated by UV light. Not only does it filter the air, but the collected smog residue washes off with a light rainfall. This will be very Innovative Way to reduce Air Pollution by using Titanium Dioxide without harming the environment with harmless reaction and Saving Lives by reducing Air Pollution Key Words—Concrete, Nitrogen Oxides, Photocatalyst, Titanium Dioxide, Porous Structure, smoke reduction

The Puzzle of Marijuana Use and Forced Vital Capacity.

In study after study, marijuana use has been found to be associated with increased forced vital capacity (FVC). This is puzzling, because marijuana is commonly consumed by inhalation of its smoke, and smoke exposure of any kind is not generally considered a cause of increased FVC. Although this observation was first made decades ago, a satisfactory explanation remains elusive. In this review we survey the evidence supporting the relationship between marijuana use and increased FVC, discuss potential threats to validity when inferring causation, and, presupposing a possible causal relationship, pose two key questions. First, what are possible physiologic or pathophysiologic mechanisms by which marijuana use might increase FVC? Second, why might this effect be consistently observed with marijuana use but not with tobacco use? Explanations for the first question include lung and chest growth and remodeling from strenuous marijuana smoke inhalation and reductions in lung elastic recoil from marijuana smoke exposure. Explanations for the second include differences between marijuana and tobacco in smoke composition and patterns of consumption, such as smoking topography. Finally, the possibility that smoke, whether from marijuana or tobacco, might have nonmonotonic effects on FVC depending on the degree of exposure is explored. In synthesizing a curated breadth of epidemiologic and physiologic science, we leverage a perplexing observation to generate potential insights and avenues for further research into the biological effects of smoke, from marijuana or otherwise, on the respiratory system.

Effects of Animal Diet and Processing Methods on the Quality Traits of Dry-Cured Ham Produced from Turopolje Pigs.

The Turopolje pig (TP) is a local Croatian pig breed that almost became extinct in the second half of the 20th century. Today, the TP is still endangered, and a new conservation strategy based on products with higher added value is needed to preserve the breed. There is little information on the quality of TP meat products such as smoked and dry-cured ham, including the impact of natural feeds or processing innovations such as smoke reduction. This study, therefore, investigated the effects of the animal's diet (either conventionally fed or acorn-supplemented) and the processing method (standard or lightly smoked) on the quality traits of dry-cured TP ham. Twenty hams, evenly distributed among the treatments, were processed for 15 months and then analysed for physicochemical and textural traits, volatiles and sensory profile. The hams from acorn-supplemented pigs lost less weight during processing (p ≤ 0.05). Otherwise, the diet had no significant effect on most examined ham traits. The exceptions were protein content and the texture parameter hardness, which decreased (p ≤ 0.05), and the degree of proteolysis and colour parameters, which increased (p ≤ 0.05) as a result of acorn supplementation. However, these effects were generally small and varied between the inner (m. biceps femoris) and outer (m. semimembranosus) muscles. Furthermore, acorn supplementation was associated with less typical ham odour and lower sensory scores for sweetness and colour uniformity (p ≤ 0.05). The smoke reduction had no effect on the physicochemical and colour properties but resulted in a significant reduction (p ≤ 0.05) in the volatile phenolic compounds and an improved texture to the hams. This was reflected both in reduced (p ≤ 0.05) hardness, identified in the instrumental analysis, and in an increased (p ≤ 0.05) softness, solubility and moistness, identified in the sensory evaluation. To summarize, the quality of the TP ham under the conditions studied was only slightly affected by acorn supplementation, whereas reduced smoking had a more significant effect, which was mainly reflected in an improved texture.

Characterization and performance evaluation of co-pyrolysis oil from waste cooking oil and waste polyethylene as a potential diesel substitute

In this experimental study, the co-pyrolysis of waste cooking oil and waste polyethylene in different proportions was conducted at 500 °C using a fixed bed type reactor, and synthesized oils were tested to determine their physical and chemical properties, aiming to evaluate their potential as alternative fuel sources. Promising properties closely resembling those of transportation-grade diesel, such as low density (759.1–848.9 kg/m3), higher calorific value (42.33–46.22 MJ/kg), low oxygen content (1.02 %), and zero sulphur content, were observed in the obtained oils. To assess the performance, combustion, and emissions of the co-pyrolysis oil blended with diesel, three different blends (D90P10, D80P20, D70P30) were analyzed at various engine loads. The results revealed that the brake thermal efficiency of the engine increased from 26.2 % to 27.4 % for the D90P10 blend under high load conditions. At top load conditions, the blend D90P10 exhibits a maximum reduction in HC, smoke, and CO emissions by 19.3 %, 17.3 %, and 5.6 %, while NO have increased by 42.85 %. However, as the proportion of the co-pyrolysis oil in the blend increased, the NO emissions decreased. Hence, co-pyrolysis oil blending upto 30 % can be considered a potential alternative to reduce diesel consumption.

Estimated impacts of forest restoration scenarios on smoke exposures among outdoor agricultural workers in California

As wildfires continue to worsen across western United States, forest managers are increasingly employing prescribed burns as a way to reduce excess fuels and future wildfire risk. While the ecological benefits of these fuel treatments are clear, little is known about the smoke exposure tradeoffs of using prescribed burns to mitigate wildfires, particularly among at-risk populations. Outdoor agricultural workers are a population at increased risk of smoke exposure because of their time spent outside and the physical demands of their work. Here, we assess the smoke exposure impacts among outdoor agricultural workers resulting from the implementation of six forest management scenarios proposed for a landscape in the Central Sierra, California. We leverage emissions estimates from LANDIS-II to model daily PM2.5 concentrations with the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model (HYSPLIT) and link those to agricultural employment data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. We find a u-shaped result, in that moderate amounts of prescribed burning result in the greatest reduction in total smoke exposure among outdoor agricultural workers, particularly during months of peak agricultural activity due to wildfire-specific smoke reductions. The reduction in total smoke exposure, relative to scenarios with the least amount of management, decreases as more prescribed burning is applied to the landscape due to the contributions of the fuel treatments themselves to overall smoke burden. The results of this analysis may contribute to preparedness efforts aimed at reducing smoke exposures among outdoor agricultural workers, while also informing forest management planning for this specific landscape.

Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition Engine Powered with Plastic Oil and B20 Karanja Oil Methyl Ester

In the early stages of the investigation, plastic oil was mixed with conventional fuel in various proportions, revealing that a 30% volume fraction of plastic oil was optimal when combined with diesel. Building on this, the current study incorporated biodiesel in a 30% volume fraction into the test sample (30PO+70D) at different blending ratios of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. The experimental effects implied B20 blend, representing 20% biodiesel in the test sample, led to reduced emissions compared to the baseline test sample blend. Although there was a slight decrease in performance and fuel consumption, particularly at larger loads, the addition of biodiesel showed a trend of reducing emissions. The power of the diesel locomotive tended to increase with higher biodiesel concentrations, despite biodiesel blends exhibiting delayed combustion. Notably, biodiesel blends demonstrated a reduction in smoke, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and carbon monoxide (CO) levels at maximum brake power. Considering these results, the B20 blend, consisting of plastic oil and diesel, presents itself as a shows potential applicant for future studies because of favorable performance, combustion characteristics, and cleaner emissions.

An experimental evaluation of novel biofuel and biodiesel from Ziziphus mauritiana seeds in DICI engine

The engine community is searching for novel fuels concerning sustained availability with superior properties to traditional engine fuels. From the seeds of Ziziphus mauritiana, vegetable oil is extracted and transesterified for improvement in its properties as engine fuel. The properties of the oil qualify it for engine applications. This investigation has been carried out on a 5.2 kW, 1500 r/min, eddy current loading compression ignition engine. Engine runs at different loads on neat Ziziphus mauritiana oil biofuel and on Ziziphus mauritiana biodiesel. Both fuels developed power at all loads of the engine. Z iziphus mauritiana oil has a lesser calorific value, elevated density, viscosity, and least brake thermal efficiency, highest emissions except for NOx. Z iziphus mauritiana oil properties were improved through transesterification. At maximum load, compared to Ziziphus mauritiana oil biofuel, Ziziphus mauritiana biodiesel has a percentage variation of 2.1%, 6.0%, 24.4%, 14.5%, and 31.4% increase in brake thermal efficiency, peak pressure, heat release rate, NOx, and carbon dioxide, respectively. A percentage variation of 40%, 26.1%, 33%, and 4% reduction in ignition delay, CO, HC, and smoke is observed, respectively for Ziziphus mauritiana biodiesel operation. Compared to Ziziphus mauritiana oil biofuel, the Ziziphus mauritiana biodiesel produced better results with lesser and nearly equal diesel emissions except NOx and smoke. Therefore, Ziziphus mauritiana biodiesel fuel can be used as a replacement fuel.

Advanced Real-Time Video Dehazing and Smoke Reduction Algorithm for Indoor Fire Operations

Due to the presence of intense smoke and haze, which severely restricts visibility and situational awareness, inside fire operations provide a significant difficulty for first responders. This research study provides an innovative real-time video dehazing and smoke reduction algorithm created specifically for indoor fire scenarios in answer to this urgent demand. To overcome the difficulties presented by smoke and haze, our approach integrates cutting-edge machine learning methods with computer vision techniques. The fundamental parts of the methodology are examined in this research, including picture acquisition, dehazing methods, transmission map refinement utilizing convolutional neural networks (CNNs), and post-processing. We also go through how Cython is integrated for low-latency processing, provide experimental findings, and consider potential applications in both indoor firefighting and other fields.