Reduction In Satisfaction Research Articles

Profit Sharing and the Quality of Relations with the Boss

Profit sharing generates conflicting changes in the relationship between supervisors and workers. It may increase cooperation and helping effort. At the same time it can increase direct monitoring and pressure by the supervisor, and mutual monitoring and peer pressure from other workers that is transmitted through the supervisor. Using data on satisfaction with the boss, we initially show that workers under profit sharing tend to have lower satisfaction with their supervisor. Additional estimates show this is largely generated by groups of workers who would be least likely to respond to increased supervisory pressure with increase effort: women, those with dependents and those with health limitations. Despite this finding, profit sharing seems to have little or no influence on overall job satisfaction as the reduction in satisfaction with the boss is offset with increased satisfaction with earnings, a finding consistent with profit sharing enhancing productivity and earnings.

The assessment of postpartum depression and “satisfaction from husband”

Background and AimsPostpartum depression (PPD) is on of the most common psychiatric disorders following delivery. This disorder can make serious problem for mother, child and family; therefore the identification of its risk factors is a must. One of these factors is “satisfaction from husband”. This study has been carried out to evaluate the relation ship between ppd and “satisfaction from husband” in Kashan, Iran 2006.MethodsIn this analytical case-control study 460 women during 2-3 first months after delivery divided in 2 equal groups. Case group was depressed mother and control was normal (not depressed) mother. The Beck and a researcher-made questionnaire were used for evaluation. Some factors effecting the depression were omitted in the study and some factors were matched in 2 groups. X2 and T test were used to analyze the data.ResultsThis study showed that there was a significant difference between satisfaction from husbands and PPD (p=0/00). High satisfaction from husband has seen in normal group, mild, moderate and severe depression group were 90/4%, 83/5%, 74/3% and 37/5% respectively and there was a significant relationship between PPD and husband's job (p<0/04) but no relationship with duration of marriage, husband's age and education.ConclusionsThere is a significant relationship between satisfaction from husband and PPD, reduction in satisfaction from husband can increase the rate of PPD.KeywordsSatisfaction of husband, Postpartum Depression

Division of Labor in German Dual‐Earner Families: Testing Equity Theoretical Hypotheses

On the basis of 52 German dual‐earner couples with at least 1 child younger than 5 years, we tested the effects of an unequal division of labor on relationship satisfaction. We analyzed diary reports of time allocated to productive activities according to the actor‐partner‐interdependence model. Hierarchical linear models showed that rather than individual time allocated to household work, the absolute difference in partners’ contribution to productive activities influenced relationship satisfaction. This reduction in satisfaction disappeared after accounting for perceived social appreciation of individual contributions. Models with gender‐specific slopes showed the effect of input and output to be different for women and men. The findings indicate that a relative equity model best explains the effects of an unequal division of labor.

Impact of psychiatric disorders in the general population: satisfaction with life and the influence of comorbidity and disorder duration

Psychiatric disorders as defined by DSM-IV are found to be highly prevalent in the general population. However, little is known about aspects defining the burden caused by different disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of different psychiatric disorders in the community with respect to life satisfaction taking into account the effects of comorbidity and disorder duration. Psychiatric 12-month disorders and life satisfaction were assessed in a random sample of 4075 adults from the general population using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS). Separate analyses were performed for comorbid and pure disorders. Disorder duration was defined by the time since disorder onset for participants fulfilling diagnostic criteria within the last year. SWLS scores were significantly lower for all diagnostic subgroups except for bipolar disorders, compared to subjects with no 12-month diagnosis. Effect sizes were medium to large. Comorbidity was significantly associated with lower satisfaction with life. Pure disorders are associated with less but still significantly reduced SWLS scores, except alcohol abuse, major depression and specific phobia. Mean duration of disorder was lowest for dysthymia (5.9 years) and highest for specific phobia (24.5 years). The only significant correlation between disorder duration and SWLS was found for major depression (r = -0.26) and no trend for the direction of the relation could be identified across disorders. The impact of mental disorders in the community was confirmed by using the subjective measure of life satisfaction. Comorbidity is a key factor in determining the extent of reduction in satisfaction with life. Measures of disorder persistence should be examined by refined research strategies. Comprehensive analyses of mental disorders--exceeding the prevalence or a single measure of burden--have to be considered to define the most urgent needs in the community.

The Dissatisfaction of Having Your First Offer Accepted: The Role of Counterfactual Thinking in Negotiations

In this article, the authors explore the role of individuals’ counterfactual thoughts in determining their satisfaction with negotiated outcomes. When negotiators’ first offers are immediately accepted, negotiators are more likely to generate counterfactual thoughts about how they could have done better and therefore are less likely to be satisfied with the agreement than are negotiators whose offers are not accepted immediately. This reduction in satisfaction emerged even when the objective outcomes of negotiators whose first offers were immediately accepted were equal to or better than the outcomes of negotiators whose first offers were not immediately accepted. Evidence for a disconnect between objective outcomes and evaluations emerged in two scenario experiments and a simulated negotiation. The final experiment explored the functional and dysfunctional consequences of counterfactual activation following the immediate acceptance of first offers. Upward counterfactual thoughts were positively related to the amount of preparation for a subsequent negotiation; on the other hand, upward counterfactual thoughts were negatively correlated with the likelihood of making future first offers.

Primary nursing: staff perception of changes in ward atmosphere and role.

The value of a primary nursing care delivery structure remains undecided. This study was carried out on an acute psychiatric admissions unit as it changed its care delivery system to that of primary nursing. A review of the literature highlights the inconclusive nature of previous investigations. The principle of evidence‐based practice raises the need for further research to put this issue to rest. The staff perception of this change on both the atmosphere of the ward and on the role of the nurses themselves was analysed. A general reduction in satisfaction with role was discovered, as was a reduction in eight out of 10 subscales of the Ward Atmosphere Scale (Moos 1989). As primary nursing generally receives favourable reviews by nurses, and was in fact positively received by the staff in this study at the time of initiation, this negative result is surprising. It is conjectured that primary nursing may be an ideal philosophy of nursing that is difficult to realize due to constraints surrounding contemporary nursing practice.

Are pre-treatment psychological characteristics influenced by pre-surgical orthodontics?

A number of investigations have looked at psychological changes occurring in association with orthognathic treatment. However, most of these studies have used a pre-surgery questionnaire as the baseline measurement. There is little data relating to the true baseline, i.e. that prior to any active treatment. Until this aspect is investigated, it is not possible to assume that pre-surgery is an acceptable baseline. This questionnaire based study aimed to assess changes in six psychological outcome measures between T1 (prior to any active treatment) and T2 (following pre-surgical orthodontics/prior to surgery). The outcome variables were: state anxiety, trait anxiety, depression, self-esteem, body image, and facial body image. Sixty-two patients (39 females and 23 males) completed both questionnaires. The results showed that intervention, in the form of orthodontic treatment, had a minimal effect on the chosen psychometric outcome variables. There was a significant reduction in satisfaction with body image amongst patients who initially reported mild to moderate dental/facial problems, whilst a moderate increase in satisfaction occurred in those patients reporting severe conditions initially. Also of note were significant increases in state anxiety amongst older patients whilst trait anxiety showed greater increases in females than males.

Ethics, success, and job satisfaction: A test of dissonance theory in India

A survey of middle level managers in India (n=150) showed that when respondents perceived that successful managers in their organization behaved unethically their levels of job satisfaction were reduced. Reduction in satisfaction with the facet of supervision was the most pronounced (than with pay or promotion or co-worker or work). Results are interpreted within the framework of cognitive dissonance theory. Implications for ethics training programs (behavioral and cognitive) as well as international management are discussed.

Marital Relations and Combat Stress Reaction: The Wives' Perspective

This study examined changes over time in the marital relations of Israeli combat veterans who sustained a combat stress reaction (CSR) during the 1982 Lebanon War. Wives of CSR veterans and wives of comparable non-CSR combat veterans were interviewed 6 years after the war regarding their marital relations at four points in time. Couples in which the husband sustained a CSR were found to be characterized at all points in time by more conflict, less intimacy, less consensus, less cohesion, and less expressiveness than non-CSR couples. Findings also indicate that a CSR was generally followed by changes in three aspects of the marital relationship: an increase in conflict and a reduction in satisfaction and cohesion.

The Dupuit Taxation Theorem

ON READING Professor Hotelling's interesting paper General Welfare . . . which appeared in the July, 1938 issue of ECONOMETRICA, it occurred to me that a word of comment may be useful in order to prevent that more be read into the fundamental theorem of the paper and its conclusions than they really contain. The generalized Dupuit theorem proved by Professor Hotelling does not state that satisfaction is necessarily reduced if we increase the portion of the total tax levy which is represented by excise taxes and correspondingly reduce the portion represented by an incomie tax, and that satisfaction is increased by a change in the opposite direction. In other words the theorem does not state that total satisfaction is necessarily reduced if the total tax burden (supposed given) is shifted in the direction away from income taxes and increased if the burden is shifted towards income taxes. Professor Hotelling's statement, change from income to excise taxes has resulted in a net loss of satisfactions. Conversely, . . . (page 251) may suggest such an interpretation, although of course Professor Hotelling did not intend to convey this idea. The fact that the direction of change is immaterial is seen simply by noticing that Professor Hotelling's proof of the reduction in satisfaction is entirely independent of whether his magnitude bm (the change in the income tax) is positive or negative. The only relevant question is whether the excise taxes are proportional or nonproportional to the prices that existed before the imposition of the excise taxes. It is the nonproportionality of the excise taxes, and only this, that produces a reduction in satisfaction. This reduction has nothing to do with the fact that excise taxes exist, nor even with the fact that they are high (positive or negative). Professor Hotelling's statement about inefficiency of an economic system in which there are excise taxes or bounties (page 253) is certainly apt to be misunderstood. Also in regard to the assumptions back of the analysis there are one or two points that ought to be brought out a little more explicitly. They necessitate rather important qualifications in the practical conclusions. I therefore believe it is worth while to go over the ground in another way which will bring out these points more clearly.