Price Reduction Research Articles

Complexity Analysis of the Interaction between Government Carbon Quota Mechanism and Manufacturers’ Emission Reduction Strategies under Carbon Cap-and-Trade Mechanism

Based on different carbon quota trading mechanisms, the price and emission reduction strategies of oligopoly manufacturers in the low-carbon market and the government carbon quota mechanism are considered. A dynamic game evolution model of the two oligopoly manufacturers with competitive relations is established. The stability of the equilibrium point of the game model, the price adjustment speed of the decision variable, the impact of carbon emission reduction investment, and the government carbon quota on the system are discussed. Through nonlinear dynamics research, it is found that the advantage of the grandfathering method is that it is conducive to maintaining market stability when the government’s carbon quota decision changes; the advantage of the benchmarking method is that when manufacturers formulate price adjustment strategies, the benchmarking method carbon quota mechanism has a stronger stability range for the market, the manufacturer’s profit price adjustment speed is positively correlated, and the government carbon quota decision and emission reduction investment are also positively correlated. Decision makers need to choose appropriate carbon quota mechanisms and manufacturers’ emission reduction strategies according to actual market changes to maintain supply chain stability.

Are Residents Willing to Pay for Electric Cars? An Evolutionary Game Analysis of Electric Vehicle Promotion in Macao

This study uses an evolutionary game model to analyze the interplay between Macao residents’ willingness to purchase electric vehicles (EVs) and the government’s promotion strategies. It assesses the effectiveness of incentives like tax exemptions and price reductions. Despite these initiatives, challenges such as high initial costs, limited vehicle range, and long charging times continue to hinder the widespread adoption of EVs in Macao. Government subsidies increase the appeal of EV purchases, but if not managed carefully, they risk creating dependency. Simulation analysis shows that an active purchasing strategy by Macao residents can stabilize the model’s development. However, to achieve wider market penetration and environmental goals, this study highlights the need for the government to align subsidies with market dynamics and for residents to increase their environmental awareness. This study outlines actionable strategies for policy-makers, emphasizing the importance of infrastructure improvements and financial incentives in promoting electric mobility. Policy-makers should focus on expanding the network of charging stations to enhance the convenience and viability of EV usage. Additionally, implementing targeted financial incentives, such as subsidies or tax breaks, can lower the cost barrier for potential EV buyers, thereby increasing the attractiveness and adoption of electric vehicles.

Retail assortment under demand shocks: Evidence from the US yogurt market

AbstractDespite extensive research on retailers' price responses to demand shocks, much less is known about their non‐price responses. Using heterogeneity in timing, location, and magnitude of income and wealth shocks associated with the 2008 Great Recession, we explore how US retail stores adjusted product offerings under local demand shocks. We find that stores offer fewer products and varieties besides lowering prices. Using a structural demand model, we quantify the net welfare impact of the price and assortment adjustments. On average, the consumer welfare losses from variety reduction more than offset the welfare gains from price reductions.

Health Technology Assessment Reports for Non-Oncology Medications in Canada from 2018 to 2022: Methodological Critiques on Manufacturers' Submissions and a Comparison between Manufacturer and Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH) Analyses.

Identifying key differences between manufacturers' submitted analysis and economic reanalysis by the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH) is an important step toward understanding reimbursement recommendations. We compared economic values reported in manufacturers' analysis with the CADTH reanalysis and also assessed methodological critiques. Two reviewers extracted data from the clinical and economic reports in publicly available CADTH reports from 2018 to 2022. We used the Wilcoxon rank-sum test to assess the difference between mean economic values, and the Chi-square test to assess the association between the CADTH critique final recommendations. Of the total submissions, 99.4% included effectiveness critiques, 88.8% included model structure critiques, 69.1% included utility score critiques, and 78.7% included cost critiques. The median incremental cost-utility ratio (ICUR) in the manufacturers' analyses was $138,658/quality-adjusted life-year (QALY), 2.5-fold lower than the CADTH's reanalysis at $380,251/QALY (p<0.001). The median CADTH reanalysis for 3-year budget impact analysis (BIA) was $4,575,102, which was 27% higher than the manufacturers' submitted 3-year BIA (p<0.001). CADTH requested a price reduction for 95% of all submissions, and the median price reduction request was 63.5%. In 2021 and 2022, the willingness-to-pay threshold identified in CADTH reports remained constant at $50,000 per QALY gained for all medications. There was high frequency of CADTH critiques on manufacturers' submissions in all four aspects of economic submissions: effectiveness, cost, utility score and structure. We observed a higher median incremental cost and lower median incremental QALYs in the CADTH reanalysis compared with the manufacturers' submissions. The resulting higher ICUR in the CADTH reanalysis often leads to a recommendation that the manufacturer needs to reduce its price. The 3-year budget impact was higher in the CADTH reanalyses compared with manufacturers' submissions.

Official visits and stock price crash risk

Against the backdrop of continuous stock price crashes, preventing stock price crash risk has become an increasingly important item on the Chinese government's agenda in recent years. Using a unique dataset on official visits manually collected from news reports posted on corporate websites during the 2010–2020 period, we examine the impact of official visits on the stock price crash risk of visited companies. We find that official visits contribute to a reduction in stock price crash risk. This effect is more pronounced among privately controlled companies, information-opaque companies, and financially constrained companies. Taking the political rankings of visiting officials into consideration, we find that municipal officials have a more significant influence on stock price crash risk. We further establish the underlying mechanisms and find that official visits reduce crash risk through the provision of more preferential resources, such as government subsidies and bank loans, and by attracting more public attention, such as media and analyst coverage. Overall, our research provides evidence on how officials can prevent stock price crash risk.

From economics to health outcomes: Delving into the significance of reduced insulin prices.

The recent substantial price reductions in insulin therapy by major manufacturers prompt an examination of their impact on South Africa (SA)'s healthcare. While Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi cut prices on long-acting basal insulin, among others, significantly, these insulins are not on SA's Essential Medicines List (EML) for primary healthcare. With a high prevalence of diabetes, especially pre-diabetes, in the country, the EML's neglect of newer long-acting insulin treatments hampers effective disease management. Despite efforts by the public and private sectors, insulin therapy initiation is delayed, impacting long-term outcomes. The introduction of smart insulin pens adds a technological dimension, but concerns persist about equitable access. Urging policy-makers to re-evaluate guidelines and decolonise the EML, the article emphasises enhancing patient quality of life and reducing the disease burden.

Budget impact analysis of including biosimilar adalimumab on formulary: A United States payer perspective.

The biosimilar market is growing rapidly, as evidenced by 41 approvals and 37 launches to date. As adalimumab biosimilars launch in the United States, competition among biosimilar and reference adalimumab will likely increase across multiple reference indications, including rheumatology, dermatology, and gastrointestinal diseases, which may lead to decreased payer costs. To evaluate the costs of adding biosimilar adalimumab to a US commercial plan by exploring various utilization and price differential scenarios. A 3-year budget impact model for a US commercial plan of 1 million people was developed to assess switching from reference adalimumab or any self-injectable reference tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor to biosimilar adalimumab. Pharmacy and medical costs were analyzed through high- and low-conversion scenarios from reference adalimumab and the TNF inhibitor class. Price reductions of 5% to 60% relative to reference adalimumab based on previous biosimilar launches were also explored. Short-term medical costs were evaluated as additional simple and complex office visits, with scenarios of half of switch patients having 1 visit up to all switch patients having 10 visits. In a target population of 1,863 patients, switching from reference adalimumab to biosimilar adalimumab had cumulative cost savings of $5,756,073 with slow conversion (10%-20% over 3 years) and $28,780,365 with fast conversion (50%-100% over 3 years). Similar results were seen when switching from any other self-injectable reference TNF inhibitor. Cost savings more than $1 million were seen with a 10% conversion from reference adalimumab and a 15% price reduction from reference adalimumab. Additional office visit scenarios had a negligible impact on budget, with no changes in per-member-per-month costs until all switch patients had 10 additional complex visits, in which per-member-per-month costs increased by $0.02. In a hypothetical plan of 1 million lives, use of biosimilar adalimumab in commercial plans can lead to significant cost savings for payers because of increased competition. Greater and faster biosimilar conversion rates from reference adalimumab and other reference TNF inhibitors resulted in decreased costs. Additionally, even with short-term medical expenditures, cost savings were still realized when switching to biosimilar adalimumab.

Consumer Prices in German Food E‐Retailing: the Impact of the Value Added Tax Cut in 2020

SummaryIn July 2020, the German government reduced the VAT rate for six months in order to stimulate private consumption and support the economy, which had been weakened by the Covid‐19 pandemic. It was crucial for the success of the tax cut that retailers passed it on to consumers by reducing retail prices. This article applies a fixed effects estimation model to analyse the price effects of the VAT reduction in grocery e‐retailing. It uses price data collected directly from the websites for major food categories of four food e‐retailers, Bringmeister, MyTime, Real and Rewe. The tax reduction overall was largely passed on to consumers by price reductions. However, the pass‐through rates, i.e. the extent to which the tax rate change was translated into lower prices, varied among the stores, ranging from 16 to 134 per cent, with the highest rate being for Bringmeister. The pass‐through rate for Rewe was 84 per cent. Also, the timing of the pass‐through varies. The highly divergent pass‐through rates were below the expectations of politicians and the announcements made in advance by food retailers, suggesting some strategic pricing within and between stores. For future VAT reduction initiatives, the results of this study and consumers' reactions to price changes should be considered in more detail in order to complete the assessment of the effectiveness of such measures.

Can Property Taxation Fix China’s Housing Market?: A Regression Discontinuity Analysis

How does the housing market respond to a newly imposed value-based property tax? Based on individual property transaction data spanning seven years, we investigate the repercussions of a new property tax on the local housing market in Chongqing, China. In particular, we adopt a fuzzy regression discontinuity approach to examine the impact of the tax policy on house prices, transaction volumes, and the broader social welfare. We find that the property tax in Chongqing has not caused a reduction in house prices, but it has made a non-trivial contribution to local public finance for public housing programs. Our findings suggest that the property-tax-capitalization hypothesis is not supported in Chongqing’s context, although the tax improves wealth redistribution.

Impact of logistics capacity on duopoly competition: Implications for firms and consumers

AbstractPrice promotion is an effective way to capture market share, as consumer sensitivity to price is universal. Yet, consumer satisfaction with services‐such as logistics‐plays a critical role. Deep price discounts can indeed spike demand, but they can also congest systems, thus prolonging delivery times and diminishing consumer satisfaction. Despite observed significant effects of logistics capacity on consumer and firm payoffs in logistics systems in recent years, economic and operational analysis of these effects remains under explored. This study theoretically examines the influence of logistics capacity on competition between two firms using a refined Hotelling model that incorporates system congestion via a BPR‐type congestion function. Our primary findings include: First, the possibility of multiple equilibria emerges with intermediate product values, fueled by either unilateral price reductions to seize greater market share or price increases to enhance marginal benefits. Moreover, a firm with superior logistics capacity may not always set higher prices at equilibrium. Second, we show that equilibrium pricing exhibits a non‐monotonic relationship with logistics capacity and market size. Lastly, we scrutinize firms' long‐term strategic reactions to changes in logistics capacity and the implications of marginal capacity costs, symmetric or otherwise. Our findings provide the following insights. We caution that the equilibrium pricing strategy is ambiguous when the product value is not extreme because both firms are more likely to engage in random price wars. Intriguingly, while augmenting logistics capacity might elevate service satisfaction, it could paradoxically reduce firm revenue or consumer surplus. Our analysis also indicates that higher marginal capacity costs could, counter intuitively, benefit firms or consumers.

Meta-inventory management decisions: A theoretical model

The manufacturing industry leverages the traceability and visibility of Industrial 4.0 to integrate digital and physical twins for solving the intricacy of a production system. Physical entities can be converted into digital twins with smart IoT (Internet of Things) devices and computational techniques. Research efforts have generally focused on the development of digital twin models for basic practical applications. Advanced applications of digital twins have not been widely reported. An innovative use of digital twins for inventory management has only been analysed theoretically and reported as meta-inventory management for the first time by Wang and Huang (2023). This paper extends the novel concept of meta-inventory by using a theoretical Newsvendor model for original equipment manufacturing (OEM) and own brand manufacturing (OBM) factories. The impacts of meta-inventory on both supply chain members, including the factory and its downstream retailer, are investigated through two kinds of response models (e.g., hybrid and separate response models). Analytical and numerical results show that a factory achieves better performance by using a separate model since it clarifies the responsibility of digital twins. The hybrid response model holds a higher proportion of digital inventory, but its final profits are less than that in the separate model due to fewer orders and higher prices and costs of uncertainty. OBM can better leverage the advantage of digital twins than OEM. Also, both supply chain members benefit from the implementation of meta-inventory out of profit increase, price reduction, and risk hedging. This research provides guidance for manufacturing sites to implement digital twins and reduce their concerns on investing in meta-inventory.

PENGARUH HARGA JUAL DAN POTONGAN HARGA TERHADAP LABA PENJUALAN PADA PT. GIORDANO INDONESIA (TIMBERLAND) MEDAN

This study aims to explain the impact of the sale price and price cuts on sales profits in Giordano Indonesia. Sampling techniques were used in this study of 60 respondents in a timberland store at PT. GIORDANO, Indonesia. The type of data that is collected is quantitative data (data expressed in the form of numbers), which is a number of answers from respondents. Besides, it also collects qualitative data, which is about the history of the company as well as the information needed to support this researcher. The test results of the first hypothesis show that the sale price is obtained: t_count &gt; t_table = 4,285 &gt; 1,671. Based on the result, H_0 is rejected and H_1 is accepted for the price influence variable. Thus, partially, the selling price has a significant positive influence on the sales profit at PT. GIORDANO INDONESIA. In the second hypothetical test, the price cut was t_count &gt; t_tabel = 4,534 &gt; 1.671. The result of the F test in this study is that the value of F_calculate &gt; F_table = 35,192 &gt; 3.16. Thus, it can be concluded that simultaneously, the sale price and the price reduction have a significant positive effect on the sales profit at PT. GIORDANO INDONESIA (timberland). Keywords: price of sale, price cut, profit of sale

Feeling the heat: Extreme temperatures and housing prices in China

AbstractClimate change‐driven extreme heat events pose a major threat to urban expansion globally. This study evaluates the relationship between extreme heat and housing prices utilizing panel data from Chinese cities between 2009 and 2019. Our findings indicate a significant negative correlation between housing prices and extreme temperatures. Specifically, we observe a 0.1% reduction in housing prices for each additional day per year with temperatures surpassing 35°C. This research evaluates two primary mechanisms underpinning this finding. Firstly, our analysis demonstrates a decline in labor inflows to cities experiencing extreme heat, with a particularly significant effect on the influx of high‐skilled workers. In addition, existing residents in these hotter urban environments exhibit reduced home‐buying intentions and reduced proclivity for long‐term residency, coupled with higher living costs. Secondly, our findings indicate that extreme heat acts as a deterrent to firm entry, thereby further suppressing housing demand. This study contributes valuable empirical insights into the capitalization of climate risk in housing markets, with a specific emphasis on the effect of extreme heat. Moreover, it highlights the urgent necessity for the development and implementation of sustainable adaptation strategies to reduce the negative effects of evolving climatic conditions.

Towards sustainable regional energy solutions: An optimized operational model for integrated energy systems with price-responsive planning

With dynamic changes in the energy market and continuous advances in smart energy technology, regional integrated energy systems (RIESs) have emerged as a vital direction in the evolution of energy systems. They are increasingly gaining significance in the realm of energy supply (ES) and demand response initiatives. In this context, this article introduces a novel optimal operational model for an integrated energy system (IES) that incorporates energy price responsiveness. The paper commences by delivering a comprehensive overview of the typical structure of an IES, presenting detailed models for each system module, encompassing the electrical energy supplier, heating, and cooling components. The proposed system model comprises three distinct subsystems, each catering to specific energy requirements. The primary emphasis is on devising an efficient planning scheme tailored to the energy consumption patterns and operational aspects of the IES. Through the presented model, there is substantial potential for significantly reducing the overall system cost without inducing a noteworthy upsurge in environmental pollution. Moreover, the energy efficiency of the system can experience considerable enhancement. The desired optimization problem has been solved using the proposed multi-objective Horse Herd Optimization Algorithm (MOHHOA). Additionally, in this strategy, Pareto front and fuzzy selection are employed to make better decisions among all Pareto solutions. The optimization strategy devised in this research not only enables the integrated operation of the IES but also ensures its compatibility with ongoing energy development initiatives. The proposed method yields a diverse set of Pareto solutions across the objective space, providing various trade-offs between economic, environmental, and reliability considerations. Utilizing MOHHOA, the algorithm efficiently balances exploration and exploitation during optimization, resulting in informed decision-making. In optimal planning, Scenario 2 exhibits lower operational costs (8.2 % reduction) and a dramatic improvement in LESP (1.24 %–1.176 %) compared to Scenario 1. Sensitivity analysis reveals an 11.2 % increase in environmental costs in Scenario 1 with a 36 % rise in electricity prices. Conversely, in Scenario 2, a 10 % reduction in natural gas prices leads to a 24.5 % increase in system running costs. These findings underscore the significance of considering energy price fluctuations for optimizing integrated energy system performance.

The effects of subway operation for commercial land values: A case study in Daejeon, South Korea

The introduction of subways has a significant impact on surrounding land values due to increased floating population and improved accessibility. Many studies have sought to determine this change in the land value caused by subway operations. To overcome the limitations of the existing analysis, this study uses i) commercial land value, ii) a multilevel mixed-effects model, and iii) continuous yearly data before and after subway introduction. The study confirms that the land value changed significantly before and after the subway operation. The impact is larger in closer regions, and the rate of price reduction given a 1 m increase in distance to stations is greater. According to this study, the ability to more accurately estimate the indirect effects of introducing subways, such as fluctuations in land values, could contribute to the efficient distribution of transportation infrastructure funding and construction.

The impact of political partisanship, certificate of need, Medicaid expansion, and area deprivation index on total shoulder arthroplasty prices in the United States

Recent mandates from the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) require United States hospitals to disclose healthcare service pricing. Yet, there's a gap in understanding how state-level factors affect hospital service pricing, like total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA). Comprehending these influences can help policymakers and healthcare providers manage costs and improve care access for vulnerable populations. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of state characteristics such as partisan lean, Certificate of Need (CON) status, and Medicaid expansion, on TSA price. TSA price data was extracted from the Turquoise Health Database using CPT code 23472. State partisan lean was determined by evaluating each state during the 2020 election year for its legislature (both senate and house), governor, presidential vote, and Insurance Commissioner affiliation, categorizing states as either "Republican-leaning" or "Democratic-leaning." CON status, Medicaid expansion, area deprivation index (ADI), and population density information was obtained from publicly available sources. Multivariable regression models were used to assess the relationship between these factors and TSA price. The study included 2,068 hospitals nationwide. The median (IQR) price of TSA across these hospitals was $12,607 ($9,185). In the multivariable analysis, hospitals in Republican-leaning states were associated with a significantly greater price of +$210 (p = 0.0151), while Medicaid expansion was also associated with greater price +$1,878 (p < 0.0001). CON status was associated with a significant reduction in TSA prices of -$2,880 (p < 0.0001). In North Carolina an ADI >85 was associated with a reduction in price (p = 0.0045), while urbanization designation did not significantly impact TSA price (p = 0.8457). This cross-sectional observational study found that Republican-leaning states and Medicaid expansion were associated with increased TSA prices, while an ADI >85 and CON laws were associated with reduced TSA prices.

Impact of National Centralized Drug Procurement policy on chemical pharmaceutical enterprises' R&D investment: a difference-in-differences analysis in China.

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the National Centralized Drug Procurement (NCDP) policy on chemical pharmaceutical enterprises' R&D investment and provide references for improving NCDP policy design and encouraging innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. Using the panel data of 102 Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share listed enterprises from 2016 to 2022 under the chemical pharmaceutical classification of Shenwan in Wind database as the research sample, this study developed difference-in-differences (DID) models on bid-winning and bid-non-winning enterprises, respectively, to evaluate the impact of NCDP policy on their R&D investment. In addition, this study tested the heterogeneity of bid-winning enterprises based on the bid success rate, the decline of drug price, and enterprise size. The NCDP policy could encourage chemical pharmaceutical companies to increase R&D investment, but the low bid success rate and excessive drug price reduction would reduce their R&D enthusiasm, especially for small- and medium-sized enterprises. It is suggested that the NCDP policy should be further improved: first, revise the bidding rule of the NCDP policy and increase the bid success rate so that more enterprises can win bids, and second, to solve the problem of excessive drug price reduction, evaluate the rationality of bid-winning prices, and introduce a two-way selection mechanism between medical institutions and supply enterprises. Integrate pharmacoeconomic evaluation into the NCDP rules to form a benign competition among enterprises. Third, attention should be paid to supporting policies for small- and medium-sized enterprises. By increasing procurement volume, shortening payment time limits, and increasing the proportion of advance payments, enterprises' cash flow shortages can be alleviated, thus achieving fairness and inclusiveness in the implementation of the NCDP policy.

Carbon taxation on high utility transport fuels: An implementation of enviro-economic analysis for the sustainable environment”

The humongous increase in carbon emissions in the past few decades presents an environmental challenge to the scientific community. The current study proposes a method of taxation on high-carbon emission fuels. For this purpose, a comparative enviro-economic analysis is carried out on the three most commonly used fuels (gasoline, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), and Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)). The speed of the test engine varied from 1800 to 4200 Revolution per Minute (RPM) in increments of 400 RPM. Performance parameters (Brake Power (BP), Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTHE), and Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC)) were measured using a hydro dynamometer. Emission analysis, including Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Unburned Hydrocarbons (HC), and Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), was conducted using the TESTO 350 analyzer. The application of Weibull distribution with a 95 % confidence interval, on emission data, explained the adequacy of the data. Among test fuels, CNG emerged as an environment-friendly fuel with an emission reduction of 16, 42, and 43 percent for CO2, CO, and HC in comparison to gasoline. Also, BTHE and BSFC of CNG were better than other alternatives. Moreover, the carbon penalty for CNG fuel showed a price reduction of 32 and 20.8 percent in comparison to gasoline and LPG respectively. The study provides a novel approach to assess the environmental impact of fuels by economic analysis based on emitted carbon quantity. In addition, this very idea is novel in promoting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) of the United Nations (UN) through carbon taxation.

Corporate litigation and stock price crash risk: evidence from China

ABSTRACT As judicial systems in emerging economies grow increasingly sophisticated, corporate litigation is emerging as a powerful mechanism for corporate governance. Focusing on the Chinese financial market, our research examines the impact of corporate litigation on stock price crashes risk. Our findings indicate that corporate entanglement in lawsuit leads to a notable reduction in stock price crash risk, and an increase in both the frequency and magnitude of litigation correlates with a diminished stock price crash risk. A deeper analysis reveals that capital-related litigation exerts a more pronounced effect on stock price crash risk than product-related litigation and other types litigation. Mechanism analysis suggests that corporate litigation mitigates crash risk by improving the quality of information disclosure. Additionally, we observe that the inverse relationship between corporate litigation and crash risk is particularly pronounced for firms with lower level of external monitoring.

Customer Preference Analysis on Attributes of Toyota’s EV Shuttles Using Conjoint Approach: A Business Case of the Stones Hotel Bali Collaboration Project

This study examines Indonesia’s efforts to achieve Net Zero Emissions (NZE) by 2060, with a specific focus on Bali’s pioneering initiatives to reach NZE by 2045. The research primarily investigates sustainable mobility solutions in the tourism sector as an approach to accomplish this goal. The study analyzes customer preferences for Toyota’s xEV (BEV/PHEV/HEV) shuttle services at The Stones Hotel Bali. The objective is to support the hotel in differentiating itself through sustainable practices and support Toyota Indonesia to develop xEV products that are suitable for the market. The study employs Choice-Based Conjoint (CBC) analysis to assess five key attributes: EV rent price, capacity, technology, CO2 emission reduction, and baggage capacity. The results indicate that the most significant attributes affecting customer choices are EV rent price (33.18%), capacity (24.97%), and CO2 emission reduction (18.84%) are the most influential factors in customer decision-making, followed by baggage capacity (15.63%) and EV technology (7.38%). These insights provide a foundation for developing targeted marketing programs and product offerings that align with customer preferences and Bali’s NZE goals, while supporting the broader transition to sustainable transportation in Indonesia’s tourism industry.