Reduction Of Phytic Acid Research Articles

Impact of Air-Drying Temperature on Antioxidant Properties and ACE-Inhibiting Activity of Fungal Fermented Lentil Flour.

Solid-state fermentation (SSF) with Pleurotus ostreatus enhances the nutritional value of legumes. However, drying can cause significant changes in physical and nutritional properties of the final products. Thus, this work studies the impact of air-drying temperature (50, 60, and 70 °C) on relevant properties (antioxidant properties, ACE-inhibitory capacity, phytic acid, colour, and particle size) of two fermented lentils flour (Pardina and Castellana) using freeze-drying as a reference method. Castellana variety is a better substrate for Pleurotus, generating four times more biomass. In addition, an almost total reduction of phytic acid from 7.3 to 0.9 mg/g db is achieved in this variety. Air-drying significantly decreased the particle size and the final colour with ΔE > 20; nonetheless, the temperature does not play a crucial role. SSF decreased the total phenolic content and the antioxidant capacity regardless of the variety, however, drying at 70 °C increased total phenolic content (186%) in fermented Castellana flour. Comparing drying methods, freeze-drying implied a higher decrease in those parameters, reducing the TPC from 2.4 to 1.6 and from 7.7 to 3.4 mg gallic acid/g db in Pardina and Castellana dried flours. Finally, the flours inhibit the angiotensin I-converting-enzyme, and fermentation and drying increased their potential cardiovascular benefits.

Эффективность применения фитаз и ударно-дезинтеграторно-активаторной обработки сои для снижения фитиновой кислоты в гидролизатах соевого белка

The efficiency of phytase and impact-disintegrator-activator processing (IDAP) of soybean in obtaining protein hydrolysate from full-fat soybean flour to reduce phytic acid in the hydrolysate was shown. For the experiments, samples of full-fat soybean flour were used, obtained through soybean processing using two different methods: impact disintegration-activation processing (IDAP) and a grinder with a rotor-knife working element (RKP – rotor-knife processing). The IDAP of soybeans was conducted using a DEZI-11 disintegrator unit with six-row rotors rotating at a frequency of 210 s-1. The RKP was carried out using a Gamlux GL-CG mill with a rotor rotation frequency of 20500 rpm. Enzymatic treatment of the mixture of full-fat soybean flour and water (with a water-to-material ratio of 1:6) was performed using the enzyme preparation Phytaflow (with an activity of 20000 U/cm3), with different dosages of phytase added: 20; 40; 60, and 80 U/g of full-fat soybean flour. The enzymatic treatment was conducted at a temperature of 50°C for a duration of 120 minutes. As a result of the studies, it was found that the design of the working body of the chopper affects the degree of soybean degradation, the content of phytic acid in full-fat soybean meal, and the efficiency of phytase action in obtaining protein hydrolysate. The content of phytic acid in full-fat soybean meal obtained after processing on the impact-disintegrator-activator type unit is 12% lower than in full-fat soybean meal obtained after processing on the grinder with a rotary knife working body. Phytase was found to decrease the phytic acid content in protein hydrolysate obtained after processing soybeans with the impact-disintegrator-activator unit more effectively than in protein hydrolysate obtained after processing soybeans with the shredder with the rotary knife-type working body. The hypothesis of the effect of IDAP soybean on the efficiency of phytic acid reduction and enzymatic phytase hydrolysis was confirmed and showed a high degree of significance. The reduction of phytic acid in full-fat soybean meal and protein hydrolysates obtained from it is of great practical importance as it allows to create functional foods with high digestibility and protein bioavailability and to increase the doses of inclusion of full-fat soybean meal in starter feeds of animals, birds, and aquaculture.

The Potential of Low Phytic Acid1-1 Mutant in Maize (Zea mays L.): A Sustainable Solution to Non-Renewable Phosphorus.

Phosphorus is an essential component of fertilizers and feed and in recent decades has become one of the main sustainability issues as a non-renewable resource. In plant seeds, the main reserve of phosphorus is phytic acid, a strong anti-nutritional factor for monogastrics and a pollutant of cultivated lands. The reduction of phytic acid in cereal seeds has become a major challenge in breeding programs to increase the nutritional quality of foods and feeds and to improve the environmental phosphorus sustainability in agriculture. In maize (Zea mays L.), four low phytic acid (lpa) mutations have been isolated and lpa1-1 is the most promising. However, the reduction of phytic acid in lpa1-1 leads to many adverse pleiotropic effects on the seed and in general on plant performance. A seed weight reduction and a consequent yield loss were previously described in this mutant. In this work, a field experiment to study seed weight and yield was conducted for two years in two different genetic backgrounds (B73 and B73/Mo17). Furthermore, the greater susceptibility of lpa1-1 to drought stress was also investigated: a dedicated field experiment was set up and measurements were carried out under optimal water conditions and moderate drought stress. From the first experiment it emerges that under high-input conditions, lpa1-1 seems to have comparable or even better yield than the relative control. The main problem of this mutant remains the reduced field emergence (~40%). In the study of drought stress it was found that the increased sensitivity in the mutant is mainly caused by an altered stomatal regulation, but not by a less developed root system, as previously reported. When the stress occurred, the parameters measured did not significantly change in the wild-type, while they dropped in the mutant: the net photosynthesis decreased by 58%, the transpiration rate by 63% and the stomatal conductance by 67%. Some possible solutions have been proposed, with the aim of developing a commercial variety, which remains the main goal to exploit the nutritional benefits of low phytic acid mutants.

The effect of dehulling of yellow peas and faba beans on the distribution of carbohydrates upon dry fractionation

The impact of dehulling as a pre-treatment for dry fractionation on the distribution of inositol phosphate and the composition and quantity of different carbohydrates in the fine and coarse fractions from yellow peas and faba beans was elucidated. For peas, low molecular weight carbohydrates markedly increased during air classification in the fine fraction whereas for faba beans this tendency was less pronounced. Sucrose and raffinose series oligosaccharides were higher in the coarse and fine fractions, respectively, independently on dehulling pre-treatment. A large part of the insoluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) was removed by dehulling and mostly assigned to cellulose. Dehulled faba beans and peas contained similar amount of total and soluble NSP, of which the latter were assigned to pectin and arabinogalactan. In general, dehulling increased the amounts of soluble NSP. Dehulling enriched phytic acid in remaining seeds and it was further enriched with protein in fine fractions. Regarding the aimed product e.g., fine fraction, dehulling gives a slight reduction of non-digestible oligosaccharides and phytic acid in peas but not in faba beans.

Phytic acid and its reduction in pulse matrix: Structure–function relationship owing to bioavailability enhancement of micronutrients

AbstractThe bioavailability of minerals and proteins in the pulse is endured due to the presence of antinutrient phytic acid. Phytic acid is a proton donor that produces hydrogen ions (H+) and “phytate” anion, which readily forms salts with available minerals and protein. These phytate complexes are not bioavailable to humans and led to several public health problems like anemia, skeletal abnormalities, osteoporosis, malabsorption, and kwashiorkor syndrome due to Fe, Mn, Ca, Zn, and protein deficiency. Thus, it is a severe concern to the vegetarian population who strongly rely upon pulses to fulfill their daily nutrition requirements. Improving the bioavailability of micronutrients in the pulse matrix requires reduction of phytic acid. A phytic acid reduction strategy should ensure its efficient reduction leading to enhanced micronutrient bioavailability. This article provides a throughout view of the available phytic acid reduction technologies conducted at the postharvest stages of pulse processing. The mechanism of phytic acid reduction during conventional (soaking, cooking, and germination) and novel processing (irradiation, ultrasound, and high pressure) regarding its degradation and interaction with other components has been explored here, providing insight into structure–function relationships. Further, an in‐depth analysis of the combined treatments offering better phytic acid reductions has been explained in the light of structural alteration of phytic acid to its lower inositol phosphates. The summarized data on prospects and drawbacks of different phytic acid reduction strategies would provide background information to explore the futuristic possibilities for efficient phytic acid reduction and micronutrient fortification.Practical ApplicationsThe presence of phytic acid in the pulse matrix restricts the micronutrient absorption by complexing with micronutrients leading to their ineffectiveness. The bottom‐line population of the income pyramid, who are unable to intake micronutrients from other sources, suffers from several public health problems related to nutrient or combined nutrient deficiencies. Therefore, the degradation of phytic acid in pulses is necessary. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview and explanation of phytic acid degradation during various postharvest pulses processing. The chelation of micronutrients by phytate, structural alterations during processing, and structure–function correlation of pulse matrices have been comprehensively enlightened here. These insights will aid researchers in exploring the future potential for phytic acid reduction and help develop proper strategies for pulse fortification.

Effect of probiotic fermentation on physico-chemical and nutritional parameters of milk-cereal based composite substrate.

A dairy-cereal based composite substrate was prepared from whey-skim milk (60:40v/v), germinated pearl millet flour (4.73% w/v) and liquid barley malt extract (3.27% w/v) and fermented using probiotic strain Lactobacillus acidophilus NCDC-13. Probiotic fermentation increased whiteness index, viscosity and water holding capacity of unfermented substrate. Fermentation caused a reduction in total solids, fat, ash and total dietary fibre content and increment in protein content. Fermentation brought a highly significant reduction in phytic acid (78%) and polyphenol (46%) content. The protein and starch digestibility increased significantly. The HCl- extractability of Ca, Fe, Mg and Zn of unfermented substrate was 32%, 25%, 64% and 17% respectively, which increased to 73%, 50%, 83% and 65% respectively after fermentation. Fermentation resulted in 77% decrease in phytate P as % of total P and significant increase in free P. The current investigation revealed that probiotic fermentation improved nutritional attributes of the composite substrate substantially. The low cost nutritionally enriched probiotic substrate can be utilized for preparation of a wide range of low- cost probiotic foods to address malnutrition and enhance immunity of common population.

The Role of Balanced Fertilization on the Reduction of Phytic Acid to Zinc Molar Ratio (PA/Zn) in the Irrigated and Rainfed Wheat Fields on the Calcareous Soils of Iran

One of the most important quality factors in the wheat grain, which directly affects the quality of the bread, is the molar ratio of phytic acid to zinc (PA/ Zn) index. In order to evaluate the role of balanced fertilization on increasing the yield, quality, and reducing PA/Zn in wheat grain (Triticum aestivum L.), the first experiment was implemented with two fertilizer treatments (Farmer’s conventional fertilization practice, i.e. NP-fertilizers) and the optimum use of fertilizers (fertilization was on the basis of soil test results) in three different irrigated farms in Mianeh, East Azarbaijan province and the second experiment was carried out in 10 different dryland farms on the outskirts of the Khodabandeh, Zanjan Province in 2010-2011 growing season with an average of 380 mm annual rainfall. This experiment had three treatments, i.e. T1=Control (no fertilizer); T2=Farmer’s conventional fertilization practice (NP-fertilizers), and T3=Fertilization based on soil test values (Optimum use of fertilizers) in four replications with a randomized complete block design. The wheat cultivar in the irrigated farms was Alvand and in the rainfed farms was Azar-2. Protein, phytic acid, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and Zinc (Zn) in wheat grains were analyzed according to the standard methods. The collected data were analyzed by using a t-test and SAS Software. The results revealed that in the irrigated wheat fields, the optimal use of fertilizers increased the grain yield up to 27 percent, protein content, all micronutrients especially Zn significantly, but it decreased PA/Zn molar ratio significantly in comparison to Farmer’s conventional fertilization practice. While phytic acid concentration in the control plots was 8.70, it decreased up to 7.41gkg-1, Zn concentration was increased from 29 to 43 mgkg-1 and subsequently, PA/Zn molar ratio was reduced from 30 to 17. The statistical analysis showed a significant difference for phytic acid, Zn, and PA/Zn molar ratio in all wheat farms in the second experiment, the results demonstrated that while the average grain yield in T1 was 975kgha-1, it has increased up to 1401kgha-1 in T2 and over 1628kgha-1, respectively. The average yield increase was significant at the 5% level despite the existing drought situation in the fall of 2010. The mean concentration of P and Zn in wheat grains in the control plots were 0.26 percent and 21mgkg-1, in Farmer’s conventional fertilization practice were 0.24 percent and 25mgkg-1 and in the fertilization based on soil test values were 0.21 percent and 30mgkg-1, respectively and they were significant in the 5% level. While PA/Zn in the control plots was 29, it has been decreased to 22 in T2 and to 15 in T3 plots, respectively. Comparison between PA/Zn molar ratios revealed that due to the existing water during the growing season in the irrigated fields, the availability of all nutrients including Zn was slightly higher, but in drylands, the amount and distribution of rainfall is much important and it is clear that by increasing the amount and distribution of rainfall during the growing season, more grain yield and lower PA/Zn molar ratio is expected. It is obvious that these variations are widely dependent on climate change, cultivars, and management factors. This project is recommended to be continued at least in the wheat-grown provinces all over the Iran.

The Role of Balanced Fertilization on the Reduction of Phytic Acid to Zinc Molar Ratio (PA/Zn) in the Irrigated and Rainfed Wheat Fields on the Calcareous Soils of Iran

One of the most important quality factors in the wheat grain, which directly affects the quality of the bread, is the molar ratio of phytic acid to zinc (PA/ Zn) index. In order to evaluate the role of balanced fertilization on increasing the yield, quality, and reducing PA/Zn in wheat grain (Triticum aestivum L.), the first experiment was implemented with two fertilizer treatments (Farmer’s conventional fertilization practice, i.e. NP-fertilizers) and the optimum use of fertilizers (fertilization was on the basis of soil test results) in three different irrigated farms in Mianeh, East Azarbaijan province and the second experiment was carried out in 10 different dryland farms on the outskirts of the Khodabandeh, Zanjan Province in 2010-2011 growing season with an average of 380 mm annual rainfall. This experiment had three treatments, i.e. T1=Control (no fertilizer); T2=Farmer’s conventional fertilization practice (NP-fertilizers), and T3=Fertilization based on soil test values (Optimum use of fertilizers) in four replications with a randomized complete block design. The wheat cultivar in the irrigated farms was Alvand and in the rainfed farms was Azar-2. Protein, phytic acid, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and Zinc (Zn) in wheat grains were analyzed according to the standard methods. The collected data were analyzed by using a t-test and SAS Software. The results revealed that in the irrigated wheat fields, the optimal use of fertilizers increased the grain yield up to 27 percent, protein content, all micronutrients especially Zn significantly, but it decreased PA/Zn molar ratio significantly in comparison to Farmer’s conventional fertilization practice. While phytic acid concentration in the control plots was 8.70, it decreased up to 7.41gkg-1, Zn concentration was increased from 29 to 43 mgkg-1 and subsequently, PA/Zn molar ratio was reduced from 30 to 17. The statistical analysis showed a significant difference for phytic acid, Zn, and PA/Zn molar ratio in all wheat farms in the second experiment, the results demonstrated that while the average grain yield in T1 was 975kgha-1, it has increased up to 1401kgha-1 in T2 and over 1628kgha-1, respectively. The average yield increase was significant at the 5% level despite the existing drought situation in the fall of 2010. The mean concentration of P and Zn in wheat grains in the control plots were 0.26 percent and 21mgkg-1, in Farmer’s conventional fertilization practice were 0.24 percent and 25mgkg-1 and in the fertilization based on soil test values were 0.21 percent and 30mgkg-1, respectively and they were significant in the 5% level. While PA/Zn in the control plots was 29, it has been decreased to 22 in T2 and to 15 in T3 plots, respectively. Comparison between PA/Zn molar ratios revealed that due to the existing water during the growing season in the irrigated fields, the availability of all nutrients including Zn was slightly higher, but in drylands, the amount and distribution of rainfall is much important and it is clear that by increasing the amount and distribution of rainfall during the growing season, more grain yield and lower PA/Zn molar ratio is expected. It is obvious that these variations are widely dependent on climate change, cultivars, and management factors. This project is recommended to be continued at least in the wheat-grown provinces all over the Iran.

A fermented nutraceutical beverage from quinoa: The traditional grain of Andes

Quinoa is a traditional grain used as a staple food by ancient people of Andean countries and South America, known for its excellent nutritional profile. This pseudo-cereal is rich in protein, vitamins, minerals and antioxidants. However, presence of anti-nutritional factors such as, saponins, tannins, phenols and phytic acid is a serious deterrent to use quinoa in daily diet. This study focus on lactic acid fermentation to answer this riddle. Lactic acid bacteria were isolated from surface of quinoa seeds and characterized. All the isolates (QB-1, QB-2, QB-3, QB-4 and QB-5) were Gram positive, Catalase negative, acid producing and non-endospore forming. Two among the native isolates, QB-1 and QB-2 were selected based on their ability for beverage development. Isolate QB-1 reduced the phenolic compounds (from 0.94 to 0.36 mg/g of GAE) significantly. Isolate QB-2 was found to be more efficient in reduction of phytic acid (from 11.06 to 1.00 mg/g) and tannins (from 4.92 to 2.05mg/g of GAE). A significant reduction of saponin (from 11.2 to 0.13 mg/g) was recorded by isolate QB-1 and Lactobacillus delbrueckii. The study also revealed that, curd is efficient in reducing anti-nutritional factors such as, phenolic compounds and phytic acid.

Improvement in Millet Soaking by Way of Bubbled Cold Plasma Processed Air Exposure; Phytic Acid Reduction Cum Nutrient Analysis Concern

Pearl millet is one of the high-grown and underutilized grain crops. It is confined to traditional foods due to its anti-nutritional and functional properties. The present study investigated the influence of plasma processed air bubbling and soaking on phytic acid content, total and HCl extractable iron, physicochemical, techno-functional, and pasting properties of pearl millet. Exposure of pearl millet to plasma processed air bubbling at 180 V with an airflow rate of 10 liters /h for 1 h and 2 h reduced phytic acid content by 60.66 % and 39.27 % respectively. Whereas soaking for 12 h reduced phytic acid by 21.6 % in contrast with the untreated sample. The total iron content reduced from 39.9 to 29.8 mg/100g and HCl extractable iron content increased from 12 % to 69.49 % with the given treatments. Obtained data were noticed with significant changes (p < 0.05) and are in line with its exposure to the selected variable treatments. This work points to the potentiality of plasma processed air pre-treatment in the food industry to improve nutrition and mineral availability accompanied by modifying pasting, techno-functional properties of pearl millet.

Combination of air plasma bubbling and soaking in the reduction of phytic acid and improving free iron availability in pearl millet

Pearl millet was subjected to air plasma bubbling along with soaking to enhance HCl extractable iron by reducing phytic acid content. The pearl millet was soaked for 11 h and 10 h followed by plasma bubbling (1 and 2 h) at input voltage 180 V and 10 lph flow rate. A 64.9% and 70.93% of reduction in phytic acid was observed with treatments. The total iron content was reduced while HCl extractable iron content improved by 68% and 59% with 1 h and 2 h exposure time. The significant changes (p≤ 0.05) in pearl millet’s physical, nutritional, and techno-functional properties were noticed with plasma exposure. The present study shows the potential of plasma exposure along with soaking for reducing phytic acid content, improving free iron, and ameliorating techno-functional properties of pearl millet.

Physicochemical, nutritional, and sensory properties of chips produced from germinated African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa)

There is a growing interest in the use of low-cost and adoptable technologies in the development of nutritious healthy snacks. The physicochemical, nutritional, and antioxidant properties of germinated (24–72 h) African yam bean (AYB) flour, and the prepared chips were determined. Germination significantly increased the ash (2.86–3.52 g/100 g), protein (21.60–24.58 g/100 g), essential amino acids in adequate quantity, in vitro protein digestibility, IVPD, (73.67–88.90%). calcium, magnesium, iron (3.04–5.70 mg/100 g), phosphorus, zinc (3.77–4.63 mg/100 g), total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activities. There was a reduction in phytic acid and trypsin inhibitor activity, by 10.31–33.59 and 13.58–36.09%, respectively, as germination progressed. The 72 h germinated AYB chips (GCS) contained higher protein (24.52 g/100 g) with adequate quantity of essential amino acids, IVPD (89.50%), minerals, TPC, antioxidant activities, and low residual antinutrients compared to the non-germinated AYB chips (NGC). The texture (hardness) of GCS (4.10 N) was significantly higher than NGC. Also, GCS had better colour and sensory attributes compared to NGC. Germination improved the physicochemical, nutritional, and antioxidant properties of AYB and the resultant chips.

Effect of washing, soaking and pH in combination with ultrasound on enzymatic rancidity, phytic acid, heavy metals and coliforms of rice bran

Simultaneous reduction in activity of fat destabilizing enzymes (lipase and lipoxygenase), contaminants heavy metals (As, Cd, Pb, and Hg), antinutrient phytic acid and hazardous coliforms in rice bran was investigated. Application of washing, soaking the washed sample at different pH values (2, 6 and 9) alone or in combination with ultrasonication were examined. While washing was beneficial, its low efficiency acquired further treatment, which was prevailed by application of acidic pH and ultrasound (28 kHz) treatments. Free fatty acids and peroxide value, as indicators of enzymes activity, implied the effectiveness of treatments with adverse impact of sonication on peroxide value. Remarkably, reduction of dominant heavy metals (As, Pb and Zn) and phytic acid were synergistically facilitated by sonication. Coliforms growth was inhibited at pH 2 even at the absence of ultrasonic treatment. Evidently, combination of acidic pH and ultrasound is a practical approach to improve rice bran stability and safety.

Gene editing of three BnITPK genes in tetraploid oilseed rape leads to significant reduction of phytic acid in seeds.

SummaryCommercialization of Brassica napus. L (oilseed rape) meal as protein diet is gaining more attention due to its well‐balanced amino acid and protein contents. Phytic acid (PA) is a major source of phosphorus in plants but is considered as anti‐nutritive for monogastric animals including humans due to its adverse effects on essential mineral absorption. The undigested PA causes eutrophication, which potentially threatens aquatic life. PA accounts to 2‐5% in mature seeds of oilseed rape and is synthesized by complex pathways involving multiple enzymes. Breeding polyploids for recessive traits is challenging as gene functions are encoded by several paralogs. Gene redundancy often requires to knock out several gene copies to study their underlying effects. Therefore, we adopted CRISPR‐Cas9 mutagenesis to knock out three functional paralogs of BnITPK. We obtained low PA mutants with an increase of free phosphorus in the canola grade spring cultivar Haydn. These mutants could mark an important milestone in rapeseed breeding with an increase in protein value and no adverse effects on oil contents.

Development and validation of breeder-friendly gene-based markers for lpa1-1 and lpa2-1 genes conferring low phytic acid in maize kernel.

Based on C (wild) to T (mutant) transition at amino acid position 1432bp of lpa1-1 gene, two dominant markers each specific to wild type (LPA1) and mutant (lpa1-1) allele were developed and validated across seven F2 populations. Joint segregation of these markers behaved in co-dominant fashion, clearly distinguishing heterozygote from two other homozygote genotypes. Full length sequence alignment between wild type (LPA2) and mutant (lpa2-1) allele revealed one transition mutation (A to G) and a co-dominant CAPS marker was developed which differentiated all three types of segregants across seven F2 populations. Across populations, segregants with lpa1-1/lpa1-1 (1.77mg/g) and lpa2-1/lpa2-1 (1.85mg/g) possessed significantly lower phytic acid compared to LPA1/LPA1 (2.58mg/g) and LPA2/LPA2 (2.53mg/g). Inorganic phosphorus was however higher in recessive homozygotes (lpa1-1/lpa1-1: 0.77mg/g, lpa2-1/lpa2-1: 0.53mg/g) than the dominant homozygotes (LPA1/LPA1: 0.33mg/g, LPA2/LPA2: 0.19mg/g). Overall, homozygous segregants of lpa1-1 and lpa2-1 showed 31% and 27% reduction of phytic acid, respectively. Analysis of phytate and inorganic phosphorous in the maize kernel in these segregating populations confirmed co-segregation of trait and markers specific to lpa1-1 and lpa2-1. This is the first report of the development of breeder-friendly gene-based markers for lpa1-1 and lpa2-1; and it holds great significance for maize biofortification.

Effect of germination-hydrothermal treatments followed by fractionation on inhibitory factors, β-carotene and iron-zinc bioaccessibility in pearl millet fractions

Combination of strategies involving germination-hydrothermal treatments and fractionation were adopted to separates the native and treated grain into coarse (bran & germ) and fine (endosperm) fractions. The inhibitory factors, polyphenol oxidase, and phytase activity were higher in coarse fractions. On treatment, the phytic acid content in the coarse fraction decreases significantly by 49% while polyphenols decreased 13% in the fine fraction and increased 6% in the coarse fraction. Galloyls reduced by 21% and 48% in the fine and coarse fraction while catechols increased by 74% in the fine fraction and reduced by 27% in the coarse fraction. In the fine fraction, the soluble and insoluble fibre increased by 27.8% and 28.7% while in the coarse fraction is reduced by 23.5% and 24.1%. The β-carotene content reduced slightly in the coarse fraction with no variation in the fine fraction. Iron bioaccessibility was enhanced from 1.79 to 5.7% in the fine fraction and 3.06–6.05% in the coarse fraction. Zinc bioaccessibility increased from 15.44 to 24.67% and 18.59–47.6% in the fine and coarse fraction, respectively. In the treated coarse fraction the iron-zinc bioaccessibility increased due to a significant reduction in phytic acid (49%), insoluble dietary fibre (24%), galloyls (48%) and catechols (27%).

Development and Molecular Characterization of Low Phytate Basmati Rice Through Induced Mutagenesis, Hybridization, Backcross, and Marker Assisted Breeding.

Breeding low phytate crops is the most viable solution to tackle mineral deficiencies. The objective of the present study was to develop high yielding, low phytate (lpa) basmati rice cultivars. Three homozygous lpa mutants, Lpa5, Lpa9, and Lpa59, were developed through induced mutations (gamma rays 60Co) and identified by colorimetric and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. These mutants showed 54%–63% reduction in phytic acid but had poor germination and yield. To improve these traits, hybridization and back cross breeding involving Lpa5, Lpa59, and parent cultivar Super Basmati were performed and F2:3, F3:4, BC1F2:3, and BC1F3:4 generations were developed and screened to target the objective. Within the F2:3, homozygous (226), heterozygous (65), and wild type (46) lpa recombinants were identified. Within the homozygous lpa category, four recombinants (Lpa5, Lpa6, Lpa7, and Lpa30) showed improved germination. Within the F3:4 generation, 86 homozygous lpa recombinants were identified. Further selection, on the basis of better plant type and the low phytate trait resulted in the selection of 38 recombinants. Grain quality and cooking characteristics of these selected recombinants were comparable as compared to parent cultivar. Within the BC1F2:3 generations, two homozygous Lpa recombinant lines, Lpa141, and Lpa205, were selected out of 220. Screening of the BC1F3:4 generation for the desirable agronomic and low phytate trait also resulted in the selection of two homozygous lines. Finally, seven recombinants i.e. Lpa12-3, Lpa111-1, Lpa141, Lpa56-3, Lpa53-4, Lpa99-2, and Lpa205-4 out of 42 homozygous low phytate lines were selected on the basis of yield improvement (4%–18%) as compared to parent cultivar. Association analysis suggested that further selection based on primary branches per plant, panicle length and productive tillers per plant would further improve the paddy yield. For molecular characterization of the Lpa trait, previously reported Lpa1-CAPS and Lpa1-InDel and functional molecular markers were applied. Results indicated the absence of the Z9B-Lpa allele and XS-Lpa mutation in the OsMRP5 gene in tested mutants, possibly suggesting that there may be new mutations or novel alleles in tested mutants that need to be identified and then fine mapped for subsequent utilization. To our knowledge, this is the first report of low phytic acid rice mutant development and their improved germination and yield through backcross breeding in basmati rice.

Fortified Blended Food Base: Effect of Co-Fermentation Time on Composition, Phytic Acid Content and Reconstitution Properties.

Dehydrated blends of dairy-cereal combine the functional and nutritional properties of two major food groups. Fortified blended food base (FBFB) was prepared by blending fermented milk with parboiled wheat, co-fermenting the blend at 35 °C, shelf-drying and milling. Increasing co-fermentation time from 0 to 72 h resulted in powder with lower lactose, phytic acid and pH, and higher contents of lactic acid and galactose. Simultaneously, the pasting viscosity of the reconstituted base (16.7%, w/w, total solids) and its yield stress (σ0), consistency index (K) and viscosity on shearing decreased significantly. The changes in some characteristics (pH, phytic acid, η120) were essentially complete after 24 h co-fermentation while others (lactose, galactose and lactic acid, pasting viscosities, flowability) proceeded more gradually over 72 h. The reduction in phytic acid varied from 40 to 58% depending on the pH of the fermented milk prior to blending with the parboiled cereal. The reduction in phytic acid content of milk (fermented milk)-cereal blends with co-fermentation time is nutritionally desirable as it is conducive to an enhanced bioavailability of elements, such as Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn in milk-cereal blends, and is especially important where such blends serve as a base for fortified-blended foods supplied to food-insecure regions.

Reduction of phytic acid, aflatoxins and other mycotoxins in wheat during germination.

Wheat grains are susceptible to infection by various toxigenic fungal species that produce toxic metabolites called mycotoxins. This makes wheat one of the most important daily dietary sources of mycotoxins for consumers. As germination is popularly used to improve the nutritional quality of grains, the present study was carried out to understand its effect on the toxin content of wheat seeds. For this purpose, wheat grains were spiked with ochratoxin A (OTA; 5μg kg-1 ), aflatoxins B2 and G2 (5μg kg-1 ), zearalenone (ZEA; 20 μg kg-1 ), aflatoxins B1 and G1 (20 μg kg-1 ) and deoxynivalenol (DON; 50 μg kg-1 ) in separate experiments. Thereafter, the grains were germinated and analyzed for toxin content during 14 days of germination using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. ZEA content did not change significantly until 14 days. The maximum reductions of DON, OTA and aflatoxins at days 10-14 of germination were 39, 38, 41 (B1), 60 (B2), 33 (G1) and 62% (G2) respectively. A 63% reduction of phytic acid at 14 days was observed, according to Fe2+ bioavailability. For all toxins (except ZEA), there were no significant differences in reduction after day 10. Germination for 10days might be sufficient to achieve an appropriate decrease in toxin content. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Genetically engineered rice with appA gene enhanced phosphorus and minerals

Phytic acid is the major source of phosphorus and other mineral bound compounds in many plant tissues especially seeds and bran of cereals. During germination, phytase enzyme degrades phytic acid and bound phosphate and minerals are released. The monogastric animal cannot digest phytate due to lack of the phytase enzyme. Considering that, we have generated low phytate rice by over expressing appA gene cloned from E. coli under the aleurone-specific promoter of maize zein gene. Molecular analysis confirmed the stable integration of transgene and plants were grown up to T3 generation. The T3 seeds showed around 45% decrease in seed phytate content with a fourfold increase of inorganic phosphorus (Pi) level. The enhanced iron and zinc was twofold and threefold respectively in polished seeds of transgenic plants. There was no change in germination behaviour and other morphological traits in transgenic seeds. Thus, this result provides evidence that tissue-specific expression of bacterial phytase can lead to the reduction of phytic acid in rice seeds without hampering its other physiological processes and phenotypic cost.