Lipid Reduction Research Articles

The Ameliorative Effects of Dietary Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) Against Growth Retardation, Oxidative Stress, and Immunosuppression Induced by Waterborne Lead Toxicity in Nile Tilapia Fingerlings

Abstract The dietary effects of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) leaves powder (RLP) were tested on the performance and welfare of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings subjected to lead (Pb) toxicity. Two hundred fish (31.9±0.28 g) were stocked into 20 85-L glass aquaria (10 fish/aquarium) to represent four treatments with five replicates each. Fish were fed on 0.0% (control; T1) and 1.0% RLP (T2) along with continuous exposure to either 0.0 (T3) or 7.94 mg Pb/L (T4) for 60 days. Compared with the control diet, feeding Nile tilapia on RLP alone improved the growth performance and hemato-biochemical, antioxidant, and immunological indices. Conversely, the Pb toxicity negatively affected hematocrit, hemoglobin, white and red blood cell counts, and growth indices. Furthermore, Pb exposure raised blood cortisol, glucose, total cholesterol, serum transaminases (ALT and AST levels), alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase accompanied with significant reductions in serum total lipids, protein, albumin, and globulin values. Furthermore, Pb exposure decreased respiratory burst, lysozyme, total immunoglobulins, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and total antioxidant capacity. On the other hand, dietary RLP significantly reduced the negative impacts of Pb toxicity on the above-mentioned indices. Additionally, the dietary RLP reduced the Pb accumulation in Pb-intoxicated fish leading to significant enhancements in Nile tilapia’s growth and welfare. These findings suggest that dietary 1% RLP significantly enhanced the fish performance and welfare status and could alleviate the Pb toxicity effects on Nile tilapia performance and welfare.

PPARα is one of the key targets for dendrobine to improve hepatic steatosis in NAFLD

Ethnopharmacological relevanceDendrobium nobile Lindl. (DNL) is a traditional Chinese ethnobotanical herb. Dendrobine (DNE) has been designated as a quality indicator for DNL in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. DNE exhibits various pharmacological activities, including the reduction of blood lipids, regulation of blood sugar levels, as well as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Aim of the studyThe objective of this study is to explore the impact of DNE on lipid degeneration in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) liver cells and elucidate its specific mechanism. The findings aim to offer theoretical support for the development of drugs related to DNL. Materials and methodsWe utilized male C57BL/6J mice, aged 6 weeks old, to establish a NAFLD model. This model allowed us to assess the impact of DNE on liver pathology and lipid levels in NAFLD mice. We investigated the mechanism of DNE's regulation of lipid metabolism through RNA-seq analysis. Furthermore, a NAFLD model was established using HepG2 cells to further evaluate the impact of DNE on the pathological changes of NAFLD liver cells. The potential mechanism of DNE's improvement was rapidly elucidated using HT-qPCR technology. These results were subsequently validated using mouse liver samples. Following the in vitro activation or inhibition of PPARα function, we observed changes in DNE's ability to ameliorate pathological changes in NAFLD hepatocytes. This mechanism was further verified through RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis. ResultsDNE demonstrated a capacity to enhance serum TC, TG, and liver TG levels in mice, concurrently mitigating liver lipid degeneration. RNA-seq analysis unveiled that DNE primarily modulates the expression of genes related to metabolic pathways in mouse liver. Utilizing HT-qPCR technology, it was observed that DNE markedly regulates the expression of genes associated with the PPAR signaling pathway in liver cells. Consistency was observed in the in vivo data, where DNE significantly up-regulated the expression of PPARα mRNA and its protein level in mouse liver. Additionally, the expression of fatty acid metabolism-related genes (ACOX1, CPT2, HMGCS2, LPL), regulated by PPARα, was significantly elevated following DNE treatment. In vitro experiments further demonstrated that DNE notably ameliorated lipid deposition, peroxidation, and inflammation levels in NAFLD hepatocytes, particularly when administered in conjunction with fenofibrate. Notably, the PPARα inhibitor GW6471 attenuated these effects of DNE. ConclusionsIn summary, DNE exerts its influence on the expression of genes associated with downstream fat metabolism by regulating PPARα. This regulatory mechanism enhances liver lipid metabolism, mitigates lipid degeneration in hepatocytes, and ultimately ameliorates the pathological changes in NAFLD hepatocytes.

Plasma irisin and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in sedentary subjects: effect of 8-weeks lifestyle intervention.

Objectives. Sedentary lifestyle increasingly observed in the population contributes to the incremental incidence of obesity, cardiovascular diseases, mental disorders, type 2 diabetes, hyper-tension, dyslipidemia, and others. Physical inactivity together with an imbalance in caloric intake and expenditure leads to a loss of muscle mass, reduced insulin sensitivity, and accumulation of the visceral fat. Organokines (adipokines, myokines, hepatokines, etc.) serve in the organism for inter-organ communication. However, human studies focused on the exercise-related changes in plasma levels of certain myokines have produced contradictory results. In the present study, we verified a hypothesis that myokine irisin, which is expected to increase in response to physical activity, induces brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) production and by this way mediates the beneficial effect of exercise on several brain functions. Subjects and Methods. Women (n=27) and men (n=10) aged 44.5±12.0 years, who were sedentary and overweight/obese (men ≥25%, women ≥28% body fat), participated in the study. The effect of an 8-week intensive lifestyle intervention (150 minutes of moderate physical activity per week, diet modification, and reduction of caloric intake) on the selected organokines (irisin, BDNF) in the context of an expected improvement in cardiometabolic status was examined. Results. The 8-week lifestyle intervention resulted in a significant (p<0.05) reduction in body mass index, body fat, blood pressure, insulin resistance, lipid and liver parameters, and irisin levels (p<0.001). However, BDNF increase in the whole group did not reach statistical significance. After the improvement of cardiometabolic parameters, a significant decrease in irisin and increase in BDNF levels were also observed in the subgroup with unsatisfactory (≤5%) body weight reduction. Neither relationship between irisin and BDNF levels, nor effect of age or sex on their levels was observed. Conclusions. We cannot confirm the hypothesis that exercise-induced irisin may increase the BDNF levels, whereas, the organokine levels in the periphery may not completely reflect the processes in the brain compartments. The observed decrease in irisin levels after 8-week intensive lifestyle intervention program, which was in contrary to its supposed mechanisms of action and dynamics, suggests the presence of several yet undiscovered impacts on the secretion of irisin.

Application of an edible coating developed with Andean potato starch and carboxymethyl-cellulose for lipid reduction during frying

This work aimed to search for alternative uses for different varieties of Andean potatoes (Solanum tuberosum ssp andigenum) which have been reintroduced in north-western Argentina. Specifically, the development of simple and compound films made with hydrocolloids such as carboxymethyl-cellulose (CMC) and starch (S) extracted from Andean potatoes var. Runa, and its application as a cover in the deep frying of Andean potato chips var. Waycha was studied to minimize oil absorption. The effect of prior bleaching of the chips with different media was also evaluated: water, calcium chloride solution, and ascorbic acid. The coatings were applied to potatoes chips before being fried. The results showed that the type of oil used did not affect absorption by the chips. The bleaching treatments with calcium chloride and coating with S/CMC, showed a significant reduction in oil absorption (39.5 % ± 0.7), delayed its oxidation, and decreased the loss of tocopherols during the frying process. It also contributed to the physical and sensory characteristics of the final product, which presented high acceptability by consumers.

Investigation of the Yeast Yarrowia lipolytica Cultivation on Tuna Head Protein Hydrolysate

Tuna (Thunnus spp.) is a significant commodity within the fishing industry. However, up to half of the total tuna weight ends up as waste, including tuna heads, which contain valuable nutrients such as protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids, enzymes, minerals, and trace elements. The purpose of this study was to investigate an environmentally sustainable approach for tuna head processing by yeast cultivation. The oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica was successfully cultured on tuna head protein hydrolysate and the effects of culture conditions including inoculum size, hydrolysate pH and incubation volume on nutrition utilization and on yeast growth were investigated. Y. lipolytica showed good biomass accumulation when cultured on tuna head protein hydrolysates. The yeast biomass increased with decreasing incubation volume and reached 8.6 g/L. The yeast also showed the ability to reduce up to 83.7% of hydrolysate lipid content while remaining 70.7% of nitrogen content. The culture conditions had more effect on lipid reduction than on nitrogen reduction and a good correlation between the specific growth rate and lipid reduction was observed. The yeast biomass was 64.0% in protein content and 9.6% in lipid content, without optimization. The investigation results demonstrated the potential improvement of tuna head utilization as well as the potential application of yeast biomass cultivation.

Updates in the Management of Coronary Artery Disease: A Review Article.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains a significant health challenge, imposing substantial burdens on individuals and healthcare systems worldwide. CAD's impact stems from artery narrowing and blockage, leading to severe complications like heart attacks and heart failure. Collaborative efforts by researchers, professionals, and governments have fostered advancements in comprehending and managing this cardiovascular ailment. Evolving CAD management embraces modern diagnostics, cutting-edge pharmaceuticals, invasive procedures, lifestyle modifications, and cardiac rehabilitation. This comprehensive approach aims to amplify outcomes and elevate the quality of life for CAD-affected individuals. This review delves into innovative treatments, pivotal breakthroughs, and recent trends in clinical practices that collectively shape CAD management. The exploration encompasses novel diagnostic technologies enabling early detection and risk assessment. Moreover, it investigates recent breakthroughs in medications that profoundly impact platelet disorders, lipid reduction, and angina. Precision medicine's role in tailoring treatment strategies based on patient characteristics is thoroughly examined. Advances in invasive procedures, like percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), have revolutionised coronary revascularisation, substantially improved long-term outcomes, and reduced restenosis rates. The increasing significance of lifestyle changes and cardiac rehabilitation in CAD management, augmenting treatment options and patient recovery, are meticulously scrutinized. While these strides are pivotal, research continues to chart new paths in CAD management, from innovative drugs to collaborative multidisciplinary care models. Staying attuned to the latest advancements and embracing a patient-centric approach can collectively reduce CAD's impact and facilitate the lives of those grappling with this chronic cardiovascular disorder.

Maackiain Mimics Caloric Restriction through aak-2-Mediated Lipid Reduction in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Obesity prevalence is becoming a serious global health and economic issue and is a major risk factor for concomitant diseases that worsen the quality and duration of life. Therefore, the urgency of the development of novel therapies is of a particular importance. A previous study of ours revealed that the natural pterocarpan, maackiain (MACK), significantly inhibits adipogenic differentiation in human adipocytes through a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ)-dependent mechanism. Considering the observed anti-adipogenic potential of MACK, we aimed to further elucidate the molecular mechanisms that drive its biological activity in a Caenorhabditis elegans obesity model. Therefore, in the current study, the anti-obesogenic effect of MACK (25, 50, and 100 μM) was compared to orlistat (ORST, 12 μM) as a reference drug. Additionally, the hybrid combination between the ORST (12 μM) and MACK (100 μM) was assessed for suspected synergistic interaction. Mechanistically, the observed anti-obesogenic effect of MACK was mediated through the upregulation of the key metabolic regulators, namely, the nuclear hormone receptor 49 (nhr-49) that is a functional homologue of the mammalian PPARs and the AMP-activated protein kinase (aak-2/AMPK) in C. elegans. Collectively, our investigation indicates that MACK has the potential to limit lipid accumulation and control obesity that deserves future developments.

Antidiabetic property of fractions and pure compounds from Andrographis paniculata

Chlorophyll-free fractions of Andrographis paniculata were investigated for glucose uptake and lipid reduction in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. At 25 µg/ml, the acid fraction concentration enhanced glucose uptake by 82%. Basic and neutral fractions at 100 µg/ml enhanced glucose uptake by 82% and 78%, respectively. The three fractions showed improved glucose uptake compared to the crude extract (25% uptake at 50 μg/ml). GC-MS analysis of the fractions revealed the presence of chemicals with antidiabetic activities. The neutral fraction was prioritised for pure compound isolation to provide known andrographolide (1), 14-deoxyandrographolide (2), and a novel compound, 3-epi-11,12-didehydro-14-deoxyandrographolide (5). At a concentration of 1 µM, compounds 2 and 5 are as effective as 10 mM metformin in glucose uptake. They also reduce lipid accumulations in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by decreasing the size and number of lipid droplets. The activities of fractions and compounds support the use of A. paniculata in treating type 2 diabetes.

Totum-070, a Polyphenol-Rich Plant Extract, Prevents Hypercholesterolemia in High-Fat Diet-Fed Hamsters by Inhibiting Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption.

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, and hypercholesterolemia is a central risk factor for atherosclerosis. This study evaluated the effects of Totum-070, a plant-based polyphenol-rich supplement, in hamsters with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced dyslipidemia. The molecular mechanisms of action were explored using human Caco2 enterocytes. Totum-070 supplementation reduced the total cholesterol (-41%), non-HDL cholesterol (-47%), and triglycerides (-46%) in a dose-dependent manner, compared with HFD. HFD-induced hepatic steatosis was also significantly decreased by Totum-070, an effect associated with the reduction in various lipid and inflammatory gene expression. Upon challenging with olive oil gavage, the post-prandial triglyceride levels were strongly reduced. The sterol excretion in the feces was increased in the HFD-Totum-070 groups compared with the HFD group and associated with reduction of intestinal cholesterol absorption. These effects were confirmed in the Caco2 cells, where incubation with Totum-070 inhibited cholesterol uptake and apolipoprotein B secretion. Furthermore, a microbiota composition analysis revealed a strong effect of Totum-070 on the alpha and beta diversity of bacterial species and a significant decrease in the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio. Altogether, our findings indicate that Totum-070 lowers hypercholesterolemia by reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption, suggesting that its use as dietary supplement may be explored as a new preventive strategy for cardiovascular diseases.

Effects of Bee Bread on Serum Lipid Profile in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Female Rats

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) represents one of the most frequent public health problems with increasing prevalence worldwide. This condition is caused by increased hepatic glucose production, lower insulin secretion, and impaired insulin action. Subsequently, the lipid is used as an alternative resource of cellular energy, resulting in abnormalities of lipid metabolism.&#x0D; Aim: To determine effects of Bee Bread on Serum Lipid Profile in Alloxan Induced Diabetic rats&#x0D; Methodology: A total thirty female Sprague-Dawley rats were grouped in to five. Gp1: Non-DM, Gp2: DM Naïve, Gp3: DM + 200BB, Gp4: DM + 400BB and Gp5: DM + Metformin. Animals were induced with DM following single injection of freshly prepared alloxan in normal saline. Animals were treated for three weeks before they were sacrificed using chloroform sedation. Blood samples were collected for Serum Lipid Profile analysis.&#x0D; Results: When compared, Serum TC, TG, and LDL-C were significantly higher in the DM group compared to Non-DM, BB administered and DM + Metformin groups.&#x0D; Reduction in these lipids was achieved with the administration of Bee Bread. HDL-C was significantly lower in the DM group, compared to other groups. The study revealed improvements in serum HDL-C with the administration of Bee Bread.&#x0D; Conclusion: Bee Bread causes reduction in lipids and improves HDL-C in Diabetic Rats.

Abstract 12564: Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Lipid Lowering Effects of the Oral, Liver-Targeted Liver X Receptor (LXR) Inverse Agonist TLC-2716 in Healthy Volunteers

Background: The liver X receptors are oxysterol-activated nuclear hormone receptors that regulate cholesterol homeostasis and de novo lipogenesis. TLC-2716 is an oral, liver-targeted inverse agonist of LXRα/β in development for severe hypertriglyceridemia (SHTG) and NASH. Methods: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo (PBO)-controlled Phase 1 study (NCT05483998), healthy subjects (n=8/2 TLC-2716 vs PBO/cohort) received single ascending doses (SAD) of TLC-2716 (0.5, 2, 6, 12, or 20 mg) or multiple ascending doses (MAD) QD for 14 days (0.5, 2, 6, or 12 mg) while fed or 6 mg fasted. Safety, PK, serum lipid parameters by NMR LipoProfile ® , and gene expression in PBMCs were evaluated. Results: The proportion of subjects with adverse events (AEs) was 60% with PBO and 13-50% with TLC-2716 in the SAD cohorts (n=50), and 40% and 13-88%, respectively, in the MAD cohorts (n=50). All AEs were mild except an unrelated, Grade 2 thrombophlebitis in a subject on TLC-2716 2 mg. TLC-2716 was rapidly absorbed (T max 2-4h) with a short steady-state half-life (T 1/2 ~1.5-2.5h) and low maximal plasma concentrations (C max &lt;7 ng/mL), consistent with rapid hepatic uptake. With fed dosing, TLC-2716 AUC and C max increased less than dose proportionally and were 25-50% lower on Day 14 vs Day 1. With fasted dosing, exposures were similar on Days 1 and 14 and ~3-fold higher than with fed dosing. Significant, dose-dependent reductions in serum triglycerides, total and LDL-C, total and small LDL particles, and TG/HDL-C ratio—but not HDL-C—were observed with TLC-2716 ( Figure ). Lipid reductions were greatest in subjects with higher baseline values. TLC-2716 did not impact LXR target gene expression (e.g., reverse cholesterol transporters ABCA1 , ABCG1 ) in PBMCs, supporting its liver-targeted profile. Conclusion: The liver-targeted LXR inverse agonist TLC-2716 was well tolerated and caused significant lipid lowering in healthy subjects, supporting its evaluation in patients with SHTG and NASH.

Abstract 15234: Greater Statin Interruption Rates and Lower Adherence for Women versus Men With HIV in the United States

Introduction: People with HIV, particularly women, have an elevated CVD risk, and a recent trial showed they can benefit from statin initiation even at low/moderate predicted CVD risk. Yet &lt;50% of patients with HIV on statins experience adequate lipid reductions. To inform efforts to reduce CVD risk and gender disparities in this population, we examined statin persistence and adherence by gender in a nationwide sample of privately insured people with HIV. Methods: Among people with HIV ≥18 in MarketScan Commercial Claims who initiated a statin in 2015-2020, we used outpatient pharmacy claims to estimate 1) time to statin interruption (first gap &gt;30 days) and 2) monthly proportion of days covered (PDC) by a statin. PDC analyses censored people if they were off statins ≥6 months. We estimated gender differences in interruption rates using hazard ratios (HR) and in having low adherence (PDC&lt;80%) using risk ratios (RR) adjusted for age, calendar year, US census region, and employment status. Results: There were 7809 statin initiators (17% women; 60% in the South; median age 52 years, IQR 47-57). Two years after statin initiation, 81.0% (95% CI 78.1%-83.8%) of women and 69.8% (68.4%-71.3%) of men had ≥1 statin interruption (adjusted HR women vs. men 1.35 [1.25-1.46]) (Fig. 1A). Monthly PDC decreased in the first 6 months of statin use to 61% for women and 68% for men, then increased to 73% and 80%, respectively, after 2 years (Fig. 1B). Over all months, women more commonly had PDC&lt;80%, with an adjusted RR of 1.27 (1.20-1.34). Conclusions: People with HIV had high statin interruption rates and adherence &lt;80% at most time points, with disparities for women versus men. It is possible that, despite having insurance, women with HIV in this sample are more affected than men with HIV by socioeconomic and other barriers to statin adherence. Gender-specific efforts in people with HIV should address these barriers to promote adherence to CVD preventative pharmacotherapy in this population at high risk.

Adipo-myokine Irisin, a Promising Antioxidant against Nicotine Induced Oxidative Stress in BALB/c mice.

To determine the role of r-irisin in attenuating nicotine-induced oxidative stress by estimating serum oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzymes in BALB/c mice. This 18 month experimental study was carried out at Foundation University Islamabad and National Institute of Health starting in 2020. Thirty healthy BALB/c mice were divided into three groups. Group-I (control group) received normal saline 1ml/kg body weight intra-peritoneally daily for 28 days. Experimental group, Group-II received nicotine 2mg/kg body weight intra-peritoneally, for 28 days to induce oxidative stress. Experimental Group-III was given r-irisin 0.5 μg/g body weight/day via tail vein injection, for the last 14 days in addition to intraperitoneal nicotine for 28 days. On 29th day, intra-cardiac blood samples were taken for estimation of serum antioxidant enzymes [Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Reduced Glutathione (GSH) and Catalases (CAT)], and Thiobarbituric Acid-Reactive Substances (TBARS) levels as lipid peroxidation marker using ELISA. SPSS version 24 was used for statistical analysis. Significant difference in parameters across groups was calculated using one way ANOVA. P-value of < 0.05 was considered significant. Group-II showed statistically significant increase in serum lipid peroxidation marker (TBARS) levels (p<0.001) and reduction in serum anti-oxidative enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH) levels (p< 0.001) as compared to Group-I. In Group-III, with co administration of r-irisin, significant improvement in antioxidant enzymes levels and reduction in TBARS levels was observed (p< 0.001) as compared to Group-II. Irisin ameliorates nicotine induced oxidative stress by improving serum anti-oxidant enzyme levels and reducing serum lipid peroxidation marker.

Sodium sesquicarbonate elicits oxidative stress in erythrocytes, liver and kidney tissues

Sodium sesquicarbonate also known as Sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate (SSD) has been used globally for centuries in food and traditional medical practices. There is paucity of scientific information on the safety of this common food additive. This study was designed to find out if the oral administration of SSD is capable of generating oxidative stress in erythrocytes, liver and kidney using albino rats as experimental models. The total number of animals used for this study was fifteen. The experimental animals were grouped into three. There were five animals in each group. The rats in the first group which was the control group, were dosed with 1 ml distilled water, while groups 2 and 3 were treated with 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg body weight (bw) of SSD, respectively, once daily per os for 28 days. After the duration of treatment, the erythrocytes, hepatic and kidney tissues were processed for the analysis. The biomarkers of oxidative stress, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase; and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances/ malondialdehyde (TBARS/MDA) were assayed. The result indicated that catalase enzyme activity was overexpressed in the red blood cells, liver and kidneys of the group that consumed the lower dose of SSD. The dose-dependent increase in the lipid peroxidation of the tissues as indicated by increased levels of MDA in the erythrocytes and TBARS in the tissues of the treated groups was significant (P &lt; 0.05). The SOD enzyme activity in all the tissues assayed showed a dose-dependent decrease, which was significant at the probability level of 0.05. The consumption of SSD therefore caused lipid peroxidation and reduction in activity of the antioxidants present in the tissues studied.

The protective effect of Lemon Peel Essential Oil on Pancreas and Brain Oxidative Stress and Inflammation induced by Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide in rats: Behavioral and Biochemical Evidences

The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of Moroccan lemon peel essential oil (LPEO) on various aspects such as anti-hyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anxiolytic activities in diabetic rats. The animals were divided into five groups: normal control group, diabetic control group, diabetic group treated with metformin (300mg/kg), and two diabetic groups treated with LPEO at doses of 0.6ml/kg and 1.2ml/kg, respectively. T2DM was induced in the rats by administering intraperitoneal injections of Streptozotocin and Nicotinamide. Treatment with LPEO or metformin was initiated immediately after confirming the presence of hyperglycemia and continued for a duration of four weeks. Anxiety-related behavior in the rats was assessed using two behavioral tests. 24 hours after conducting the behavioral tests, all rats were anesthetized, and blood samples were taken for the analysis of lipid parameters. The pancreas and brain were dissected to assess TNF-alpha, SOD, and MDA levels. Treatments with LPEO contributed significantly to the preservation of lipid profile and reduction of the atherosclerosis index in diabetic rats (p&lt;.05). Additionally, there was a notable decrease in MDA and TNF-α concentration in the pancreas and brain of diabetic rats treated with LPEO associated with a remarkable increase in SOD activity in the pancreas and brain compared to diabetic control group (p&lt;.05). Lastly, both LPEO and metformin treatments demonstrated significant improvements in anxiety-related behavior in this rat model (p&lt;.05). These positive effects could potentially be attributed to the potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of both treatments.

ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIC EFFECT OF CORN SILK ETHANOL EXTRACT (Stigma maydis) ON HIGH FAT DIET INDUCED WHITE RATS

Hyperlipidemia is a state when there is an elevation in total cholesterol, triglycerides, Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and a reduction in High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) levels. The aim of this research is to investigate the antihyperlipidaemic effects of corn silk and determine the effective dosage of corn silk for reducing cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and increasing HDL levels in male rats induced by a high-fat diet and PTU. This experiment utilized 24 male Wistar rats divided into six groups, each consisting of individuals aged 2-3 months and weighing between 200 and 250 grams. The groups were labelled as follows: negative control (Na CMC0.5%), positive control, comparison (simvastatin), and treatment I, II, III (with extract doses of 50 mg/KgBW, 100 mg/KgBW, and 150 mg/KgBW). The rats were administered a high-fat diet and propylthiouracil for a period of seven days to induce an increase in cholesterol levels. For the subsequent seven days, the extract was administered. The study results demonstrate that corn silk extract can significantly decrease cholesterol by 46%, 49% and 51%, and LDL by 57%, 61% and 67%, and that corn hair extract can decrease triglycerides by 60%, 65% and 67%, and increase HDL by 21%, 24% and 28%. Thus, it can be concluded that corn silk extract possesses antihyperlipidemic activity with significant value (p&lt;0.005), and the most effective dose for lipid reduction is 150 mg/Kg BB.

Metabolomics analysis delineates the therapeutic effects of Yinlan Tiaozhi capsule on triton WR-1339 -induced hyperlipidemia in mice.

Hyperlipidemia is a disorder of lipid metabolism resulting from abnormal blood lipid metabolism and is one of the most frequent metabolic diseases that endanger people's health. Yinlan Tiaozhi capsule (YL) is a formulated TCM widely used to treat hyperlipidemia. The purpose of this study was to discover biomarkers utilizing untargeted metabolomics techniques, as well as to analyze the mechanisms underlying the changes in metabolic pathways linked to lipid-lowering, anti-inflammation, and regulation of angiogenesis in hyperlipidemia mice. To assess the efficacy of YL, serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) levels were measured. Biochemical examinations showed that YL significantly reduced the levels of TC, TG, LDL-c, Il6, Tnf-α, and Vegfa in hyperlipidemia mice (p < 0.01). YL also significantly increased the levels of HDL-c and Alb (p < 0.01). Twenty-seven potential serum biomarkers associated with hyperlipidemia were determined. These differential metabolites were related to the reduction of serum lipid levels in hyperlipidemia mice, probably through metabolic pathways such as linoleic acid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, and D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism. Further correlation analysis showed that the serum lipid reduction through YL was related to the metabolites (amino acid metabolites, phospholipids metabolites, and fatty acids metabolites). The present study reveals that YL has a profound effect on alleviating triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemia, inflammation, and angiogenesis and that the positive effects of YL were primarily associated with the correction of metabolic abnormalities and the maintenance of metabolite dynamic balance.

Insights into the mechanism of action of the chlorophyll derivative 13-2-hydroxypheophytine a on reducing neutral lipid reserves in zebrafish larvae and mice adipocytes

Obesity is a worldwide epidemic and natural products may hold promise in its treatment. The chlorophyll derivative 13-2-hydroxypheophytine (hpa) was isolated in a screen with zebrafish larvae to identify lipid reducing molecules from cyanobacteria. However, the mechanisms underlying the lipid-reducing effects of hpa in zebrafish larvae remain poorly understood. Thus, investigating the mechanism of action of hpa and validation in other model organisms such as mice represents important initial steps.In this study, we identified 14 protein targets of hpa in zebrafish larvae by thermal proteome profiling, and selected two targets (malate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase) involved in cellular metabolism for further validation by enzymatic measurements. Our findings revealed a dose-dependent inhibition of pyruvate kinase by hpa exposure using protein extracts of zebrafish larvae in vitro, and in exposure experiments from 3 to 5 days post fertilization in vivo. Analysis of untargeted metabolomics of zebrafish larvae detected 940 mass peaks (66 increased, 129 decreased) and revealed that hpa induced the formation of various phospholipid species (phosphoinositol, phosphoethanolamine, phosphatidic acid). Inter-species validation showed that brown adipocytes exposed to hpa significantly reduced the size of lipid droplets, increased maximal mitochondrial respiratory capacity, and the expression of PPARy during adipocyte differentiation.In line with our data, previous work described that reduced pyruvate kinase activity lowered hepatic lipid content via reduced pyruvate and citrate, and improved mitochondrial function via phospholipids. Thus, our data provide new insights into the molecular mechanism underlying the lipid reducing activities of hpa in zebrafish larvae, and species overlapping functions in reduction of lipids.

Diet of Broilers with Essential Oil from Citrus sinensis and Xylopia aromatica Fruits

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of essential oils from the fruits of Citrus sinensis and Xylopia aromatica, included in broiler feed, on blood parameters, the biometrics of digestive organs, bone analyses, and the biochemical profiles of the viscera, as well as the histomorphometry of the small intestine. In this study, 180 one-day-old male chicks of the Cobb 500 strain were fed a corn and soybean meal over three treatments and six replications, and the experimental design was completely randomized. The data were subjected to an analysis of variance and a Tukey test at a 5% significance level. The effect of the experimental diets on performance, blood parameters, biometrics of the digestive organs, bone analysis, and biochemical profiles of the viscera, as well as the histomorphometry of the small intestine, were evaluated. The compounds identified in the essential oil of X. aromatica were sylvestrene, α-pinene, and β-pinene, while in C. sinensis they were limonene and myrcene. The essential oils of C. sinensis and X. aromatica had no significant effect on performance at 14 days. The effects of the presence of the essential oils of C. sinensis and X. aromatica on the response were beneficial: there were reductions in liver lipids, cholesterol, and triglycerides, and in the depths of the crypts in the jejunum of chickens. So, the essential oils from the fruits of C. sinensis and X. aromatica can be used in broiler chickens to improve the lipid profiles of birds without affecting their performance.

Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Mapping Reveals the Mechanism of Action of Ceftazidime/Avibactam against Pan-Drug-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Here, we employed an integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics approach to investigate the molecular mechanism(s) of action of ceftazidime/avibactam against a pan-drug-resistant K. pneumoniae clinical isolate from a patient with urinary tract infection. Ceftazidime/avibactam induced time-dependent perturbations in the metabolome and transcriptome of the bacterium, mainly at 6 h, with minimal effects at 1 and 3 h. Metabolomics analysis revealed a notable reduction in essential lipids involved in outer membrane glycerolipid biogenesis. This disruption effect extended to peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide biosynthetic pathways, including lipid A and O-antigen assembly. Importantly, ceftazidime/avibactam not only affected the final steps of peptidoglycan biosynthesis in the periplasm, a common mechanism of ceftazidime action, but also influenced the synthesis of lipid-linked intermediates and early stages of cytoplasmic peptidoglycan synthesis. Furthermore, ceftazidime/avibactam substantially inhibited central carbon metabolism (e.g., the pentose phosphate pathway and tricarboxylic acid cycle). Consistently, the dysregulation of genes governing these metabolic pathways aligned with the metabolomics findings. Certain metabolomics and transcriptomics signatures associated with ceftazidime resistance were also perturbed. Consistent with the primary target of antibiotic activity, biochemical assays also confirmed the direct impact of ceftazidime/avibactam on peptidoglycan production. This study explored the intricate interactions of ceftazidime and avibactam within bacterial cells, including their impact on cell envelope biogenesis and central carbon metabolism. Our findings revealed the complexities of how ceftazidime/avibactam operates, such as hindering peptidoglycan formation in different cellular compartments. In summary, this study confirms the existing hypotheses about the antibacterial and resistance mechanisms of ceftazidime/avibactam while uncovering novel insights, including its impact on lipopolysaccharide formation.