Reduction Of Gingival Inflammation Research Articles

Sulfadiazines prevent plaque formation and gingivitis in beagles

The effect of zinc sulfadiazine (ZnSD) and silver sulfadiazine (AgSD) on developing plaque formation and gingivitis was studied in 12 beagle dogs over a 14-week period. Plaque and gingival indices were used to measure plaque formation and gingivitis. During a 2-wk baseline period each dog was brought to optimal gingival health with prophylaxis and tooth brushing. Thereafter, 4 dogs were treated twice daily with topical application of 3.0% zinc sulfadiazine; 4 dogs were treated with 2.0% silver sulfadiazine while 4 dogs treated with placebo gel served as controls over a 12-wk treatment period. At wk 2 of treatment, all three groups of dogs showed an increase in plaque build-up on their teeth from baseline. By wk 6, plaque accumulation on the teeth was significantly less in dogs treated with either ZnSD or AgSD compared to control dogs. At wk 2 of treatment, gingival inflammation was increased from baseline in all three groups. Thereafter, over the course of the 12-wk treatment period, gingival inflammation in the ZnSD and the AgSD treated dogs was significantly less than the placebo treated dogs. The data indicate that both ZnSD and AgSD inhibit developing plaque formation in beagles. This significant inhibition of plaque formation was accompanied by a significant reduction in gingival inflammation.

Ｐａｐｉｌｌｏｎ‐Ｌｅｆｅｖｒｅ症候群患者２名の臨床的，免疫学的および細菌学的検査所見および治療経過について

Papillon-Lefèvre Syndrome (PLS) is a rare disease accompanied by palmo-plantar hyperkeratosis and rapidly progressive periodontal breakdown of deciduous and permanent dentition. Two unrelated female PLS patients, four and seven years old, with severe periodontal destruction were examined. Antibody titers against seven strains by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), microbial cultures from deep periodontal pockets and mouth rinse samples and immunoblotting analysis were performed. Titers against Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (A.a.) were found to be high by the ELISA test. Microbial cultures of A. a. were found in high percentage and immunoblotting results against sonicated extracts of an A. a. Y4 strain had similar patterns. All deciduous teeth were extracted from the younger patient, later permanent dentition erupted uneventfully and A. a. colonies could not be detected. However, the older patient did not exhibit improvement with conventional periodontal therapy and antibiotic (minocycline/erythromycin) treatment and A. a. colonies could be consistently cultured. After a subsequent ofloxacin medication, A. a. colony detection was suppressed. Furthermore, a reduction of gingival inflammation and pocket depth were observed. Therefore, A. a. was associated as an important pathogen in the etiology of periodontal disease in these PLS patients.

Transition dynamics in experimental gingivitis in humans

This study was conducted in order to investigate the dynamics of the gingival inflammatory status during periods of plaque accumulation and thorough oral hygiene. After a period of prophylaxis, 42 volunteers were asked to abstain from all oral hygiene measures for 2 weeks, whereafter oral hygiene was reinstituted. In the absence of oral hygiene, plaque was found at virtually all sites after 7 days and the number of sites with gingivitis increased simultaneously. A reduction in gingival inflammation occurred subsequent to plaque removal. During phases of both plaque accumulation and thorough oral hygiene, sites were found to convert from non-inflamed to inflamed status concurrently, as in the reverse direction. No association between plaque and gingivitis was revealed. The gingival status of a single site was a poor predictor of its status on the subsequent occasion. The proportion of inflamed sites converting to non-inflamed status was greater than the proportion of non-inflamed sites converting to inflamed status at any time. The estimated incidence rate remained fairly constant during both the plaque accumulation phase and the oral hygiene phase, whereas the estimated recovery rate was considerable lower during the plaque accumulation phase compared to oral hygiene phase. The clinical appearance is the outcome of the dynamics between these rates. The steady-state prevalences derived from the estimated "incidence" and "recovery" rates were quite similar to the actual findings after 14 d of plaque accumulation and the subsequent 10 d of thorough oral hygiene.

Effects of sugared and sugar‐free chewing gum on the accumulation of plaque and debris on the teeth

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of sugar-free and sugar-containing gums on plaque formation, established plaque and salivary debris. Plaque accumulating during three 5-day periods was recorded in a group of 10 students who, in the absence of normal oral hygiene methods, chewed sugar-free or sugar-containing chewing gum or did not chew gum. In a second group of 10 students the effect of chewing the two types of gum on 3-day accumulations of plaque was recorded. Finally, the wet weight of liquorice debris present in saliva with and without gum chewing, was recorded. During the no chewing periods distinct and significant differences in the amounts of plaque accumulating at different sites were apparent. Both types of chewing gum significantly and comparably reduced plaque accumulation during the 5-day period. The chewing gums also significantly reduced established plaque on many tooth surfaces. Salivary debris was significantly reduced by 50% after chewing gum. It was noted that plaque removal occurred primarily from sites remote from the gingival margin and interdental areas and therefore it was concluded that the observed effects of chewing gum on plaque would not be reflected in a reduction in gingival inflammation.

The effect of different plaque control modalities on the keratinizing potential of the sulcular epithelium in monkeys.

The purpose of this study was to determine if various plaque control regimes would be effective in permitting the gingival sulcular epithelium to keratinize. Three adult Rhesus monkeys had their teeth scaled and were placed on specific plaque control regimes including various combinations of prophylaxes, topical chlorhexidine and systemic tetracycline. Over the 2-month experimental period, weekly Plaque and Gingival Indices were determined. Subgingival plaque samples were obtained during the first 2 treatment weeks and at the end of the 1st month. Block sections of individual teeth from the different experimental regimes were serially sectioned to be evaluated histologically for inflammation and keratinization. Plaque and Gingival Indices were significantly reduced by the end of the 8th week compared to the pretreatment levels for all experimental regimes, except that the regime consisting only of three prophylaxes per week failed to reduce the Gingival Index significantly. Rubber cup prophylaxes were less effective in reducing plaque and inflammation than when the prophylaxes were combined with topical chlorhexidine application or systemic tetracycline administration. However, all experimental regimes were capable of reducing the subgingival bacterial flora to a level permitting sufficient reduction in gingival inflammation so that sulcular keratinization would occur. Some degree of sulcular keratinization was observed for every tooth of all experimental regimes. All regimes caused a significant decrease in the Inflammatory Indices relative to the control values. A negative correlation was found between the Crestal Inflammatory Index and the Keratin Width and Keratin Length, while a positive correlation was apparent between the Keratin Width and Keratin Length.

The Effect of Urea Peroxide on Dilantin Hyperplasia

1. A significant inverse relationship was found between the severity of the hyperplasia and the duration of SDH. 2. The severity of hyperplasia and in flammation was found to vary significantly and inversely with oral hygiene scores. 3. Tooth brushing twice a day and the application of Oxygel showed no significant clinical changes on the inflammation and hyperplasia in the test group, whereas the control group using a placebo showed a moderate reduction in gingival inflammation.

The effect of toothbrushing and scaling in periodontal therapy (author's transl)

The efficacy and limitation of toothbrushing (rolling method) and scaling in the treatment of periodontal disease were examined in 14 patients, who were suffering from gingivitis and mild periodontitis not due to poor restoration and malocclusions. The periodontal status was measured with Gingival Index system (GI), periodontal pocket depth, purulent exudation and bone score. The oral hygiene was expressed as debris index (DI) and calculus index (CI).The results were summarized as follows:1. Brushing and scaling was effective in removing a dental plaque.2. Gingival inflammatory intensity was reduced by removing a dental plaque (DI=0), but gingival inflammation was not improved in about 15% of that group.3. Scaling was effective in the reduction of gingival inflammation. The deposition of a dental plaque was found in 49% of the group in which gingival inflammatory status was not improved by scaling.4. The effect of brushing and scaling on a periodontal pocket:1) The deeper the periodontal pocket, the lower the rate of healing of a periodontal pocket.2) Correlation between a periodontl pocket depth and a degree of a dental plaque deposit was not found.3) It was shown that the improvement of gingival inflammation followed by removing a dentalplaque deposit was necessary in the healing of a periodontal pocket.4) The improvement of gingival inflammation with removing a dental deposit was observed in about 25% of the group in which a periodontal pocket was not still diminished by brushing and scaling. It was assumed that many other factors except a dental deposit played an important role in the pathosis of a periodontal pocket formation.5) The percentage of purulent exudation was higher in the group in which a periodontal pocket was not diminished than in the group in which a pocket was healed. The periodontal pocket with purulent exudation was one of the criteria of the limitation of brushing and scaling.

A study on the effects of additives in dentifrices in the prevention of periodontal diseases (author's transl)

Three different agents were added to dentifrice used daily for the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases and the effects of the three dentifrices were evaluated.Healthy adult women were selected as subjects. Twenty were assigned to a group using a dentifrice containing Tranexamic acid, 19 to a group using a dentifrice containing stearylglycyrrhetinate, and the remaining 20 to a group using a dentifrice containing α-amylase. They were instructed to apply each dentifrice with a toothbrush for one month continually. All subjects received 5 examinations of the periodontal tissue at intervals of 7 days and changes of subjective and objective conditions were observed at each time.The following results were obtained: the dentifrice containing Tranexamic acid was effective in the reduction of gingival inflammation, in the regression of gingival bleeding and swelling and tooth mobility; the dentifrice containing Stearylglycyrrhetinate was effective in the removal of bad breath and oral ill feeling; the dentifrice containing α-amylase, however, was not significantly effective, compared to the other two dentifrices.Therefore, Tranexamic acid was encouraging when added to the dentifrice as an agent for preventing gingival diseases, and so with Stearylglycyrrhetinate for removing bad breath.