Reduce Feed Costs Research Articles

USE OF SUGAR BEET PRODUCTION WASTE IN FEED ADDITIVES

This article presents a recipe for a feed additive for dairy cows. According to the calculated recipe, experimental batches of feed additives were developed in the feed mill. The nutritional and energy value of the obtained feed additives were determined. According to the results obtained, when using beet pulp 15%, molasses 15% in place of wheat bran, the digestible protein increases by 45-50%, and good results are also obtained for other quality indicators. It has been experimentally confirmed that the use of cattle rations of sugar beet production waste contributes to the reduction of feed costs, the cost of production of a unit of production.

FEED CONVERSION RATE, GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF AZOLLA ON POULTRY AND LIVESTOCK: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

The rapid rise in soybean prices has necessitated a potential replacement protein source for animal feed. Azolla is a Salviniaceae duckweed with valuable properties that have captivated the public. Its abundance reduces feed costs, which account for the majority of overall production costs. The research on Azolla is extensive, but the efficiency as a potential feed for livestock and poultry is limited. Thus, there is an urgent need to study the efficacy of Azolla as feed materials. A systematic literature review was conducted to collect and analyze information on Azolla as feed materials. Following the Report Standards for Systematic Evidence Synthesis (ROSES) protocol, 13 studies (years 2000-2021) were extracted and reviewed from Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed. Three aspects were primarily highlighted to review the efficacy of using Azolla as feed: (1) feed conversion rate, (2) growth performance, and (3) biological effects on poultry and livestock. This study revealed that the efficacy and proportion of Azolla in feed vary by animal type. The findings offer greater information on current research directions on this subject.

Canopy characterization and nutritive value of stockpiled ‘Floralta’ limpograss

AbstractLimpograss [Hemarthria altissima (Poir.) Stapf and C. E. Hubb.] has been gaining ground in beef cattle production as a stockpiling option. This study evaluated canopy characteristics of stockpiled pastures of limpograss cultivar Floralta over two cool seasons. Treatments included canopy layers (upper third, middle, lower third) and plant fractions (leaf and stem) arranged in a randomized split block design. There were 12 paddocks (blocks) with 1.2 ha each. Response variables included forage mass, canopy height and density, proportion of leaf and stem, and leaf and stem nutritive value within each layer. Forage mass fluctuated throughout the season, varying from 4,410 kg dry matter (DM) ha–1 in December to 7,220 kg DM ha–1 in October. Canopy bulk density was greater in February compared with November and December (290 vs. 145 kg ha–1 cm–1), and similar to October and January (200 kg ha–1 cm–1, on average). The lower canopy layer had the greatest proportion of stem whereas the upper layer had greatest proportion of leaves. Leaf had greater in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM) (700 g kg–1) compared with stem (600 g kg–1). Leaf/stem ratio was greater in the upper layer (1.12), but similar between the middle and lower layers (0.4, on average). Leaf crude protein (CP) was greater than stem CP 70 vs. 20 g kg–1), with no differences between stem CP across evaluation dates. Stockpiled limpograss maintained leaf and stem digestibility and can be used as an alternative to reduce feeding costs in North Florida during the cool season.

Starchy and fibrous feedstuffs differ in their in vitro digestibility and fermentation characteristics and differently modulate gut microbiota of swine

BackgroundAlternative feedstuffs may contribute to reducing feed costs of pig production. But these feedstuffs are typically rich in fiber and resistant starch (RS). Dietary fibers and RS are fermented in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and modulate the microbial community. Certain microbes in the GIT can promote host health, depending on the type of fermentation substrates available. In this study, six alternative feedstuffs (three starchy: Okinawan sweet potato, OSP; yam, and taro, and three fibrous: wheat millrun, WMR; barley brewers grain, BBG; and macadamia nut cake, MNC) were evaluated for their in vitro digestibility and fermentation characteristics and their effects on pig’s hindgut microbial profile. After 2 steps of enzymatic digestion assay, residues were fermented using fresh pig feces as microbial inoculum, and gas production was recorded periodically for 72 h and modeled for fermentation kinetics. After fermentation, the residual liquid phase was analyzed for short-chain fatty acid (SCFA), and the solid phase was used to determine the nutrient’s digestibility and microbial community.ResultsIn vitro ileal digestibility of dry matter and gross energy was higher in starchy than fibrous feedstuffs. Total gas and SCFA production were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in starchy feedstuffs than fibrous feedstuffs. Both acetate and propionate production was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in all starchy feedstuffs than BBG and MNC; WMR was in between. Overall alpha diversity was not significantly different within and between starchy and fibrous feedstuffs. Beta diversity (measured using bray Curtis dissimilarity distance) of starchy feedstuffs was significantly different (P < 0.005) than fibrous feedstuffs.ConclusionStarchy feedstuffs acted as a substrate to similar types of microbes, whereas fibrous feedstuffs resulted in a more diverse microbial population. Such alternative feedstuffs may exert comparable beneficial effects, thus may be included in swine diets to improve gut health.

Disain Mesin Pengaduk Pakan Puyuh Yang Dilengkapi Dengan Komponen Penyemprot Cairan Fermentasi

This study was carried out to deal with reducing feed cost and provide high quality poultry feed for the local breed of quail through the provision of feed mixer machines equipped with fermentation equipment. Mixing feed poultry using machines is much faster, accurate and less energy consuming compered with manual mixing. Poultry feed mixing machine was designed, fabricated and tested. The machine consists of two function as mixing and fermented liquid spray. The design computations to handle a 400 Kg mass of feed and 4 L of fermented liquid. The machine was tested using afeed components divided into 170 kg for Maize bran, 120 kg for bran, 2 kg for mineral, 136 kg for Bone meal , 2 kg for Salt and 4L fermented liquid replicated twice at four mixing durations of 4, 8, 12 and 16 min. The perfect homogenious mixing was got in 16 min

What is useful to know about the use of organic acids in feed and water for poultry

The ban on the use of antibiotic stimulators of poultry productivity, as well as the growing awareness of consumers in the field of food safety and poultry health, were an incentive for the introduction of alternative concepts for maintaining the health of the gastrointestinal tract, on the condition of which 70% of feed costs in the structure of the cost of production depend. We have summarized the results of our own research on the use of acidifiers through feed and water. It is shown that in order to select an effective dose of the drug, it is necessary to determine the acid-binding properties of the components (KSS), which differ significantly and if this is not taken into account, then adding an acidifier to compound feeds with low KSS can cause cloacitis. At the same time, on compound feeds with high KSS, the addition of an acidifier contributed to a decrease in the indicator by 20-36%, which led to an improvement in the microbiological balance in the gastrointestinal tract, an increase in the digestibility of protein, fat, fiber by 3.1; 2.1 and 4.9%, respectively. The use of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus increased by 5.6; 4.1; 4.9%, and the productivity of broilers by 3.1% while reducing feed costs per unit of production by 4.21 and 7.38%, respectively, in physical and monetary terms. When using organic acids (KisOrg) through water (300 ml/t to pH-4.5) five times for three days in a row during the period of rearing repair young, the live weight of chickens and roosters increased by 1.92% and 2.6%, the uniformity by weight increased by 5.6% and 7.3%, respectively. The same mixture of acids, when applied three times through water in an amount of 350ml / t (pH 4.0) when growing broilers, contributed to an increase in live weight by 3.1% while reducing feed costs by 4.5%.

Selected dietary plant-based proteins for growth and health response of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus

Tilapia culture is one of the largest sectors of global aquaculture. Among the different species of tilapia, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is perhaps the top cultured species. The production of Nile tilapia has been continually increasing throughout the years resulting in genetic deterioration. Several tilapia strains with better growth performance and adaptive capability to survive in different culture conditions have been developed to alleviate the crisis. Increased demand for Nile tilapia implies higher farming cost. Plant-based proteins are utilized as partial or complete fishmeal replacements to reduce feed cost. However, these proteins can adversely affect and alter growth and feed performance, carcass composition and indices, and gut and hepatic health. This review discusses the use of seven plant-based proteins: namely, soybean, copra, pea, corn, palm kernel, microalgae, and seaweed as a Nile tilapia aquafeed. Different processing methods are employed to produce several types of plant-based proteins. Processed plant-protein types, when utilized as an aquafeed ingredient, vary in its effect on the performance, hemato-immunological parameters, and gut and hepatic health of Nile tilapia. Studies have shown that Nile tilapia can effectively maximize plant-based protein diets based on the preparation method, type of plant source, amino acid supplementation, and inclusion levels of the plant proteins. These readily available crops should be considered as primary protein sources for aquaculture. Hindrances to the use of plant-based proteins as a main dietary protein are limiting amino acids, presence of anti-nutritional factors, and the competition between its demand as human food and as animal feed.

Practice of application of fish rotation in KFH “BAM” Astrakhan region

The modern development of pond aquaculture dictates the need to improve biotechnologies to increase productivity, reduce costs and produce highquality fish products. Fish rotation is a system of sequentially growing fish and crops to improve the soil and optimize the natural food supply in ponds in order to increase the productivity of the crops grown. In recent years, this practice has been widely developed in many farms of the country, and in particular, in the BAM peasant farm, which is one of the largest in the Astrakhan region, where up to 400 tons of fish and 700 tons of fish are produced annually on six hundred hectares of pond areas. gourds. On the basis of this farm, in the fish-breeding season of 2021, studies were carried out, according to a comparative assessment, of the fish-breeding indicators of carp and herbivorous fish grown in three ponds before and after melon crops. The temperature and hydrochemical regimes, changes in the weight of the studied individuals and the total biomass of fish in the ponds for the season from March to September, as well as feed costs, fish productivity and melon crops were studied. Carp were fed manually in the ponds with wheat or barley, which were applied to feeding places once a day in the morning, with a volume of 5% of the total fish biomass. This year, one pond was taken out for flying, and melons were grown in it, and in pond No. 4, experimental work was carried out to grow cyprinid fish species after cultivating melons in it. The obtained results indicate that the use of ponds for growing gourds — melons allows for the next year to improve the natural food base, which has a positive effect on fish breeding indicators: survival rate, fish productivity and reduced feed costs. Growing gourds in fish ponds improves the yield of melons by 24.4% compared to normal conditions.

Ways to improve the quality of livestock products by feeding natural BUMVD

Relevance. More protein is required for the formation of meat than for obtaining high weight gain of pigs, many scientific papers and experimental studies have been devoted to optimizing metabolism and increasing animal productivity through the use of nontraditional sources of protein, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals, but there are poorly studied feed products. Soy okara is of scientific interest as a multicomponent proteincarbohydrate-mineral-vitamin supplement (BUMVD). It is of natural origin, non-toxic, urease is not active in it, that is, it does not require special treatment for feeding pigs. In comparison with soy, which contains anti-nutritional substances — toxic substances, trypsin inhibitor and urease, which reduce the use of protein by all kinds of animals, and in monogastric animals can even cause poisoning.Methods. Production tests were carried out for 180 days in the pig farm of the Ulyanovsk region on 1560 pigs. The object of the study was pigs of a large white breed, of different ages and physiological conditions. For physiological experiments, 5 animals per group were selected according to the method of analogues. Single sows were inseminated and the supplement was fed 30 days before the piglets were born. Piglets and suckling sows were kept in individual cages. Weaning was carried out in 45 days. Piglets on cultivation and fattening were kept in a group way. Two groups of animals were formed: the 1st (control) received the main ration (OR), the 2nd (experience) — with BUMVD. The conditions of keeping pigs in the control and experimental groups were the same, the difference between the groups was in feeding, the additive was fed at a dose of 100 to 500 g/head/day according to the scheme.Results. The introduction of natural BUMVD (soy okara) into the diet of pigs contributes to an increase in the level of their productivity: suckling of sows; large-fruited piglets; the intensity of growth of young pigs; improving the meat-sucking qualities of carcasses; reducing feed costs, improving the quality of pork, its energy value.

Strategies to Reduce Feed Cost in Small Scale Aquaculture

Strategies to Reduce Feed Cost in Small Scale Aquaculture

Growth performance, carcass characteristics and cost implications of supplementing Turkey poults with toasted Bambara nut by-products

Legumes provide high quality proteins with nutritional benefits for monogastric animals. Compared to other legume pulses, Bambara nuts (Vigna subterranean) grow in marginal soils, contain 12 different proteins and 214 identifiable peptides that readily provide nutritional and health benefits to consumers. Toasted Bambara nuts are consumed by humans, while the shells are ground and included in both poultry and ruminant rations as a readily degradable protein source. The hypothesis that turkey poults supplemented with toasted Bambara nuts by-products will respond with higher daily weight gains, faster growth, superior carcass characteristics, heavier organs and higher profit margins than unsupplemented poults was tested in this study with the primary objective of evaluating the response of grower turkey poults to supplementation with graded levels of Bambara nut by-products. The feeding trial lasted for 56 days and a completely randomised experimental design was utilised to randomly allocate 60 poults to five treatments of 12 poults each, comprising the control (0%), 7.5, 15, 22.5 and 30% inclusion level of toasted Bambara nut by-products. Compared to the control group, supplemented poults achieved a significantly better (P < 0.05) feed conversion ratio, heavier carcass traits, total and eviscerated organ weights and faster average daily gains. This superior performance was highest in poults supplemented at the 30% inclusion level which returned an 85% profit margin and a 10% reduction in feed cost compared to unsupplemented poults. These findings imply that turkey farmers can break even while achieving superior growth performance, heavier carcasses and nutritional benefits accruing from supplementation with toasted Bambara nuts by-products, hence the need to accept the tested hypothesis.

Meat productivity of quails depending on keeping and feeding conditions when using a feed additive

This publication presents the results of studying the influence of the method of keeping Texas quails and feeding with the use of a feed additive in their diet, which is an autolysate of the biomass of the fungal culture Cephaliophora tropica, saturated with useful trace elements and amino acids, on economic and productive indicators of poultry. The conducted research work has shown that the cultivation of Texas quails with the use of mushroom autolysate in their diet is effective, but the highest economic and productive indicators were revealed when keeping poultry in the outdoor way. Thus, when analyzing the viability of poultry, it was found that the studied indicator was 94.0 %, the live weight of quails at the end of the studies exceeded similar groups of birds by 4.4 %, the increase, on average, was 394.53 g, which is 4.5 % higher, while reducing feed costs by 1.0 kg, an increase of 3.7 %. When assessing meat productivity, there was also a positive dynamics from the method of feeding and maintenance, which was expressed in an increase in the slaughter index by 1.9 %, the mass of the pectoral muscles by 3.4 %, the mass of the leg muscles by 7.0 %, and all muscles in general by 6.5 %.

The relationship of feed intake, growth, nutrient retention, and oxygen consumption to feed conversion ratio of farmed saltwater Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

Feed conversion ratio (FCR) is the ratio between feed intake and weight gain. By improving FCR within a species, feed intake can be reduced for the same amount of growth, thus reducing feed costs and environmental impacts. To enable selection for improved FCR, it is important to understand how FCR differs within a species and what factors might also be associated with FCR efficiency as potential drivers. This study identified high and low FCR phenotypes in farmed saltwater Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and examined how the following physiological traits were correlated with FCR: daily feed intake (DFI), daily weight gain (DWG), protein, lipid and energy retention, and whole-animal metabolic oxygen consumption rates (including minimal and maximal metabolic rates and aerobic metabolic scope). High DWG and low DFI were strongly correlated with FCR efficiency and DWG and DFI were also correlated. FCR efficient fish also had higher retention of protein, lipid and energy and lower rates of minimal metabolism. Maximum metabolic rate and aerobic metabolic scope did not differ between FCR phenotypes. The results suggest that future breeding programmes selecting for feed efficient fish will likely also result in faster-growing fish that regulate their feed intake, retain a higher proportion of ingested nutrient, and have reduced maintenance costs, all of which are expected to reduce feed costs and environmental loading without impacting production.

Productive performance, lipid profile, immunity, and antioxidant parameters of quail breeders fed low protein diets supplemented with different zinc sources

The current study was conducted to study the impact of low-CP protein diets with different sources of zinc (zinc oxide-ZnO and zinc methionine-Zn-Met) on performance, lipid profile, immune and antioxidant parameters of quail breeders. A total number of 216 Japanese quail at 8 weeks of age were randomly distributed into nine (3 × 3) groups, with four replicates, each of six quails (four females and two males). Quails were fed three levels of CP (16, 18, and 20%) and three sources of Zn (0, 0.1 g ZnO, and 0.1 g Zn-Met/kg diets). No significant differences in daily feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and egg mass are due to the main effect of protein levels or zinc sources at all ages. Dietary CP (16 and 20%) in growing quail diets increased SOD and GSH, while IgG levels were improved by 18%. Finally, it can be recommended that 16% CP and zinc source (Zn-Met or ZnO) can maintain egg mass, as well as lipid profile, immunological and antioxidant parameters in Japanese quails breeders. This level (16% CP) is enough during the production stage and a valuable way for mitigating ammonia pollution and reducing feeding costs.

Intake, nutrient metabolism and balance studies in sheep fed Himalayan Elm (Ulmus wallichiana) leaf meal incorporated total mixed ration

With the soaring cost and scarcity of concentrate feeds worldwide, use of un-conventional tree foliages in the animal diets can be effective in curtailing the feeding costs to economise livestock production. The present experiment was conducted with the aim to assess incorporation of Himalayan Elm (Ulmus wallichiana) leaf meal (ELM) as partial replacement to conventional concentrate feed mixture (CFM) in total mixed ration (TMR) of sheep. In Experiment-I (in vitro study), the effect of graded increasing levels (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50%) of ELM inclusion as replacement to CFM constituting 40% in the basal TMR on nutrient degradability was assessed. The results revealed the effective level for optimal nutrient degradability at 30% ELM inclusion. In Experiment-II (in vivo study), a feeding trial was conducted for 30 days on sheep (16) distributed equally into two groups, offered basal TMR as control (Cont) and TMR containing ELM replacing CFM at 30% level as treatment group (ELMG), the level selected based on results of optimum nutrient degradability in in vitro assay. Without affecting dry matter and organic matter intakes, ELM included diet enhanced crude protein and neutral detergent fibre digestibility. Moreover, content and the intakes of digestible nutrients were similar between the two groups, with total digestible nutrients intake being 56.66% and 61.88% more than the recommendation in control and ELMG groups, respectively. Animals of both the groups were in positive balances of N, Ca and P, though N balances (g/d) and live weight gain (g/d) were comparable while Ca and P balances (g/d) were higher in ELMG. Cost of production lowered with 35.84% reduction in feed cost per kg live weight gain in ELMG group compared to control. It was concluded that 30% CFM in TMR for sheep could be replaced with ELM safely as a sustainable strategy to alleviate the conventional feed shortage for profitable sheep rearing.

Effect of Feeding Different Levels of Corn Silage on Milk Yield and Quality in Dairy Assaf Ewes

This study aimed to investigate the impact of feeding by different corn silage (CS) proportions on ewes milk yield and fatty acids composition. Twenty-one lactating Assaf ewes were divided into 3 groups (7 ewes each). The following dietary treatments based on increasing the proportion of CS in the total mixed ratio (TMR) were tested; (1) 47 % AH (0 % CS in the TMR) correspond to 0 % CS, (2) 23.5 % AH (23.5 % CS in the TMR) correspond to 50 % CS, and (3) 0 % AH (47 % CS in the TMR) correspond to 100 % CS. After 8 weeks of feeding, the type of diet had no significant effect on milk yield and solid; however, it significantly affects the milk fat. The levels of C8:0 and C14:0 were not affected by different silage levels. While the C10:0 and C12:0 significantly increased when fed on a 100 % CS diet. However, a significantly lower level of C16:0 (33.22 %) was observed in the 100 % CS compared to feeding on silage at 50 and 0 % (40.66 and 37.98 %, respectively). Similar trend was observed for C18:0, the lowest was in 100 % CS compared with the different feeding diets (7.52, 12.69, 10.61 % for 100, 50, 0 %, respectively). Total USFA in milk were decreased (p &lt; 0.05) by feeding 100 and 50 % CS compared to 0 % CS feeding. It can be concluded that the replacement of alfalfa with CS had some influence on milk composition, especially the fatty acids profile.&#x0D; HIGHLIGHTS&#x0D; &#x0D; Utilization of nonconventional feed ingredients is important to reduced feed cost and improving its nutritive value&#x0D; Milk composition, especially the fatty acids profile when replaced portions of alfalfa can be affected by feeding corn silage&#x0D; More research is needed to confirm our findings&#x0D;

The optimal dietary taurine supplementation in zero fish meal diet of juvenile snakehead fish (Channa striata)

The most common alternative protein sources are plant-based proteins such as soybean meal but one of the limitations is taurine deficiency that can be especially detrimental for carnivorous fish. This study was to determine the important roles of dietary taurine on the growth performance, feed utilization and body composition of juvenile snakehead fish with an initial weight of 4.66–4.71 g/fish. Five test diets were investigated, using various taurine supplementation levels and both isonitrogenous and isoenergetic formulas: 1)control (fish meal inclusion); 2)zero fish meal diet (ZF) without taurine supplementation (T0); 3) ZF with taurine supplementation at 0.5% (T0.5); 4) ZF with taurine supplementation at 1.0% (T1.0); 5) ZF with taurine supplementation at 1.5% (T1.5). Fish were fed with five different dietary taurine levels for 60 days. Weight gain (WG), average daily gain (ADG) and specific growth rate (SGR) were higher in the control group of fish, followed by the T0.5 and T1.0 group but the lowest level was observed in fish fed the T0 and T1.5 (p < 0.05). The statistical results of Survival rate (SR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were not significantly different (p > 0.05) among all experimental groups, whereas fish fed diet T0.5 and T1.0 had good trend in FCR and PER value similar to the control group. Dietary taurine might not affect on whole-body composition in juvenile snakehead fish (p > 0.0). Taurine accumulation in fish whole body and the liver both showed the increasing trends varying supplementation levels in each experimental diet. In the current study, taurine supplementation had no observable effects on the histological structures of liver and distal intestines of snakehead fish. This phenomenon indicated that the taurine supplementation at 0.5% in the plant protein-based diet (ZF) cloud be improved the growth performance and feed utilization of juvenile snakehead fish. Leading to, this is a positive sign of a possibility to reduce feed cost by completely taking fish meal out of a future commercial aquafeed for better aquaculture business sustainability.

Effects of Silage-Based Diets and Cattle Efficiency Type on Performance, Profitability, and Predicted CH4 Emission of Backgrounding Steers

Feed costs are the largest expense in commercial beef production. Increasing cattle (Bos taurus) feed efficiency should reduce feed costs and increase beef profitability. This study used data from two years of a backgrounding trial conducted in Lacombe, Alberta, Canada. The evaluation looked at economic and predicted CH4 emission impacts of diet quality and cattle efficiency type in backgrounding systems. The hypothesis was that diet quality from use of barley (Hordeum vulgare c.v. Canmore) or triticale (xTriticosecale c.v. Bunker) silage-based diets and cattle efficiency type defined by residual feed intake would interact to affect profitability and CH4 emissions. Effects of diet and cattle efficiency type on profitability and CO2e emissions were assessed using statistical and stochastic risk simulation. The profitability of beef backgrounding was affected by cattle efficiency type and diet quality with higher quality barley silage also lowering CO2e emissions. The difference in certainty equivalent (CAD~30 steer−1) of efficient steers on barley silage and inefficient steers on barley silage or efficient or inefficient steers on triticale silage supports a beef backgrounding producer focus on diet quality and cattle efficiency type. This study did not address potential agronomic differences, including yield, which could provide nuance to forage choice.

Antioxidant Status, Blood Constituents and Immune Response of Broiler Chickens Fed Two Types of Diets with or without Different Concentrations of Active Yeast.

Simple SummaryRations for broilers can be safely supplemented with probiotics such as active Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) yeast to stimulate oxidative reactions and immune response against stress and infectious agents. The current study suggested that SC yeast enhanced antioxidant capacity, growth rate, immune organ weights, immune response and the survival rate of broilers after Avian Influenza virus challenge at 38 days of age.Probiotics, such as active yeasts, are widely used to enhance poultry production and reduce feeding costs. This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and immune responses of broilers to different concentrations of active Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) when supplemented to two types of diets. A total of 216 1-day-old Arbor Acres unsexed chicks were used in a factorial design, involving two feeds (regular- versus low-density diet) and three concentrations of SC (0%, 0.02% and 0.04%). The results revealed that the low-density diet reduced the body weight and production index of broilers. The addition of SC improved the production index more than the control diet. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and eosinophils were significantly higher in response to the regular-density diet than the low-density diet; however, phagocytic activity (PA), lymphocyte and lysozyme activity (LYS) were lower. Saccharomyces cerevisiae reduced ALT, AST, malondialdehyde (MAD) and TAC more than the standard set, but improved packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hgb), red blood cells (RBCs), lymphocytes, monocytes, heterophils, phagocytic index (PI) and the immune response to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and avian influenza (AI). In conclusion, supplementation of a regular- or low-density diet with SC at a concentration of 0.02% or 0.04% improved the antioxidant parameters, immune status and production index of broilers against stress and infectious agents.

Kazlarda Selüloz ve Selüloz Fraksiyonlarının Sindirimi

Since the digestive system of poultry is quite short, the residence time of the feeds in the digestive system is also short. In addition, many poultry species have a low ability to digest and utilize cellulose, cellulose fractions (ADF and NDF) and non-starch polysaccharides. Therefore, it becomes necessary to use more expensive feeds with high nutrient content in poultry nutrition. This situation raises the prices of animal products such as white meat and eggs. In order to turn this disadvantage in poultry feeding into an advantage, alternative poultry with a stronger digestive system, better digestibility of cellulose-rich cheap feed sources and better utilization of roughage are needed. When evaluated in terms of its characteristics, it will be seen that one of the poultry that can better benefit from cheap feed sources is goose. The efficient use of cellulose-rich feeds, such as goose, reduces feed costs and provides a suitable opportunity to produce cheaper poultry products. Encouraging goose production can be an important source of income and livelihood, especially for the rural population. It is thought that goose breeding can be an important alternative for white meat and egg production because it benefits from cellulose-rich feeds better than other poultry. In this review, the microbial digestion properties of geese, their ability to benefit from cellulose fractions, especially cellulose, and non-starch feed elements were examined.