Reduction Of Contamination Research Articles

Identification and quantification of electron-generated atomic hydrogen through in-situ electron spin resonance and density functional theory

Electro-generated atomic hydrogen (H*) plays a crucial role in the electrochemical reduction process, serving as the key species that mediates the electrocatalytic hydrogenation reduction of stubborn contaminants in wastewater treatment. However, precisely identifying and quantifying transient atomic H* presents a significant challenge due to its limited lifespan and its existence solely within the boundary layer at the electrode/solution interface. Herein, we developed the electrodeposition of palladium nanoparticles onto carbon cloth and assessed its effectiveness as a cathode for generating and stabilizing atomic H*. The environmental application of atomic H* was validated through the dechlorination of 2, 4-dichlorophenol wastewater and the reduction of antimonite wastewater. Additionally, the identification of atomic H* was verified by electrochemical measurements, high-resolution mass spectra, and density functional theory. Moreover, introducing an excess of a spin trapping agent (5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide) and fast in-situ spin trapping facilitated creating favorable conditions for efficient trapping of atomic H* and subsequent electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy quantification analysis. Subsequently, the quantification of atomic H* was achieved by double integration of the ESR signal of spin adduct and comparison with the external standard agent (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidine 1-oxyl). This study introduces a novel method for in-situ spin trapping and quantification of atomic H*, facilitating the advancement of electrochemical reduction technology and its application in wastewater treatment.

Interactions of Goethite and Natural Organic Matter: Fractionation and Impact on Contaminant Reduction

Interactions of Goethite and Natural Organic Matter: Fractionation and Impact on Contaminant Reduction

Simulation study of a practical approach to enhance cadmium removal via biological treatment by controlling the concentration of MLSS

The fate of cadmium at the Muharram Aisha wastewater treatment plant in Karbala governorate, Iraq was studied using the TOXCHEM model. Cadmium, a known carcinogen, and is considered one of the most dangerous heavy metals and high concentrations, greater than permissible limits, were found in the treated wastewater. The plant operates using an activated sludge system and this was modeled via TOXCHEM with a sensitivity analysis carried out on the extended aeration system. Prior to analysis, the model was calibrated and validated for cadmium, with the adjustments leading to a mean square error (RMSE) and correlation coefficient (R) of 0.0001 and 0.81, respectively. The mass balance of cadmium in the Muharram Aisha treatment plant was found to be 4832.44 g/day (37.1726%) in the treated wastewater and 8164.52 g/day (62.804%) in the sludge, which indicated that the mix liquor suspended solid (MLSS) was the most sensitive factor. The sensitivity to cadmium was analyzed via MLSS in the extended aeration system and the results o indicated that the higher the MLSS concentration (mg/L), the greater the removal of cadmium in the treated wastewater. It was found that increasing the MLSS through a biological treatment method reduced the concentration of cadmium without the need for additional of any (potentially harmful) chemical treatments. The plant was subsequently operated for a period of 5 months with the MLSS increased from 1500 to 4500 mg/L, and this reduced the concentration of cadmium in the wastewater from 0.36 to 0.01 mg/L as a consequence. This research demonstrates how the novel application of TOXCHEM can be a useful tool in the reduction of heavy metal contamination in the environment.

Wastewater recycling and groundwater sustainability through self-organizing map and style based generative adversarial networks

Wastewater recycling is a pivotal strategy in sustainable water management, designed to mitigate water scarcity and curb environmental pollution. This research introduces an innovative approach merging Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) and Style-Based Generator Generative Adversarial Networks (StyleGAN) to revolutionize wastewater recycling. SOM optimizes the distribution of treated water by identifying ideal locations for recycling outlets and treatment facilities. Meanwhile, StyleGAN enhances water quality by learning from diverse samples, producing purified water suitable for non-drinking purposes. The combination of SOM and StyleGAN maximizes resource utilization and addressing water scarcity challenges while minimizing environmental impact. Also, this method is not only optimizes treated water distribution but also enhances water quality, showcasing potential benefits for sustainable water practices, including groundwater replenishment. Self-Organizing Maps construct a spatial model of the wastewater treatment system, finding optimal locations for recycling outlets and treatment facilities. This spatial intelligence optimizes the distribution of treated water, channeling it efficiently to high-demand areas, thereby maximizing resource utilization. Simultaneously, Style-Based Generator Generative Adversarial Networks elevate the quality of treated wastewater. By assimilating knowledge from diverse wastewater samples, StyleGAN produces water of superior quality with diminished contaminants and enhanced aesthetics. This transformation renders treated wastewater more versatile for non-potable purposes like irrigation and industrial processes. The SOM-StyleGAN technologies offers a holistic solution for wastewater recycling, addressing both distribution efficiency and water quality enhancement. The SOM method outperforms MLP, DBN, and GAN-ANN in fidelity, diversity, contaminant reduction, and aesthetic quality. With a fidelity of 0.97, substantial improvements over GAN-ANN showcase its effectiveness. These results underscore the method's potential contribution to sustainable water management practices, emphasizing its versatility and quality in treated water generation. These findings contribute significantly to enhancing water quality and underscore its potential practical implications for sustainable water practices, marking a substantial step forward in the field.

Oil spill soil remediation using thermal desorption: Project synthesis and outcomes

AbstractFarmland within the Williston Basin of North Dakota was the site of the largest terrestrial oil spill to date in the United States in 2013. Over 3200 m3 of oil was released into the topsoil and subsoil, creating a risk to soil, water, and air resources. The purpose of this document is to provide a summary of results from a 7‐year project investigating the impacts of how thermal desorption (TD), the method used to remediate topsoil and subsoil, impacted contaminant reduction, soil function, and plant productivity simultaneously with site remediation. Soil disturbance and TD decreased soil organic matter and microbial communities, resulting in decreased soil function and plant production. However, TD did not reduce soil microbial recovery 4 years after treatment. Blending TD‐treated soil with uncontaminated topsoil appeared to minimize these negative effects and promote recovery of soil function. These findings provided critical information to stakeholders in the understanding of soil remediation and reclamation in this region.

Evaluation of Peracetic Acid Treatment on Beef Trimmings and Subprimals Against Salmonella and E. Coli O157:H7 Within Regulatory Retained Water Limitations

The application of antimicrobial treatments to beef trimmings prior to grinding for the reduction of microbial contamination in ground beef has increased recently. However, raw single-ingredient meat products are not permitted by Food Safety and Inspection Services (FSIS) to retain more than 0.49% water resulting from postevisceration processing. The effectiveness of antimicrobials with the limited water retention is not well documented. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of peracetic acid at varied concentrations against E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on the surface of beef trimmings and beef subprimals that was applied at industry operating parameters within the retained water requirement. One hundred and forty-four each of beef trimmings and subprimals were used to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of peracetic acid solution on reducing E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on surfaces of fresh beef within the FSIS requirement of ≤0.49% retained water from antimicrobial spray treatments using a conveyor system. A ten-strain cocktail mixture was inoculated on surfaces of fresh beef and subjected to water or four different concentrations of peracetic acid (130, 150, 200, and 400 ppm). Spray treatments with 130, 150, and 200 ppm peracetic acid reduced (P ≤ 0.05) E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella at least 0.2 log on surfaces of beef trimmings and subprimals. Spray treatment with 400 ppm peracetic acid resulted in approximately 0.5 and 0.3 log reduction of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella, respectively. Results indicate that all concentrations (130–400 ppm) of peracetic acid significantly reduced E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on beef trimmings and subprimals compared to untreated controls. Thus, a range from 130 to 400 ppm of peracetic acid can be used during beef processing to improve the safety of beef trimmings and subprimals when weight gain is limited to ≤0.49% to meet regulatory requirements.

Evaluation of Sterify Gel as an Adjunctive Treatment to Scaling and Root Planing in Promoting Healing of Periodontal Pockets: A Split-Mouth Randomized Controlled Trial.

Periodontal disease is a common infectious disease that leads to the destruction of tooth-supporting structures. Current treatments, such as scaling and root planing (SRP), have limitations in deep and complex pockets, and antibiotic use carries the risk of resistance. Sterify Gel, a medical device composed of polyvinyl polymers, hydroxytyrosol, nisin, and magnesium ascorbyl phosphate, offers a new approach to periodontal care. This study aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Sterify Gel as an adjunctive treatment to SRP in promoting the healing of periodontal pockets. The study includes 34 patients with moderate to advanced chronic periodontal disease. Randomization assigned one site for SRP alone (control) and the other site for SRP with Sterify Gel (treatment). Periodontal parameters were evaluated at baseline, 1, 2, and 3 months after treatment bacterial contamination was assessed through quantitative PCR at baseline and 3 months after treatment. Statistical analysis was conducted using ANOVA and Wilcoxon test. Treatment with Sterify Gel and SRP demonstrated significant improvements in pocket depth, gingival recession, and clinical attachment level compared with SRP alone. Bleeding and plaque indexes, pain perception, tooth mobility, and furcations showed no significant differences between the two groups. The treatment group showed a reduction in bacterial contamination at 3 months. Sterify Gel in combination with SRP shows the potential for improving periodontal health by promoting healing and reducing periodontal pockets. It may offer benefits in preventing bacterial recolonization and reducing reliance on antibiotics.

Biofouling on titanium implants: a novel formulation of poloxamer and peroxide for in situ removal of pellicle and multi-species oral biofilm.

Eradicating biofouling from implant surfaces is essential in treating peri-implant infections, as it directly addresses the microbial source for infection and inflammation around dental implants. This controlled laboratory study examines the effectiveness of the four commercially available debridement solutions '(EDTA (Prefgel®), NaOCl (Perisolv®), H2O2 (Sigma-Aldrich) and Chlorhexidine (GUM® Paroex®))' in removing the acquired pellicle, preventing pellicle re-formation and removing of a multi-species oral biofilm growing on a titanium implant surface, and compare the results with the effect of a novel formulation of a peroxide-activated 'Poloxamer gel (Nubone® Clean)'. Evaluation of pellicle removal and re-formation was conducted using scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to assess the surface morphology, elemental composition and chemical surface composition. Hydrophilicity was assessed through contact angle measurements. The multi-species biofilm model included Streptococcus oralis, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, reflecting the natural oral microbiome's complexity. Biofilm biomass was quantified using safranin staining, biofilm viability was evaluated using confocal laser scanning microscopy, and SEM was used for morphological analyses of the biofilm. Results indicated that while no single agent completely eradicated the biofilm, the 'Poloxamer gel' activated with 'H2O2' exhibited promising results. It minimized re-contamination of the pellicle by significantly lowering the contact angle, indicating enhanced hydrophilicity. This combination also showed a notable reduction in carbon contaminants, suggesting the effective removal of organic residues from the titanium surface, in addition to effectively reducing viable bacterial counts. In conclusion, the 'Poloxamer gel + H2O2' combination emerged as a promising chemical decontamination strategy for peri-implant diseases. It underlines the importance of tailoring treatment methods to the unique microbial challenges in peri-implant diseases and the necessity of combining chemical decontaminating strategies with established mechanical cleaning procedures for optimal management of peri-implant diseases.

Synthesis and application of zinc oxide nanoparticles in <i>Pieris brassicae</i> larvae as a possible pesticide effect

<p><italic>Pieris brassicae</italic> is commonly known as the cabbage moth and is a species known to be invasive, thereby causing serious damage to vegetables and subsequently leading to total crop loss. Formulations of nanopesticides can provide unique characteristics such as size and shape, in addition to having integrated properties in a single material, making them efficient in pest management and protection against diseases in a single material; it can be applied in small volumes, with a greater precision, lower input costs, and a potential reduction in environmental contamination. Nanotechnology is a type of alternative and highly effective technology in several sectors, mainly in agriculture and the enrichment and fortification of cultivars. Hydrothermal synthesis is a type of process used to obtain nanoparticles with a more uniform crystallinity and aging of nanocrystallites, where high temperatures and pressures help to reduce particle aggregation. Chemically synthesized metal nanoparticles, such as zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), can find wide applications and success against different types of pests, such as larvae. The present study focuses on the application of different concentrations of ZnO NPs (12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/L) on the body surface of <italic>P. brassicae</italic> to verify their possible pesticide activity against these larvae. The results of this study suggest a non-intuitive pesticidal activity of ZnO NPs against cabbage moth larvae. The highest mortality percentage of larvae against the treatments occurred at the concentration of 200 mg/L of ZnO NPs, represented by a rate of 100% in the 72-h period of the experiment. Finally, the results of the present study with ZnO NPs and <italic>P. brassicae</italic> larvae suggest an initial trigger for future possibilities of exploration and more in-depth studies to clarify the interaction of ZnO NPs and the possible metabolic pathways triggered in these insect pests.</p><p><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="molsci-11-04-021-g004.tif"/></p>

Droplet Microfluidics with Capillary Electrophoresis for Glycan Biomarker Analysis.

Several glycoproteins are validated biomarkers of various diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, chronic alcohol abuse, or congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG). In particular, CDG represent a group of more than 150 inherited diseases with varied symptoms affecting multiple organs. The distribution of glycans from target glycoprotein(s) can be used to extract information to help the diagnosis and possibly differentiate subtypes of CDG. Indeed, depending on the glycans and the proteins to which they are attached, glycans can play a very broad range of roles in both physical and biological properties of glycoproteins. For glycans in general, capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection (CE-LIF) has become a staple. Analysis of glycans with CE-LIF requires several sample preparation steps, including release of glycans from the target glycoprotein, fluorescent labeling of glycans, and purification of labeled glycans. Here, we describe the protocol for glycan sample treatment in a microfluidic droplet system prior to CE-LIF of labeled glycans. The microfluidic droplet approach offers full automation, sample, and reagent volume reduction and elimination of contamination from external environment.

Lignin-functionalized cobalt for catalytic reductive degradation of organic dyes in simple and hybrid binary systems

To fulfill the unprecedented valorization approaches for lignocellulose, this work focuses on the potential of lignin-derived catalytic systems for bio-remediation, which are natural materials perceived to address the increased demand for eco-conscious catalyzed processes. A useful lignin-functionalized cobalt (Lig-Co) catalyst has been prepared, well-characterized and deployed for the catalyzed reducing decomposition of stable harmful organic pollutants such as methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO), in simple and binary systems. The multifunctional character of lignin and the presence of various active sites can promote effectively loaded metal nanoparticles (NPs). Considerably, optimizing detoxification tests showed that the uncatalyzed use of NaBH4 as a reductive agent led to an incomplete reduction of organic contaminants over a long period of up to 65 min. Interestingly, Lig-Co catalyst exhibited a high reduction rate and turnover frequency of up to 99.23% and 24.12 min−1 for MB, respectively, while they reached 99.25% and 26.21 min−1 for MO at normal temperature. Kinetically quick catalytic reaction was also demonstrated for the hybrid system, in which the rate constant k was 0.175 s−1 and 0.165 s−1 for MB and MO, respectively, within a distinctly low reaction time of around 120 s. The reproducibility of the Lig-Co catalyst induces a desirable capacity to reduce stable dyes present simultaneously in the binary system, with 6 successive catalytic runs and over 80% of activity retained. Such robust findings underline the considerable interest in developing future lignin-mediated catalytic transformations and upscaling biomass-derived products, to meet the growing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives in various industries.

Environmental remediation approaches by nanoscale zero valent iron (nZVI) based on its reductivity: a review.

The fast rise of organic and metallic pollution has brought significant risks to human health and the ecological environment. Consequently, the remediation of wastewater is in extremely urgent demand and has received increasing attention. Nanoscale zero valent iron (nZVI) possesses a high specific surface area and distinctive reactive interfaces, which offer plentiful active sites for the reduction, oxidation, and adsorption of contaminants. Given these abundant functionalities of nZVI, it has undergone significant and extensive studies on environmental remediation, linking to various mechanisms, such as reduction, oxidation, surface complexation, and coprecipitation, which have shown great promise for application in wastewater treatment. Among these functionalities of nZVI, reductivity is particularly important and widely adopted in dehalogenation, and reduction of nitrate, nitro compounds, and metal ions. The following review comprises a short survey of the most recent reports on the applications of nZVI based on its reductivity. It contains five sections, an introduction to the theme, chemical reduction applications, electrolysis-assisted reduction applications, bacterium-assisted reduction applications, and conclusions about the reported research with perspectives for future developments. Review and elaboration of the recent reductivity-dependent applications of nZVI may not only facilitate the development of more effective and sustainable nZVI materials and the protocols for comprehensive utilization of nZVI, but may also promote the exploration of innovative remediation approaches based on its reductivity.

Reduction of Campylobacter jejuni contamination by using UVA-LED and sodium hypochlorite on the surface of chicken meat.

Campylobacter jejuni causes gastroenteritis in humans and is a major concern in food safety. Commercially prepared chicken meats are frequently contaminated with C. jejuni, which is closely associated with the diffusion of intestinal contents in poultry processing plants. Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) is commonly used during chicken processing to prevent food poisoning; however, its antimicrobial activity is not effective in the organic-rich solutions. In this study, we investigated the potential of a new photo-disinfection system, UVA-LED, for the disinfection of C. jejuni-contaminated chicken surfaces. The data indicated that UVA irradiation significantly killed C. jejuni and that its killing ability was significantly facilitated in NaClO-treated chickens. Effective inactivation of C. jejuni was achieved using a combination of UVA and NaClO, even in the organic-rich condition. The results of this study show that synergistic disinfection using a combination of UVA and NaClO has potential beneficial effects in chicken processing systems.

Implementation of vacuum distillation system at PPLi: A case study on high-concentrated waste treatment and water recycling

This case study presents the successful implementation of a vacuum distillation system at PPLi for treatment of high-concentrated waste, with a focus on water recycling. The vacuum distillation unit employs advanced thermal heating and evaporation processes, facilitated by reduced pressure, to effectively separate contaminants from the waste stream. Operational parameters, including waste type, feed rate, temperature settings, and vacuum level, were meticulously optimized to achieve optimal treatment efficiency. The study conducted experimental trials over six months, rigorously monitoring and analyzing the treated water quality for chemical composition, total dissolved solids (TDS), and other relevant parameters. Results showed a remarkable reduction in TDS and chemical contaminants, ensuring compliance with stringent regulatory standards. Additionally, the case study explored potential reuse and recovery options for the separated concentrated waste. Laboratory tests examined the feasibility of utilizing the waste residues for energy generation or as raw materials for other processes. The successful implementation of the vacuum distillation system at PPLi underscores its practicality and effectiveness in treating high-concentrated waste while facilitating water recycling. This achievement represents a significant step towards reducing environmental impacts associated with waste disposal and conserving precious water resources. The insights gained from this study serve as a valuable reference for industrial facilities seeking sustainable waste management solutions, fostering a circular economy approach and promoting responsible environmental stewardship.

CURRENT STATE OF THE 137CS MILK POLLUTION IN SETTLEMENTS OF RIVNE REGION AND VILLAGE NARODYCHI ZHYTOMYR REGION

The article analyses the results of selective monitoring of 137Cs content in milk from private households in the village of Narodychi, Zhytomyr region, and 14 settlements of Rivne region. A total of 213 milk samples were collected and analysed in 2023 in the Rivne region and about 30 in Narodychi. The analysis of the milk samples for 137Cs content showed that the contamination of this livestock product with 137Cs has complex dynamics. In most settlements of the monitoring network, the average values of 137Cs contamination in whole milk exceed the hygienic standards (PL-2006 - 100 Bq/l). 70% of milk samples recorded an exceedance of the permissible level. The highest activity concentration of this radionuclide (350 Bq/l) was observed in Stare Selo. Seasonal changes in the activity concentration of the radionuclide in milk were also observed. During the stall period, the activity concentration of milk with 137Cs ranged from less than 2 to 88 Bq/l. However, during the grazing period, the level of milk contamination with 137Cs increased to 100-350 Bq/l. Recent studies have shown a steady decrease in milk radioactivity. Nevertheless, without countermeasures, the reduction of 137Cs accumulation and transfer to milk will be mainly due to the physical decay of the radionuclide. The mineral part has likely exhausted its absorption capabilities for the natural processes, and therefore, it will not affect the reduction of milk contamination.

Highly efficient recyclable bismuth nanocatalysts fabricated using a facile one-step aqueous method for faster reduction of azo dye contaminants.

Easily accessible robust synthesis of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) and their colloidal stabilization via successive surface functionalization with desired molecules are crucial for catalytic applications. In this research, tannic acid (TA)-functionalized bismuth (Bi)-based novel NPs were prepared via a simple in situ aqueous reduction of Bi3+ ions for the catalytic reduction of azo groups. The synthesis, morphology, and structure of Bi/TANPs were confirmed through spectroscopic, electron microscopic and X-ray diffraction analyses. The Bi/TANPs comprise Bi, carbon, oxygen and sodium as building components and possess a high negative surface charge of -58 mV, colloidal dispersity, thermal stability and crystalline structure. The Bi/TANPs are almost spherical shaped with an average diameter of 33 nm. The surface of the catalyst is mesoporous with a high specific surface area of 267 m2 g-1. The designed Bi/TANPs exhibit pH-specific affinity for azo dye molecules and reduced azo moieties in the presence of aqueous NaBH4 without requiring any hydrogen gas supply. The catalytic reduction efficiencies of Bi/TANPs against methylene blue and Congo red are almost 100%. These reduction reactions are very fast owing to the presence of TA moieties on the catalyst surface, which facilitate direct electron transfer to azo groups, and follow a pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The catalyst is mechanically recyclable, and shows a minimal loss (<3%) of its initial efficiency until the fifth cycle. This study not only developed an efficient catalyst for the remediation of azo dye-contaminated water, but also offers novel insights into the synergistic effects of TA and glycerin on the reduction mechanism of aqueous Bi3+ ions and the concomitant colloidal stabilization of Bi NPs.

Removal of Fluoride from Drinking Water by Utilizing Modified Bagasse Sugarcane as Low-Cost Adsorbents for Bilaspur City, Chhattisgarh

Recently, there has been a noticeable increase in fluoride contamination in drinking water, leading to evident harmful effects in various locations. Tackling the challenge of reducing fluoride levels in potable water has become a significant concern for drinking water supply agencies. In our current study, we focused on creating and characterizing different adsorbents, namely sugarcane bagasse, coconut husk, and rice husk, for their ability to effectively remove fluoride. These adsorbents are not only cost-effective and readily available but also straightforward to prepare. We conducted thorough characterizations of all three adsorbents to assess their performance under various conditions. This included investigating the impact of pH on removal efficiency, evaluating removal efficiency with varying doses of adsorbent, analyzing removal efficiency across different temperatures, studying the influence of the initial concentration of fluoride on the total amount of adsorbent per unit mass, and examining the impact of altering initial fluoride concentrations while maintaining a constant temperature of 30 ± 2 °C. Our findings revealed noteworthy insights into the effects of these parameters on removal efficiency. fluoride contamination in the groundwater of Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, originates not only from anthropogenic sources but also from geogenic sources. The efficiency of contamination reduction rises as the pH increases, reaching a plateau after a certain point. When employing an adsorbent dose of 0.5 g/100 mL of modified bagasse sugarcane (MBS) and a contact time of 75 minutes, along with a temperature of 323 K, the highest efficiency is observed in the MBC. Subsequently, the efficiency is lower in aluminum-hydroxide-coated rice husk and then in modified coconut husk. Analysis indicates that as the initial fluoride concentration increases, the removal efficiency di- minishes due to the capacity limitations of the adsorbent materials.

Long-term effectiveness and sustainability of EHC remediation in carbon tetrachloride-contaminated groundwater: Mechanistic understanding and practical applications

The presence of carbon tetrachloride in groundwater raises concerns for human health and the environment. Thus, there is an urgent need for a faster and more efficient groundwater remediation method. Our study found that the EHC remedial agent can achieve promising pilot remediation results quickly, as demonstrated in laboratory tests. During the pilot test, the contaminated groundwater was subjected to injection with the EHC remedial agent using in-situ high-pressure rotary jet technology. It was observed that indicators such as alkalinity and SO42− can signify the occurrence of biological reduction, with the presence of ZVI significantly shortening the beginning time of biological action within the EHC. The pilot test results reveal that the initial four days following the injection of the EHC witnessed only chemical reduction, with chemical and biological reduction coexisting from day 4 to day 45. Post the 45-day mark, the removal of contaminants solely relied on biological reduction. While chemical reduction displayed a rapid rate but limited duration, insufficient for ensuring long-term effectiveness in the remediation process, bioremediation offered sustained efficacy for continuous contaminant reduction. These findings signify a more eco-friendly and efficient approach to groundwater remediation, offering both human health and environmental benefits.

A Review on Emerging Strategies for Heavy Metal Remediation from Various Sources

The current review addressed a research gap by identifying the most effective different remediation techniques and reducing soil contamination by adapting less cost-effective heavy metal contamination reduction techniques. Around 20 million hectares of terrestrial have been polluted by heavy metals that are above the geobaseline or regulatory limitations. These metals include Arsenic, Chromium, Lead, Cadmium, Mercury, Cobalt, Nickel, Zinc, and Selenium. Land reclamation benefits both the natural world and the economy. For environmental and health reasons, we should prohibit agricultural practices Nitrogen-based fertilizers, chemical pesticidesdepraved management practices include poorly managed animal feeding operations, overgrazing, plowing, fertilizer, and improper, excessive, or badly timed use of pesticides that degrade local air quality. Many people feel that lead is the most hazardous metal there is. Production, use, and disposal of gasoline, fertilizers, paints, and explosives contribute to lead contamination, which is damaging to creatures besides the environment. Heavy metal contamination of the soil endangers wellbeing of all living creatures. An overview of the global problem of heavy metal poisoning of soil, the rate at which metals accumulate at toxic levels in plants, and the various types of soil contamination controls. Some in-situ and ex-situ remedy strategies for heavy metal contamination removal comprise external capping, encapsulation, landfilling, soil flushing and washing, electrokinetic extraction, stabilization, solidification, vitrification, phytoremediation, and bioremediation. The main objective is to preferred elimination/abstraction of impurities over the immobilization of hazardous containments, and among numerous methods in-situ soil remediation is more cost-effective than ex-situ handling. Reducing heavy metal exposure in people and plants is made easier with the help of the many strategies presented in this article.

Contaminants Correlation and Curtailment Prospect of Waterhyacinth, Waterlettuce and Vetiver Grass in Wastewater Treatment.

This study seeks to elaborate the correlation of physicochemical parameters and heavy metals from a wastewater effluent in Zaria. The contaminants reduction capacity of Vetiver grass (C. zizanoides), water hyacinth (E. crassipes) and Water lettuce (P.stratiotes) were analysed.Temperature, pH, EC, TDS, Cl, PO4-, DO, BOD, COD, Na, K, NO3, TSS, NH3, SO4 and Cu, Cd, Pb, Mn, Mg, Co, Ni, Cr and Zn concentrations were determined using standard method,digestion and assessment of heavy metals using atomic absorption spectrophotometry machine. There was positive correlation between TDS with EC, BOD with NO3-N, pH with Temperature, DO with COD and N, and Cl with K. Zn with Pb and Cd, Cr with Co indicating common source of contamination. Negative correlation was observed between HCO3 with NH3.N and SO4-, Temperature with N and DO, K with BOD and NO3-N, Cr with Ni, Mg with Cu and Zn indicating uncommon source of contamination. The significant correlation was verified by using t-test. The systematic calculation of correlation coefficient between water quality parameters and between heavy metals was carried out. Hydroponic method of phytoremediation was adopted to evaluate the curtailment potentials of the three plants.There was significant difference at P ≤ 0.05 (95% confidence) across days 7, 14 and 21 in reduction during treatment with water hyacinth for EC (846.1, 699 .00 and 502.1 mg/L), TDS (410.5, 340.0 and 259.0 mg/l), NH3 (1.25, 1.04 and 0.84 mg/l) and Cd (0.021, 0.018 and 0.012 mg/l)., with vetiver grass for EC (828.2, 654.1 and 488.1mg/L), TDS (398.6, 282.8 and 198.2 mg/L), COD (476.5, 355.5 and 265.5 mg/L), NO3 (3.34, 2.13 and 1.40mg/L), TSS (11.6, 8.66 and 6.58mg/L) and Cd (0.019, 0.011 and 0.01mg/L)., and with water lettuce for EC (833.0, 709.6 and 587 mg/L), TDS (452.6, 404.0 and 284.0 mg/L), Cr (0.12, 0.10, and 0.79mg/L), Pb (0.21, 0.18 and 0.13mg/L) and Cd (0.019, 0.013 and 0.011 mg/l). Vetiver grass was found to be more prospective in the curtailment of contaminants.