Reduction In Cavity Size Research Articles

Early Intervention for Spinal Cord Injury with Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Oligodendrocyte Progenitors

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are at the forefront of research in regenerative medicine and are envisaged as a source for personalized tissue repair and cell replacement therapy. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that oligodendrocyte progenitors (OPs) can be derived from iPS cells generated using either an episomal, non-integrating plasmid approach or standard integrating retroviruses that survive and differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes after early transplantation into the injured spinal cord. The efficiency of OP differentiation in all 3 lines tested ranged from 40% to 60% of total cells, comparable to those derived from human embryonic stem cells. iPS cell lines derived using episomal vectors or retroviruses generated a similar number of early neural progenitors and glial progenitors while the episomal plasmid-derived iPS line generated more OPs expressing late markers O1 and RIP. Moreover, we discovered that iPS-derived OPs (iPS-OPs) engrafted 24 hours following a moderate contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats survived for approximately two months and that more than 70% of the transplanted cells differentiated into mature oligodendrocytes that expressed myelin associated proteins. Transplanted OPs resulted in a significant increase in the number of myelinated axons in animals that received a transplantation 24 h after injury. In addition, nearly a 5-fold reduction in cavity size and reduced glial scarring was seen in iPS-treated groups compared to the control group, which was injected with heat-killed iPS-OPs. Although further investigation is needed to understand the mechanisms involved, these results provide evidence that patient-specific, iPS-derived OPs can survive for three months and improve behavioral assessment (BBB) after acute transplantation into SCI. This is significant as determining the time in which stem cells are injected after SCI may influence their survival and differentiation capacity.

Grade IV Asherman in Post Endometrial Koch’s

This video demonstrates a management of a 29 year old nullipara unmarried female who presented with secondary amenorrhoea not responding to withdrawal on estrogen progesterone combination. Ultrasonography revealed very thin endometrium. Diagnostic hysteroscopy and biopsy of endometrium was positive for tuberculosis. ATT was given for 9 months. Review hysteroscopy done showed reduced cavity size and thick adhesions. Adhesiolysis was done with the help of scissors and cavity was widened. Foley’s catheter was used as splint for 2 months with high dose of estrogen. Now patient had 3 regular cycles. Proper technique and post operative management in Asherman will prevent recurrence.

Distinguishing features of shallow angle plunging jets

Numerical simulations employing an algebraic volume-of-fluid methodology are used to study the air entrainment characteristics of a water jet plunging into a quiescent water pool at angles ranging from θ = 10° to θ = 90° measured from the horizontal. Our previous study of shallow angled jets [S. S. Deshpande, M. F. Trujillo, X. Wu, and G. L. Chahine, “Computational and experimental characterization of a liquid jet plunging into a quiescent pool at shallow inclination,” Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 34, 1–14 (2012)]10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2012.01.011 revealed the existence of a clearly discernible frequency of ingestion of large air cavities. This is in contrast with chaotic entrainment of small air pockets reported in the literature in case of steeper or vertically plunging jets. In the present work, the differences are addressed by first quantifying the cavity size and entrained air volumes for different impingement angles. The results support the expected trend – reduction in cavity size (D43) as θ is increased. Time histories of cavity volumes in the vicinity of the impingement region confirm the visual observations pertaining to a near-periodic ingestion of large air volumes for shallow jets (10°, 12°), and also show that such cavities are not formed for steep or vertical jets. Each large cavity (defined as Dc/Dj ≳ 3) exists in close association with a stagnation point flow. A local mass and momentum balance shows that the high stagnation pressure causes a radial redirection of the jet, resulting in a flow that resembles the initial impact of a jet on the pool. In fact, for these large cavities, their speed matches closely Uimpact/2, which coincides with initial cavity propagation for sufficiently high Froude numbers. Furthermore, it is shown that the approximate periodicity of air entrainment scales linearly with Froude number. This finding is confirmed by a number of simulations at θ = 12°. Qualitatively, for steeper jets, such large stagnation pressure region does not exist, and the deflection of the entire incoming jet is non-existent. In fact, for θ = 25°, 45°, 90°, the jet penetrates the pool nearly undisturbed and consequently large cavities are not formed.

Vitamin D accelerates clinical recovery from tuberculosis: results of the SUCCINCT Study [Supplementary Cholecalciferol in recovery from tuberculosis]. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of vitamin D supplementation in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis’

BackgroundVitamin D enhances host protective immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis by suppressing Interferon-gamma (IFN-g) and reducing disease associated inflammation in the host. The objectives of this study were to determine whether vitamin D supplementation to patients with tuberculosis (TB) could influence recovery.MethodsTwo hundred and fifty nine patients with pulmonary TB were randomized to receive either 600,000 IU of Intramuscular vitamin D3 or placebo for 2 doses. Assessments were performed at 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Early secreted and T cell activated 6 kDa (ESAT6) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis sonicate (MTBs) antigen induced whole blood stimulated IFN-g responses were measured at 0 and 12 weeks. Statistical comparisons between outcome variables at 0 and 12 weeks were performed using Student’s t-test and Chi2 tests.ResultsAfter 12 weeks, the vitamin D supplemented arm demonstrated significantly greater mean weight gain (kg) + 3.75, (3.16 – 4.34) versus + 2.61 (95% CI 1.99 – 3.23) p 0.009 and lesser residual disease by chest radiograph; number of zones involved 1.35 v/s 1.82 p 0.004 (95% CI 0.15, 0.79) and 50% or greater reduction in cavity size 106 (89.8%) v/s 111 (94.8%), p 0.035. Vitamin D supplementation led to significant increase in MTBs-induced IFN-g secretion in patients with baseline ‘Deficient’ 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum levels (p 0.021).ConclusionsSupplementation with high doses of vitamin D accelerated clinical, radiographic improvement in all TB patients and increased host immune activation in patients with baseline ‘Deficient’ serum vitamin D levels. These results suggest a therapeutic role for vitamin D in the treatment of TB.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov; No. NCT01130311; URL: clinicaltrials.gov

Wireless optical communications for intra-spacecraft networks based on OCDMA with random optical codes

In recent years, spacial agencies have shown a growing interest in optical wireless as an alternative to wired and radio-frequency communications [1,2]. The use of these techniques for intra-spacecraft communications reduces the effect of take-off acceleration and vibrations on the systems by avoiding the need for rugged connectors and provides a significant mass reduction. Diffuse transmission also eases the design process as terminals can be placed almost anywhere without a tight planification to ensure the proper system behaviour. Previous studies [3,4] have compared the performance of radio-frequency and infrared optical communications. In an intra-satellite environment optical techniques help reduce EMI related problems, and their main disadvantages - multipath dispersion and the need for line-of-sight - can be neglected due to the reduced cavity size. Channel studies [5] demonstrate that the effect of the channel can be neglected in small environments if data bandwidth is lower than some hundreds of MHz.

Nestbox Use and Reproductive Parameters of Tree SparrowsPasser montanus: Are They Affected by the Presence of Old Nests?

There is a controversy over the effects of old nest reuse on the breeding biology of hole nesters. Some authors have shown that the presence of old nest material could increase ectoparasite pressure and/or reduce cavity size, whereas others argue that it could facilitate nest-building and serve as an informative cue for breeding birds. However, the possible functions of old nests may not be limited to the reproductive period in burds that perform autumnal courtship or use nest cavities as shelters during the winter season, as is the case with the Tree Sparrow. The importance of the presence of old nest material on nest box choice during the non-breeding period and its implications on the subsequent breeding performance of this multi-brood species are assessed. Occupancy rates and reproductive parameters (such as phenology, clutch size, nestling condition, breeding success) were compared between woodcrete and wooden nest boxes with and without old nest material inside. During the non-breeding period no effect of box type or its content on nest box selection was discovered, but in spring it was found that the strong preference of birds for breeding in woodcrete nest boxes was independent of the presence of old nests. In relation to this latter point, evidence was found that old nest reuse could negatively affect the reproductive output of Tree Sparrows: clutches were laid later, nestlings had longer wings (which presumably fledged earlier) and reproductive success was lower in nest boxes containing old nest material. The results of this study suggest that, taking the non-breeding and breeding seasons as a whole, the accumulation of old nest material seems to be detrimental rather than advantageous to this species.

Evidence for complexes of different stoichiometries between organic solvents and cyclodextrins

The influence of the organic solvent on the acid and basic hydrolysis of N-methyl-N-nitroso-p-toluenesulfonamide (MNTS) in the presence of alpha- and beta-cyclodextrins has been studied. The observed rate constant was found to decrease through the formation of an unreactive complex between MNTS and the cyclodextrins. In the presence of dioxane, acetonitrile or DMSO, the inhibitory effect of beta-CD decreased on increasing the proportion of organic cosolvent as a result of a competitive reaction involving the formation of an inclusion complex between beta-CD and the cosolvent. The disparate size of the organic solvent molecules resulted in stoichiometric differences between the complexes; the beta-CD-dioxane and beta-CD-DMSO complexes were 1 : 1 whereas the beta-CD-acetonitrile complex was 1 : 2. The basic and acid hydrolysis of MNTS in the presence of alpha-CD showed a different behavior; thus, the reaction gave both 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 alpha-CD-MNTS complexes, of which only the former was reactive. This result was due to the smaller cavity size of alpha-CD and the consequent decreased penetration of MNTS into the cavity in comparison to beta-CD. The acid hydrolysis of MNTS in the presence of alpha-CD also revealed decreased penetration of MNTS into the cyclodextrin cavity, as evidenced by the bound substrate undergoing acid hydrolysis. In addition, the acid hydrolysis of MNTS in the presence of acetonitrile containing alpha-CD gave 1 : 1 alpha-CD-acetonitrile inclusion complexes, which is consistent with a both a reduced cavity size and previously reported data.

The non-ischaemic dynamics of ischaemic mitral regurgitation: solving the paradoxThe opinions expressed in this article are not necessarily those of the Editors of the European Heart Journal or of the European Society of Cardiology.

This editorial refers to ‘Long-term outcome of patients with heart failure and dynamic functional mitral regurgitation’† by P. Lancellotti et al., on page 1528 A 65-year-old patient with a history of myocardial infarction and known occlusions of the right and distal left anterior descending coronary arteries is admitted to the emergency room for acute pulmonary oedema. Blood pressure is 160/90 mmHg and heart rate is 98 beats/min. An electrocardiogram shows sinus rhythm, Q-waves in the inferior leads, and V1–3 with equivocal ST-segment changes in the chest leads. Troponin is borderline. An echocardiogram shows reduced global left ventricular (LV) contraction with an estimated ejection fraction (EF) of 30–35%, akinesis of the inferior and posterior segments as well as the apex, mitral valve tethering with severe mitral regurgitation (MR), and an estimated systolic pulmonary artery pressure of 50 mmHg. The patient quickly improves on intravenous diuretics and nitrate infusion. A repeat echocardiographic study shows virtually unchanged LV volumes and EF (possibly a mild reduction in cavity size), but a significant decrease in the degree of MR (now mild-to-moderate) and systolic pulmonary artery pressure (now 35 mmHg). A diagnosis of pulmonary oedema secondary to transient ischaemic MR is made and a SPECT thallium scan is performed. The radionuclide study demonstrates extensive and irreversible lack … *Corresponding author. E-mail address : sehud{at}post.tau.ac.il

Combined loss of neuronal and endothelial nitric oxide synthase causes premature mortality and age-related hypertrophic cardiac remodeling in mice

Deficiency of either neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1) or endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) leads to cardiac hypertrophy in mice. Loss of both produces concentric left ventricular (LV) remodeling, in which increased wall thickness is accompanied by reduced cavity size. In humans, this phenotype develops in elderly hypertensive patients and independently predicts mortality. Accordingly, we tested the hypothesis that NOS1/3 –/– mice have reduced longevity compared to either NOS1 –/– or NOS3 –/–. Survival data on colonies of NOS1 –/– ( n = 295), NOS3 –/– ( n = 525), and NOS1/3 –/– ( n = 331) mice were collected for 2 years. NOS1 –/– mice had increased mortality compared to NOS3 –/– (relative risk, RR 2.5, P < 0.001), whereas NOS1/3 –/– fared significantly worse (RR 7.3, P < 0.001 vs . NOS3 –/–). Importantly, gender did not affect survival in NOS1 –/– or NOS3 –/–, but male NOS1/3 –/– mice had 2-fold increased mortality compared to females. NOS1/3 –/– mice developed progressive myocyte hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis with age. NOS1/3 –/– mice underwent in vivo hemodynamic analysis with a combined pressure-volume catheter to assess age-related cardiovascular changes. Compared with control, NOS1/3 –/– demonstrated hypertension and hypercontractility at all ages, and developed passive diastolic dysfunction with increasing age. Thus, combined deficiency of NOS1 and NOS3 causes increased mortality, myocyte hypertrophy, and an age-associated increase in ventricular stiffness. These findings suggest that cardiac NO signals may play an essential role in successful cardiac aging.

Cobalt Cage Complexes with N(3)S(3) Donor Sets and Differing Cavity Sizes: A Novel Macrobicyclic Cage with a Contracted Cap.

Treatment of the cobalt(III) complex of the hexadentate tripodal N(3)S(3) ligand ten (4,4',4' '-ethylidynetris(3-thiabutan-1-amine) with propanal and paraformaldehyde under basic conditions, followed by borohydride reduction and reoxidation of the metal center, leads largely to the encapsulated (red) metal complex cation [Co(Me(2)-N(3)S(3)sar)](3+) (Me(2)-N(3)S(3)sar = 1,8-dimethyl-3,13,16-trithia-6,10,19-triazabicyclo[6.6.6]icosane). Unexpectedly, significant amounts of the homologous (yellow) complex cation [Co(Me(2)-N(3)S(3)absar)](3+) (Me(2)-N(3)S(3)absar = 1,8-dimethyl-3,13,16-trithia-6,10,19-triazabicyclo[6.6.5]nonadecane) were also obtained. This macrobicyclic complex has a contracted cavity resulting from a cap containing one fewer methylene units than Me(2)-N(3)S(3)sar. The structures of both cobalt(III) complexes have been determined by X-ray crystallography. [Co(Me(2)-N(3)S(3)sar)]Cl.ZnCl(4).H(2)O crystallizes in the cubic space group P2(1)3 with Z = 4, a = 13.9683(11) Å. [Co(Me(2)-N(3)S(3)absar)](ClO(4))(3).0.5CH(3)CN.0.5H(2)O crystallizes in the triclinic space group P&onemacr; with Z = 4, a = 12.036(4) Å, b = 15.932(9) Å, c = 17.212(14) Å, alpha = 64.93(7) degrees, beta = 72.77(5) degrees, gamma = 88.91(7) degrees. The surprising structural rearrangement is examined, along with the spectral and redox properties of both cobalt complexes. The influence of the reduced cavity size in the absar type cage is reflected in a shift of the bands in the electronic spectrum of both the cobalt(II) and cobalt(III) complexes to higher energy, and a more negative value for the Co(III/II) redox potential. The demetalation of the complexes is also described.

A Luminescent Sensor Responsive to Common Oxoacids: X-ray Crystal Structure of [H3O·1,8- Oxybis(ethyleneoxyethyleneoxy)anthracene-9,10-dione]ClO4

1,8-Oxybis(ethyleneoxyethyleneoxy)anthracene-9,10-dione with a reduced cavity size, due to the presence of a carbonyl oxygen within the crown, has been shown by X-ray crystallography to encapsulate a hydronium ion. Hydrogen bonds between the hydronium ion and the crown oxygens are particularly strong, averaging 2.56 A. The polyether ring also exhibits a pronounced folding to optimize encapsulation of the hydronium ion. The hydronium hydrogen atoms have been unequivocally observed, indicating near ideal pyramidal geometry, due to the absence of hydrogen-bonding disorders previously observed in other [H3O·18-crown-6]+ structure analyses. Intense luminescence is concurrently observed with complexation of the hydronium ion within the polyether ring. Common oxoacids acids, such as HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4, and CF3SO3H, result in luminescent intensities approximately 40 times larger than that of 1,8-oxybis(ethyleneoxyethyleneoxy)anthracene-9,10-dione alone, which also correlates with the pKas of these acids. This cap...

Echo-guided percutaneous puncture: a safe and valuable therapeutic tool for amebic liver abscess.

To clarify the therapeutic role of echo-guided percutaneous puncture (EPP) in management of amebic liver abscess, 20 patients (24 abscesses) received metronidazole plus EPP. Fluid was aspirated through Chiba needles under real-time sonographic guidance so as to reduce cavity size to less than 3 cm. Not more than two EPPs were necessary in the majority of cases and no complication followed the procedure. This scheme resulted in a shortening of time of both hospitalization (less than or equal to 20 days) and liver lesion healing as assessed by ultrasound (less than or equal to 4 months). It is concluded that EPP is a valuable and safe therapeutic tool for hepatic amebic abscess.

LEAF CAVITY SIZE DIFFERENTIATION AND WATER RELATIONS IN CAREX ELEOCHARIS

Carex eleocharis leaves contain large intercellular cavities that traverse the length of the leaf above rows of stomata and are roughly constant in size throughout a leaf. Semithin sections (1–2 μm) demonstrate that the substomatal chambers are directly continuous with the intercellular cavities. Leaves of plants inhabiting moist swale regions of the shortgrass steppe, in northeastern Colorado, were found to have larger cavities as compared to leaves of plants inhabiting dry hilltops. Plants collected from a common hilltop site were grown in a controlled environment chamber, and, by manipulating the watering schedule, we obtained water potentials similar to those in the field. Leaves of “well‐watered” plants were found to have larger intercellular cavities as compared to “water‐stressed” plants. Leaf mesophyll cell sizes did not differ significantly between “well‐watered” and “water‐stressed” plants, suggesting that cavity size differences are not the result of developmental differences. Leaf cavities were shown to contain gases and to occur along the leaf length above rows of stomata. Additionally, the cavities in unstressed plants were continuous with substomal chambers. It is proposed that the reduction of cavity size is a mechanism to reduce water loss from the leaves during periods of plant water stress.

Leaf Cavity Size Differentiation and Water Relations in Carex eleocharis

Carex eleocharis leaves contain large intercellular cavities that traverse the length of the leaf above rows of stomata and are roughly constant in size throughout a leaf. Semithin sections (1–2 μm) demonstrate that the substomatal chambers are directly continuous with the intercellular cavities. Leaves of plants inhabiting moist swale regions of the shortgrass steppe, in northeastern Colorado, were found to have larger cavities as compared to leaves of plants inhabiting dry hilltops. Plants collected from a common hilltop site were grown in a controlled environment chamber, and, by manipulating the watering schedule, we obtained water potentials similar to those in the field. Leaves of “well-watered” plants were found to have larger intercellular cavities as compared to “water-stressed” plants. Leaf mesophyll cell sizes did not differ significantly between “well-watered” and “water-stressed” plants, suggesting that cavity size differences are not the result of developmental differences. Leaf cavities were shown to contain gases and to occur along the leaf length above rows of stomata. Additionally, the cavities in unstressed plants were continuous with substomal chambers. It is proposed that the reduction of cavity size is a mechanism to reduce water loss from the leaves during periods of plant water stress.

Explosive‐induced wave propagation in nugget sandstone

Explosion‐induced particle velocity time histories have been recorded in Nugget sandstone at confining pressures between 0.1 and 34.5 MPa using explosive sources with energies between 0.6 and 300 kJ. The measured peak particle velocities and peak displacements are insensitive (within the experimental scatter of ±3%) to confining pressures. Smaller cavities are produced at higher confining pressure, but this reduction in cavity size can be attributed to increasing rock strength with confining pressure rather than to confining pressure per se. The recorded free field motion shows a strong departure from elastic behavior, giving average Q or attenuation factors between 8 and 20. Integration of the measured particle velocities to determine permanent displacements gives values an order of magnitude larger than expected from the measured cavity size. This observation suggests that the stress wave causes significant dilation of the rock near the explosion as it travels outward from the spherical energy source.

La complexation des lanthanides par les macrocycles

Complexes of the complete series of lanthanide nitrates and Perchlorates with various macrocycles have been synthesized under anhydrous conditions. Spectroscopic studies indicate that the complexation by cyclic ligands depends on the dimension of the internal cavity, on the rigidity of the macrocycle, on the nature of its donor atoms and on the complexing properties of the counter ion. These factors lead to some selectivity in the complexation of the rare earths. The structure of the complexes was deduced by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of paramagnetic compounds. It was established that a non-substitued diaaza tetraoxa cycle adopts a non-planar conformation of reduced cavity size. The influence of the lanthanide contraction was demonstrated in the study of sandwich-type complexes with a small tetraoxa macrocycle. The electrochemical behaviour of the systems Yb(III)-Yb(II) and Sm(III)-Sm(II) in the presence of macrocycles was investigated by polarography. A hexaoxa macrocycle was found to have the unique property of stabilizing the II oxydation state by complexation. Stability constants were deduced from an analysis of partially irreversible Polarographie waves. A tetraaza tetraacetic macrocycle was used to complex the lanthanides in aqueous solution. This ligand forms the most stable rare earth complexes known so far and can act as a masking agent in the separation of rare earths from transition metal ions and alkalis.

Tuberculosis Chemotherapy with Hydrazine Derivatives of Isonicotinic Acid

1) Ninety-two patients with moderately or far-advanced pulmonary tuberculosis classified largely as progressive and caseous-pneumonic, have been treated with the hydrazide of isonicotinic acid (Rimifon) and its isopropyl derivative (Marsilid). 2) All patients had positive sputum and active disease before institution of therapy. Forty-five were toxic and febrile. 3) Patients, divided into groups, were treated with 2, 4, and 10 milligrams per Kilo of Marsilid and 4 mg. of Rimifon for from four to 15 weeks. 4) Complete elimination of fever and toxicity occurred within two to three weeks in all cases. Appetite increase and restored sense of well-being were matched and overshadowed by weight gains which varied up to 64 pounds and averaged 18 pounds at an average of nine weeks of treatment. 5) Sputum negativity was obtained in 25 per cent of patients in from four to 15 weeks of treatment and in another 28 per cent, sharp reductions from consistent plain smear positivity to “occasionally positive” occurred. 6) Cough and expectoration were completely eliminated, or almost so, in from two to three weeks. 7) Among the 92 cases, in from four to 15 weeks, cavity closure occurred in two cases, marked reduction in cavity size was noted in 33 cases, clearing of exudate occurred 17 times. 8) Marked simultaneous diminution in several cavities within the same lung was seen three times. 9) Extension of exudate occurred four times and was minimal. One equivical new cavity appeared at the site of a pre-therapy exudate. 10) There was no death due to progression of tuberculosis. 11) Cure or marked improvement has been seen in cases of tuberculous laryngitis, tuberculous otitis, tuberculous glossitis. 12) Toxic effects of Marsilid and Rimifon therapy include hyper-reflexia, leg-twitching, constipation, vertigo and reflex disturbance of micturition. 13) No death due to therapy has occurred. 14) Every patient has been benefited by therapy. 15) Clinical investigation of these previously untried new compounds, the hydrazide of isonicotinic acid (Rimifon) and its isopropyl derivative (Marsilid) reveals that they are potent agents for the treatment of human tuberculosis.

Diasone in the Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis

1) A concept of chemotherapeutic cure in tuberculosis is entertained whereby sputum alteration becomes the major criterion of change. 2) Cases benignly resolving or inevitably progressive and those complicated by extra-pulmonary tuberculosis or other diseases were eliminated from this study in order to fairly evaluate the usefulness of diasone. 3) One hundred and six patients were selected for the study. Ninety-three per cent of these were classified as predominantly caseous-pneumonic. According to other classifications, they are recorded as 64 per cent far-advanced, 33 per cent moderately advanced; 75 per cent were positive over six months before institution of therapy; 75 per cent had sputa in the high Gaffky range. 4) Therapy was discontinued in four of the 106 patients because of marked toxicity. There were skin lesions in each of these cases; one terminated fatally. Other signs and symptoms of toxicity were frequently encountered but these were relatively mild and transitory. 5) Results after four months of therapy — 102 patients. Evidence of conversion in 20 patients (19.6%); sputum appreciably reduced (See text, “sputum” under heading of “results” for definition of “reduction”) in 15 patients (14.7%). The conversions and reductions occurred at a higher rate in the moderately advanced or minimal, predominantly productive groups and in those positive less than six months before institution of therapy. 6) The combined conversion and reduction rate was 34.3 per cent. 7) Results after six months of therapy — 41 patients. Evidence of conversion in eight patients, appreciable reduction in 19. Total combined tabulation of the entire 102 patient series indicates sputum conversion in nine patients (8.8%), appreciable reduction in 21 (20.6%). 8) The chest x-ray demonstrated no significant change in one-half of the series. There was clearing and reduction in cavity size in one-fifth of the series; new lesions and increased cavity size were noted in one-fifth; new cavities appeared in two patients. Among the conversions there was clearing in one-third of the patients and no change in two-thirds. One conversion presented a persistently visible cavity. Diasone did not prevent spreads. Emphasis is placed upon the relative unimportance of the x-ray in evaluating chemotherapy since considerable lag between “sterilization” and visible healing changes is anticipated. 9) A 50 patient control series manifested 12 per cent spontaneous conversion and four per cent reduction rates. 10) The unusually high percentage of relapses at six months after an excellent start at four months suggests interference with the proliferation of the tubercle bacillus at that time and reflects the probability of early “open healing.” It also introduces the concept of “drug fastness.” 11) With chemical control of the tubercle bacillus the usual criteria of arrest will have to undergo considerable modification. 12) Because of the evidence of early weak activity, diasone should not be abandoned but a new approach should be considered.