Reduction In Carbon Monoxide Emissions Research Articles

Study on the effect of wet scrubbing technique on emissions in a dual fuel engine operating with diesel and hydrogen.

Reducing emissions from internal combustion (IC) engines is a crucial goal, encompassing nitrogen oxide (NO), hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and smoke. To enhance both performance and emissions, contemporary IC engines have turned to alternative gases such as hydrogen (H2) and exhaust after-treatment systems. A promising method to effectively decrease exhaust emissions entails the application of the scrubber technique as an exhaust gas after-treatment. This study's objective is to explore two avenues for curtailing exhaust emissions. The first involves substituting traditional fuels in IC engines with hydrogen gas (H2) at a flow rate of 6 LPM. The second entails integrating a liquid chemical solution into the scrubber technique. Notably, the utilization of KMnO4 solutions exhibits an appreciable reduction in NO and CO emissions compared to solutions containing NaOH. The experimental process included two aspects: investigating hydrogen fuel (H2) as an alternative fuel for IC engines and incorporating a scrubber technique using both KMnO4 and NaOH solutions. These experiments were conducted using a single-cylinder engine with a power output of 5.2 kW, cooled by water. The engine underwent tests under various load conditions, spanning from minimal to maximal loads. The findings revealed that employing KMnO4 solutions within the scrubber technique led to reductions of 25% and 40% in NO and CO emissions, respectively, in contrast to the utilization of NaOH solutions. Similarly, introduction hydrogen gas also has a significant effect on emission reduction.

Predicting the effects of direct-injected fuels co-powered by high-CO2 biogas on RCCI engine emissions using kinetic mechanisms and multi-objective optimization

High inert gas content in biogas resulted in poor burning and emissions attributes, though scarcely investigated in reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI). Established kinetic mechanisms were combined with multi-objective optimization to investigate, predict, and analyze emissions occurrence and trade-offs for reduced environmental impacts. The work examined the impact of direct-injected high reactivity fuels (HRF) and port-injected Biogas at various inert gas (carbon dioxide, CO2) rates (25 – 45% vol), biogas fractions (40 – 70%), speeds (1600 – 2000 rpm), and loads (4.5 – 6.5 bar IMEP) on emissions of RCCI engine, experimentally. The findings revealed that while engine speeds greatly decreased CO (carbon monoxide) and NOx (nitrate oxide) emissions with rising unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) regardless of HRF employed, higher engine load significantly reduced UHC emissions. Diesel-biogas reduces NOx emissions and performs better in reducing CO and UHC emissions at lower speeds than B5-biogas, except in low-level loads. Although increasing CO2 impact led to a reduction in UHC and CO emissions, the biogas proportion was the most significant variable. The main factor influencing increased NOx emissions was engine load, which is inversely correlated with reduced NOx and increased particulate emissions owing to high CO2 content and biogas proportion. The premixed mode's optimisation outcome confirms the trade-off reduction at 5.5 bar IMEP, 35.586% CO2, and 50% fraction. As a result, running the RCCI engine with direct-injected diesel co-powered in equal proportion with high-CO2 biogas cuts the emissions trade-off dramatically, limiting the environmental repercussions of the emissions.

Spatial and temporal analysis of influential factors on motor vehicle carbon monoxide emissions in China considering emissions trading scheme.

The number of cars is increasing every year and the environmental aspects of transport are becoming a hot topic. The spatial and temporal patterns of motor vehicle carbon monoxide (CO) emissions are still unclear due to the unbalanced economic development and heterogeneous geographic conditions of China. With the objective of realizing a reduction in motor vehicle CO emissions, his study explores the transport carbon emission reduction pathways of China from motor vehicle CO emission. Firstly, the entropy method is adopted to comprehensively evaluate the CO emissions from motor vehicles in each province; secondly, the development of a Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression (GTWR) model facilitates the examination of the spatiotemporal dynamics pertaining to the influencing factors of motor vehicle CO emissions within each province.; finally, the characteristics of motor vehicle CO emissions in ETS pilot areas and non-ETS pilot areas are compared. The results show that: (1) After the completion of the six ETS pilot areas in 2011, the CO emission from motor vehicles is reduced by 18% compared with 2010.(2)The entropy method shows that the largest CO emissions from motor vehicles are from Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong and other provinces with high economic levels.(3) The results of the GTWR model show that the positive effects of economic level, population size, road mileage intensity and motor vehicle intensity on motor vehicle CO emissions are decreasing year by year. The negative effect of metro line intensity on CO emission decreases year by year. This study can help decision makers to identify the high emission areas, understand the influencing factors, and formulate emission reduction measures to achieve the purpose of carbon emission reduction in transport.

Green Synthesis of CuO Nanoparticles from Blackberry Leaves Extract (Rubus fruticosus) and Experimental Research of Its Effects on Emissions Analysis for IC Engines

As an additive for diesel engines, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) are thought to offer a lot of promise. In this work, an experimental investigation was conducted to ascertain the impact on a diesel engine of adding copper oxide (CuO) particles made from a Rubus fruticosus leaf extract product using a novel green synthesis approach. The presence and morphology of the CuO were analyzed by different characterization studies. Subsequently, was investigated the effects of the addition of CuONPs at two concentrations (15 and 20 ppm) on diesel engine performance, brake‐specific fuel consumption (BSFC), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), nitrogen oxide (NOX), and smoke emissions. From the experimental outcomes, the D100 + 20 ppm CuO blend shows a significant reduction in CO, HC, and smoke emissions by 58.19%, 25.15%, and 26.67%, respectively, when compared with standard diesel. Also, it was found that the D100 + 20 ppm CuO blend showed better engine performance with enhanced combustion characteristics. The experimental results provided a reduction of around 1.10% in BSFC. This study demonstrates how changes in fuel composition through the addition of nanoparticles to commonly used diesel fuel can provide meaningful improvements in engine performance and emissions.

A Review on the Influence of Additive Blended Biodiesel to the Performance and Emission Characteristics of Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines

Modern industrial society is heavily dependent on energy. The amount of energy needed to sustain a society increases as the world's population grows and transportation systems improve. However, the stringent emissions regulations enacted to control the number of harmful exhaust pollutants from heavy-duty diesel engines are likely to gradually phase out internal combustion engines that run solely on petrochemical fuels. This challenge puts constant pressure on researchers to seek improved fuel technologies that meet emission standards while reducing costs and emissions. In this paper, the impact of biodiesel blends, with or without additives was found to have both positive and negative effects on heavy-duty diesel engines. Biodiesel blends with additives such as 50% biodiesel 400mg/l additive and 100 % biodiesel 500mg/l additive have the potential to reduce emissions of harmful pollutants such as particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbons (HC). However, the impact on nitrogen oxide emissions is less clear and may depend on engine type and operating conditions. Regarding engine performance, additive biodiesel blends exhibited lower power and torque output and slightly lower fuel consumption than conventional diesel. On the other hand, non-additive biodiesel blends such as 5%, 10%, and 20% biodiesel in conventional diesel showed higher nitrogen oxide emissions and fuel consumption, but a reduction in HC and CO emissions. Overall, the use of additives in biodiesel blends can improve certain properties, such as cold weather performance and oxidation stability but the effect largely depends on engine design, operating conditions, and the percentage of additives used. Hence, more research is needed to fully understand the effect of biodiesel blends and additives on heavy-duty diesel engines and optimize their use for maximum benefits.

Southern Hemisphere atmospheric history of carbon monoxide over the late Holocene reconstructed from multiple Antarctic ice archives

Abstract. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a naturally occurring atmospheric trace gas, a regulated pollutant, and one of the main components determining the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere. Evaluating climate–chemistry models under different conditions than today and constraining past CO sources requires a reliable record of atmospheric CO mixing ratios ([CO]) that includes data since preindustrial times. Here, we report the first continuous record of atmospheric [CO] for Southern Hemisphere (SH) high latitudes over the past 3 millennia. Our continuous record is a composite of three high-resolution Antarctic ice core gas records and firn air measurements from seven Antarctic locations. The ice core gas [CO] records were measured by continuous flow analysis (CFA), using an optical feedback cavity-enhanced absorption spectrometer (OF-CEAS), achieving excellent external precision (2.8–8.8 ppb; 2σ) and consistently low blanks (ranging from 4.1±1.2 to 7.4±1.4 ppb), thus enabling paleo-atmospheric interpretations. Six new firn air [CO] Antarctic datasets collected between 1993 and 2016 CE at the DE08-2, DSSW19K, DSSW20K, South Pole, Aurora Basin North (ABN), and Lock-In sites (and one previously published firn CO dataset at Berkner) were used to reconstruct the atmospheric history of CO from ∼1897 CE, using inverse modeling that incorporates the influence of gas transport in firn. Excellent consistency was observed between the youngest ice core gas [CO] and the [CO] from the base of the firn and between the recent firn [CO] and atmospheric [CO] measurements at Mawson station (eastern Antarctica), yielding a consistent and contiguous record of CO across these different archives. Our Antarctic [CO] record is relatively stable from −835 to 1500 CE, with mixing ratios within a 30–45 ppb range (2σ). There is a ∼5 ppb decrease in [CO] to a minimum at around 1700 CE during the Little Ice Age. CO mixing ratios then increase over time to reach a maximum of ∼54 ppb by ∼1985 CE. Most of the industrial period [CO] growth occurred between about 1940 to 1985 CE, after which there was an overall [CO] decrease, as observed in Greenland firn air and later at atmospheric monitoring sites and attributed partly to reduced CO emissions from combustion sources. Our Antarctic ice core gas CO observations differ from previously published records in two key aspects. First, our mixing ratios are significantly lower than reported previously, suggesting that previous studies underestimated blank contributions. Second, our new CO record does not show a maximum in the late 1800s. The absence of a [CO] peak around the turn of the century argues against there being a peak in Southern Hemisphere biomass burning at this time, which is in agreement with (i) other paleofire proxies such as ethane or acetylene and (ii) conclusions reached by paleofire modeling. The combined ice core and firn air [CO] history, spanning −835 to 1992 CE, extended to the present by the Mawson atmospheric record, provides a useful benchmark for future atmospheric chemistry modeling studies.

Reduction of Carbon Monoxide Emissions into the Atmosphere When Burning Fuel Oil in Technological Thermal Power Plants

An effective method and device for additional heating of fuel oil used in the production of soda ash as fuel in soda drum dryers has been developed. It is concluded that the use of a high-frequency induction unit mounted on the fuel oil supply line in the thermal power equipment of soda ash drum dryers provides an increase in the temperature of fuel oil from 60 to 98 °С, a reduction in its specific consumption by 15.7 % and a reduction in carbon monoxide emissions into the atmosphere from 0.20 to 0.024 g /s.

A novel model of a hydrogen production in micro reactor: Conversion reaction of methane with water vapor and catalytic

This study presents a comprehensive investigation of a thermally integrated membrane micro reactor for efficient hydrogen production through the conversion of methane with water vapor. The reactor design incorporates a catalytic Au/ZnO system to enhance performance. The effects of key operational variables, including inlet gas flow rate, pressure, temperature, water-to-methane ratio, and membrane thickness, were examined. Optimal conditions were sought to maximize methane conversion, hydrogen yield, and minimize carbon monoxide production. As feed flow increases, methane conversion decreases due to reduced retention time in the reactor. This decrease is almost six times greater at 240 °C than at 270 °C. Higher water-to-methane ratios improved methane conversion and reduced hydrogen and carbon monoxide production. Shell pressure affected methane conversion, with higher pressures resulting in decreased rates and carbon monoxide levels. As shell airflow velocity increases, methane conversion rises about 0.96 %. Tube pressure influenced hydrogen passage through the membrane, causing decreased hydrogen output from the tube section and increased output from the shell section, while reducing carbon monoxide emissions. These findings contribute to the optimization of a thermally integrated membrane micro reactor for efficient hydrogen production through water vapor-methane conversion.

Methanol (M85) Port-Fuel-Injected Spark Ignition Motorcycle Engine Development—Part 2: Dynamic Performance, Transient Emissions, and Catalytic Converter Effectiveness

<div>Methanol is emerging as an alternate internal combustion engine fuel. It is getting attention in countries such as China and India as an emerging transport fuel. Using methanol in spark ignition engines is easier and more economical than in compression ignition engines via the blending approach. M85 (85% v/v methanol and 15% v/v gasoline) is one of the preferred blends with the highest methanol concentration. However, its physicochemical properties significantly differ from gasoline, leading to challenges in operating existing vehicles. This experimental study addresses the challenges such as cold-start operation and poor throttle response of M85-fueled motorcycle using a port fuel injection engine. In this study, M85-fueled motorcycle prototype is developed with superior performance, similar/better drivability, and lower emissions than a gasoline-fueled port-fuel-injected motorcycle. An open electronic control unit was installed using suitable wiring harness/sensors and actuators to control the engine. Then the motorcycle electronic control unit was calibrated for transient operations on a chassis dynamometer. The motorcycle was tested under road load simulation and wide-open throttle conditions on the chassis dynamometer to compare its performance with a baseline gasoline-fueled motorcycle. Evaluation parameters included power at wheels, maximum vehicle speed, and time-based and speed-based acceleration characteristics. Transient emissions were evaluated following the Indian driving cycle protocols. The effectiveness of the catalytic converter for M85 fueling was assessed by comparing various emissions upstream and downstream of the catalytic converter. M85-fueled motorcycle generated higher power at wheels and similar maximum speeds as baseline gasoline-fueled motorcycle. Fine-tuned M85-fueled motorcycle exhibited superior acceleration characteristics over baseline gasoline-fueled motorcycle, indicating that an appropriate tuning strategy could tackle the issue of “drivability.” M85-fueled motorcycle emitted lower carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon during the warm-up cycles in the Indian driving cycle protocol. The inherent fuel oxygen of M85 enhanced the carbon monoxide–carbon dioxide conversion, reducing carbon monoxide emissions in the engine exhaust. The existing catalytic converter was also suitable for M85 fueling since the hydrocarbon, nitric oxide, and carbon monoxide emissions were effectively reduced downstream of the catalytic converter in all test conditions.</div>

Lignin Use in Enhancing the Properties of Willow Pellets

Shrub willow (Salix spp.) is an emerging lignocellulosic biomass utilized in fuel pellets as an energy source. However, improvements are needed to increase the efficacy of pellets in areas such as the energy content, durability, and hazardous carbon monoxide emissions. This study examined the effect of utilizing lignin as an additive on willow pellet properties. Two types of lignin were used in individual treatments: lignin recovered from the hot water extraction of willow (RecL) and commercial softwood kraft lignin (ComL). A statistical analysis of the ash content, energy content, bulk density, durability, pellet length, moisture absorption, and carbon monoxide emissions for the pellets with and without the addition of RecL or ComL lignin was conducted. The observed significant reduction in carbon monoxide emissions from RecL pellets was an important effect of the lignin addition. There were also significant increases in the energy content, bulk density, and durability of lignin-added pellets. While the production of carbon monoxide via pellets continues to be explored, lignin can be utilized as an additive to reduce carbon monoxide emissions and simultaneously improve other pellet properties.

Global, regional, and national mortality due to unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning, 2000–2021: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning is a largely preventable cause of death that has received insufficient attention. We aimed to conduct a comprehensive global analysis of the demographic, temporal, and geographical patterns of fatal unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning from 2000 to 2021. As part of the latest Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD), unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning mortality was quantified using the GBD cause of death ensemble modelling strategy. Vital registration data and covariates with an epidemiological link to unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning informed the estimates of death counts and mortality rates for all locations, sexes, ages, and years included in the GBD. Years of life lost (YLLs) were estimated by multiplying deaths by remaining standard life expectancy at age of death. Population attributable fractions (PAFs) for unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning deaths due to occupational injuries and high alcohol use were estimated. In 2021, the global mortality rate due to unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning was 0·366 per 100 000 (95% uncertainty interval 0·276-0·415), with 28 900 deaths (21 700-32 800) and 1·18 million YLLs (0·886-1·35) across all ages. Nearly 70% of deaths occurred in males (20 100 [15 800-24 000]), and the 50-54-year age group had the largest number of deaths (2210 [1660-2590]). The highest mortality rate was in those aged 85 years or older with 1·96 deaths (1·38-2·32) per 100 000. Eastern Europe had the highest age-standardised mortality rate at 2·12 deaths (1·98-2·30) per 100 000. Globally, there was a 53·5% (46·2-63·7) decrease in the age-standardised mortality rate from 2000 to 2021, although this decline was not uniform across regions. The overall PAFs for occupational injuries and high alcohol use were 13·6% (11·9-16·0) and 3·5% (1·4-6·2), respectively. Improvements in unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning mortality rates have been inconsistent across regions and over time since 2000. Given that unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning is almost entirely preventable, policy-level interventions that lower the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning events should be prioritised, such as those that increase access to improved heating and cooking devices, reduce carbon monoxide emissions from generators, and mandate use of carbon monoxide alarms. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Physical properties, engine performance, and exhaust emissions of waste fish oil biodiesel/bioethanol/diesel fuel blends

In the current study, the physicochemical, engine performance, and exhaust emission of different ternary fuel blends containing waste fish oil (WFO) biodiesel, bioethanol, and petro-diesel have been investigated. WFO Biodiesel was prepared from waste fish oil via transesterification method. Different physiochemical properties including the kinematic viscosity, density, flash point, pour point, cloud point, and heat value have been measured for different fuel blends and compared with the neat petro-diesel. The performance and exhaust emission of engine have been also studied using different fuel blends using a single-cylinder diesel engine in full load condition at 1800 rpm. It was found that the engine torque, engine power, and thermal efficiency of the ternary fuel blends was reduced by 2.45%, 9.25%, 2.35% averagely in comparison with the neat petro-diesel, respectively. The average break specific fuel consumption was also increased by 10.44% compared to the neat petro-diesel. The emission of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), unburned hydrocarbons (UHC), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) was also measured. It was also found that the utilization of ternary fuel blends results in a considerable reduction in CO and UHC emission by 50.55% and 43.87% on average compared to the neat petro-diesel, respectively. The emission of NOx was also increased by 28.25% on average compared to the neat petro-diesel. It was also found that the NOx emission can be adjusted by tuning the WFO biodiesel and bioethanol contents of the ternary fuel blends.

Ground-based and AIRS carbon monoxide behavior at El Arenosillo observatory (Southwestern Europe)

Carbon monoxide (CO) observations registered at El Arenosillo observatory (Southwestern Europe), during three years (2019–2022) were used to explore levels, temporal variations and patterns. The seasonal mean hourly oscillated between 127 ± 21 and 97 ± 14 ppb, with extreme peaks measured under wildfire plume arrival. A remarkable monthly evolution was observed with peaks in cold months (135 ± 20 ppb in January) and minimum in summer (90 ± 11 ppb in June). Seasonal daily patterns showed a different nocturnal behavior depending on the season, with a clear maximum at 7:00–9:00 UTC, a decrease during diurnal time, and a minimum at 17:00–18:00 UTC. To determine the potential trends from 2002 to 2022, the observations of the AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder) instrument and the emissions from the global emission inventory of CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) were used. A downward trend for emissions of −31% decade−1 was found, whereas the decrease from AIRS was −9.8% decade−1. The effort to reduce CO emissions is being countered by other processes. The CO behavior was investigated under weather conditions governed by the synoptic and mesoscale processes. Background levels (∼90 ppb) were obtained under Atlantic airflows, while an increase of ∼40% was observed with the impact of urban plumes from continental areas. CO even lower than 90 ppb was obtained under non-pure sea-land breezes, whereas, with pure breezes, reached peaks above 120 ppb, affecting the atmosphere at the surface and up to 1–1.2 km in the air. The extreme level was registered under wildfire plume arrival, with peaks exceeding 350 ppb. Climate change is modifying weather patterns and modulating breezes; in addition, it is also increasing the frequency and intensity of wildfires. These processes could be counteracting the efforts carried out to reduce emissions.

Greenhouse gas emissions from Brazilian agriculture and convergence clubs

ABSTRACT This work aims to assess whether there is a convergence in the emission of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) in the states of Brazil. To achieve this objective, the Phillips and Sul (2007) time series methodology was employed, testing the hypothesis of global (or common) convergence, using data from the Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Removal Estimation System (Sistema de Estimativas de Emissões e Remoções de Gases do Efeito Estufa - SEEG), for the period of 1989–2018, which provides the emission, in tons, of Carbon Monoxide (CO) in agriculture and livestock, as well as of Carbon Dioxide (CO2), for changes in land and forest use. Among the main results, the formation of different convergence clubs is suggested, rejecting the hypothesis of global convergence, and thus presenting four convergence clubs for the CO pollutant and three clubs for the CO2, with two divergent states. When analysing the convergence clubs, it was found that there was a significant reduction in CO emissions in all clubs, and while analysing the CO2, only two of the clubs, which were clubs 3 and 4, managed to reduce their emissions.

Investigations on reactivity controlled compression ignition combustion with different injection strategies using alternative fuels produced from waste resources

Reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) is a promising low-temperature combustion (LTC) strategy that results in low oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and soot emissions while maintaining high thermal efficiency. At the same time, RCCI leads to increased unburned hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions in the exhaust, particularly under low loads. The current work experimented novel port-injected RCCI (PI-RCCI) strategy to overcome the high unburned emission limitations at low load conditions in RCCI. PI-RCCI is a port injection strategy in which low-reactivity fuel (LRF) is injected using a low-pressure injector, and the high-reactivity fuel (HRF) is injected through a high-pressure common rail direct injection (CRDI) injector. The low volatile HRF is injected into a heated fuel vaporizer maintained at 180°C in the intake manifold during the suction stroke. Modifying a single-cylinder, light-duty diesel engine with the necessary intake and fuel injection systems allows engine operation in both RCCI and PI-RCCI modes. Alternative fuels from waste resources such as waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCO) and plastic waste oil (WPO) are used as the HRF and LRF fuel in RCCI and PI-RCCI. To achieve maximum thermal efficiency in RCCI, the premixed energy ratio and the start of injection of the direct-injected fuel are optimized at all load conditions. The engine performance and exhaust emissions characteristics in PI-RCCI are compared with RCCI as a baseline reference. The results show a 70% and 48% reduction in CO and HC emissions, respectively, in PI-RCCI than in RCCI. Further, the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was enhanced by around 20%, and the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) was reduced by 13% in PI-RCCI. The NOx emissions decreased without any considerable changes in soot emission in PI-RCCI. The current study shows that fuels derived from waste resources can be used in RCCI and PI-RCCI modes with better engine performance and lower emissions.

Adoption of cleaner technologies and reduction in fire events in the hotspots lead to global decline in carbon monoxide

Carbon Monoxide (CO) is not a greenhouse gas (GHG), but has the capacity to change atmospheric chemistry of other GHGs such as methane and ozone, and therefore indirectly affects Earth's radiative forcing of the GHGs and surface temperature. Here, we use the CO mixing ratio at 850 hPa from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) reanalysis and the Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) satellite measurements for the period 2005–2019 to examine the spatio-temporal changes in CO across the latitudes. We find a substantial decrease in global CO, about −0.21 ± 0.09 ppb/yr (−0.23 ± 0.12%/yr) with the TES data and about −0.36 ± 0.07 ppb/yr (−0.45 ± 0.08%/yr) with the MOPITT satellite measurements during the study period. The highest CO decreasing trend is observed in Eastern China (−2.7 ± 0.37 ppb/yr) followed by Myanmar (−2.142 ± 0.59 ppb/yr) and South America (−1.08 ± 0.82 ppb/yr). This negative trend in CO is primarily due to the decrease in biomass burning and stringent environmental regulations in the respective regions and countries. The sources including road transport, which account for about 33.6% of CO emissions, followed by industries (18.3%) and agricultural waste burning (8.8%), might also be responsible for the reduction in CO due to the adaptation of improved emission control technology and regulations in the past decades from 2005 to 2019. Therefore, the study provides new insights on the current trends of global CO distribution and reasons for recent reduction in global CO emissions, which would be useful for future decision-making process to control air pollution.

Effective utilization of biodiesel blends with nano additives on diesel engine towards eco-sustainability

The sustainable fuel known as biodiesel can be produced from either vegetable oils, animal fats, or even recycled cooking oils. It has the potential to cut greenhouse gas emissions and lessen our dependence on oil when compared to traditional diesel derived from petroleum. Burning fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases, which are a key contributor to climate change as well as other pollution. In India’s agriculture industry, making biodiesel from plant sources, especially oils that can’t be eaten, has gained a lot of popularity in recent years. In addition, there are not enough of these biodiesels on the market to match the surging demand for fossil fuel. A new biodiesel composition that can be used in diesel engines is made from non-edible oils. The development of a new combination of biodiesel is crucial in order to keep up with the surging demand for fossil fuels. The purpose of this study is to create a novel biodiesel blend of 50 % cottonseed biodiesel and 50 % rapeseed biodiesel and diesel with cerium oxide. The results of CR20N50 show a 15–18 % reduction in fuel consumption, a 12–22 % reduction in carbon monoxide emissions, and a 13–20 % reduction in hydrocarbon emissions compared with base diesel.

Performance, Emission, and Spectroscopic Analysis of Diesel Engine Fuelled with Ternary Biofuel Blends

The demand for sustainable alternative-fuels in the transportation and agriculture domains is essential due to the quick depletion of petroleum supplies and the growing environmental challenges. The ternary-blends (diesel, biodiesel, and Methyl oleate) have the ability to report the existing challenges in this area because they offer significant promise for reducing exhaust emissions and improving engine performance. In the current work, soy methyl ester is blended with methyl oleate and diesel. The emissions and performance of blended biodiesel was conducted in common rail direct injection engine (CRDI). The characterization and physical properties were also evaluated by utilizing various methods like Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-vis Spectroscopy (UV-vis), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. FTIR spectra showed the existence of the strong C=O, indicating the presence of FAME at 1745 cm−1. Again, UV-vis has reported the appearance of conjugated dienes in the oxidized biodiesel. The results indicated all blended samples retained the properties of diesel. The addition of methyl oleate improved brake specific fuel consumption of blended biodiesel almost near to diesel. D50::S80:M20 produced a mean reduction in hydrocarbon 42.64% compared to diesel. The average carbon monoxide emission reduction for D50::S80:M20 was 49.36% as against diesel.

Rapid decline of carbon monoxide emissions in the Fenwei Plain in China during the three-year Action Plan on defending the blue sky

The Fenwei Plain is one of China's most polluted regions, with poor atmospheric dispersion conditions and an outdated energy structure. After implementing multiple policies in recent years, significant reductions in air pollutant concentrations were observed. In this study, based on the Lagrangian-Bayesian inversion framework FLEXINVERT, we constructed a variable resolution inversion system focusing on the Fenwei Plain and inferred the carbon monoxide (CO) emissions using in-situ atmospheric CO observations from April 2014 to March 2020. We analyzed the spatiotemporal variations of the CO emissions and discussed their causes, especially the effect of the “Three-year Action Plan on Defending the Blue Sky” (TAPDBS). Before the policy, CO emissions temporarily increased, and the overall decrease in CO emissions per unit of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) slowed down. When the policy was implemented, CO emission fluxes declined sharply, with an average drop of 28%, accompanied by an even higher 37% decrease of CO emission per GDP. The reasons for the decline in CO emissions in Shanxi, Shaanxi and Henan are diverse. The decrease in energy intensity is the reason for CO emission reduction in Shannxi and Henan province but not in Shanxi province. This research fills the gap in emission information in recent years and confirms that TAPDBS has brought a breakthrough in both economic development and air quality protection in the Fenwei Plain.

Intensive carbon combustion in sintering packed bed via steam spraying: An experimental study on carbon monoxide emission reduction.

Improving the combustion efficiency of solid fuels is important for reducing carbon monoxide emissions in the iron ore sintering process. In this paper, the surface steam spraying technology is introduced in the sintering process based on the auxiliary combustion effect of steam on coke, and its potential to reduce carbon monoxide emissions is demonstrated. Thermogravimetric analysis experiments of coke breeze in air and air-steam mixed atmosphere are carried out, and the results show that the introduction of steam can reduce the concentration of carbon monoxide in the exhaust gas from 183×10-6 to 78×10-6. At the same time, the mechanisms of carbon monoxide emission reduction by surface steam spraying technology are analyzed from the thermodynamic and kinetic perspectives. Then, a series of laboratory-scale sintering pot tests are carried out under no spraying operation, interval spraying operation, and continuous spraying operation. The results indicate that both interval and continuous spraying operations can reduce carbon monoxide emissions. The optimal mode of steam spraying under the present experimental conditions is continuously spraying for 13 min at a volume rate of 0.053 m3/min. Compared with no spraying, the average carbon monoxide concentration in the exhaust gas is reduced from 7565×10-6 to 6231×10-6, and total carbon monoxide emissions for per ton sinter are reduced from 13.46 m3/t to 9.51 m3/t.