Reduction Of Available Resources Research Articles

Hurricane Ida Emergency Medicine Resident Disaster Response

Introduction:This report describes the response, action plan, and after-action changes adopted by the Louisiana State University New Orleans (LSU-NO)–Emergency Medicine (EM) Residency Program in response to Hurricane Ida, which occurred in New Orleans, Louisiana in late August through early September 2021. Summarized are the redistribution of emergency department (ED) residents within the primary clinical site, University Medical Center New Orleans (UMCNO); the daily communication flow from chief residents and program leadership; and discussions pertaining to procedural revisions instituted following investigation of pre- and post-hurricane operations.Method:Small-group debrief sessions and after-action reports were conducted post-storm to discuss perceived deficiencies from a resident stand-point. Debriefing occurred between chief residents and individual classes through standardized residency forums. Additionally, an after-action committee, comprised of senior residents, academic faculty, and ancillary personnel, convened a separate counsel with hospital administration-level leadership to analyze retrospective limitations that occurred both during, and immediately following, Code Grey activation.Results:Following data collection and analysis from the various feedback channels, several changes were made to the residency’s Code Grey activation plan going into the 2022-2023 academic residency year. The information obtained was used to develop a more formalized Code Grey process, and to create more robust orientation and education materials for residents.Conclusion:Throughout the events of Hurricane Ida, the LSU-NO Emergency Medicine Department at University Medical Center New Orleans managed a substantial intensification in daily emergency medical activity, while contending with a near-immediate reduction in available resources. Consequently, our program has formalized a more durable residency response to future disasters, including real-time, evolving evacuation correspondence and modernized protocols for rapid re-distribution of resident-power. These procedures are now distributed and practiced throughout each residency year and reinforced on an ad hoc basis in advance of any major weather-related events predicted to impact the greater New Orleans metropolitan area.

AGRICULTURAL VALUE CHAIN FINANCING: PANACEA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

In the past, the agricultural financing policy of the Nigerian government emphasized primary production without paying attention to the marketing of agricultural products. Consequently, the current emphasis by financial institutions on value chain financing has further compounded the problem of access to credit by smallholder farmers who account for over 90 per cent of agricultural production in Nigeria and do not have access to lucrative markets, nor adequate processing and storage facilities. More worrisome is how the right amount of investment can be acquired, particularly in a challenging environment where financial uncertainty causes a reduction in available resources along with increased fear and scrutiny of risk. From the perspective of other climes farmer linkages, improving access to improved seeds, fertilizers and production technology, enhancing farmer integration into the seed production, processing and marketing chain through farmer organization, training and out-grower contracts among others will boost agricultural value chain financing that will lead to sustainable development.

ELSI Implications of Prioritizing Biological Therapies in Times of COVID-19

There is no doubt that COVID-19 will have a substantial impact on access to biologics and biosimilar uptake, as well as on the related ethical, legal, and social dimensions of prioritization decisions. This holds especially true for Denmark and European markets, where governments are expected to cover most of the pharmaceutical needs of their citizens and where the crisis has been leading to an important reduction of available resources. In this paper we make four key comments relating to (1) broader ethico-legal dimensions of prioritizations in Europe, (2) human rights law and (3) regulatory aspects of access, diversification, vulnerability and systemic trust, and (4) additional challenges posed by COVID-19.

When Landscape Ecology Meets Physiology: Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on Resource Allocation Trade-Offs

Landscape heterogeneity is a general feature of natural environments, strongly affected by habitat fragmentation. It can affect a population’s dynamics and probability of extinction. Fragmentation increases among-patch isolation and decreases patch size, resulting in a reduction in available resources in smaller patches. To persist, animals must be able to translate the variation imposed by fragmentation into adaptive energy allocation strategies that enable populations to avoid extinction. This means that physiological adaptations are expected to reflect changes in landscape configuration, especially in the size of the natural habitat patches and degree of isolation among them. We propose a novel, integrative conceptual framework in which spatial characteristics of the environment, imposed by fragmentation, lead to specific life-history traits that increase survival (at the individual level) and decrease the likelihood of extinction (as an emergent property at the population level). We predict that a resource allocation trade-off between the life-history traits of reproduction and dispersal along a fragmentation gradient will emerge. Populations occurring in patches of different sizes and isolations along gradients of fragmentation and productivity will exhibit differences in the strength of the dispersal-reproduction trade-off. Emerging from this framework are several explicit and testable hypotheses that predict that the dispersal-reproduction trade-off will be shaped by landscape heterogeneity imposed by fragmentation. Hence, this trade-off serves as the mechanistic link that translates environmental variation created by fragmentation into variation in species abundances and population dynamics by lowering local extinction probability and increasing overall population persistence.

Agricultural value chain: Concepts, definitions and analysis tool

‘Agriculture continues to be a fundamental instrument for sustainable development and poverty reduction’ (World Bank, 2008); yet, ‘The role of market players constraint in agriculture remain pervasive and they are costly and inequitably distributed, severely limiting smallholders’ ability to compete’. Dramatic and uneven control on prices of Agriculture produce have exposed the vulnerability of agricultural value chain in meeting global demand and call for increased investment in agriculture at all levels. The question is how the actors of value chain can be measured, particularly in a challenging milieu where actor/ s certainty causes to add some cost along with reduction in available resources. An answer to addressing these constraints goes beyond conventional measures since agriculture has always been difficult to quantify the value chain in agriculture. Here, Key players are actors of market involved in agricultural value chain. It composed of all the actor/participant that has some involvement in commodity whether it is related to production to consumption like farmer, aadtiya (middleman), distributor, wholesaler, retailer or consumer etc. it may vary produce to produce and The Cigar Box® is a unique toolkit developed by the Olivier van Lieshout, Marketing Economist, Global Facts, Heuvel 12a, 5101 TD Dongen, The Netherlands. It consists of simple, yet concise spread sheets which help the entrepreneur to calculate cost of goods, margins, contribution, break-even volumes and profitability. For a single product or a complete portfolio of products with the help of given tools. There are seven six-box models. Here we are only studied CB5 for value chain analysis.A unbalanced chain of Agriculture produce not only adds the additional cost to commodity but also put negative pressure on the viability of the agriculture sector and its potential to become a part of the solution to the problem of high gap between actual cost and price to end consumer and the major one is the identification of importance of each actor on the basis of contribution to the market. This paper is designed to help the policymakers/researchers/farmers/ producers to create. Value through opting the best-fit chain. A best fit chain has the optimum number of actor/s that can be able to manage the market activities. Presence of more/less no. of actor/s in market of actually needed leads to up the non-relevant cost and resources. Under this, we try to cover whole in short, via hypothetical example of Tofu product with backward and forward integration among agricultural value chain, primarily focused on actor/ s, role and effect on market and product. We started with nitty-gritty introduction of pre-requisites. A principal objective of this paper is to better enable you to use such tools effectively. Research Methodology is based on analysis of secondary data that has been analyzed and interpreted with simple tools for sketch out the conclusions.

The price of safety: food deprivation in early life influences the efficacy of chemical defence in an aposematic moth

Aposematism is the combination of a primary signal with a secondary defence that predators must learn to associate with one another. However, variation in the level of defence, both within and between species, is very common. As secondary defences influence individual fitness, this variation in quality and quantity requires an evolutionary explanation, particularly as it may or may not correlate with variation in primary signals. The costs of defence production are expected to play a considerable role in generating this variation, yet studies of the cost of chemical defence have focused on species that sequester their defences, while studies in species that produce them de novo are scarce. Here we examine effects of resource availability on the production of chemical defences in female wood tiger moths Arctia plantaginis. This species produces defensive fluids when attacked, and advertises this protection with bright colours on its hindwings. Furthermore, the chemicals in these fluids are produced de novo. In order to establish if the production of this chemical protection is costly, and thus resource‐limited, we manipulated resource availability (i.e. food) during larval development and measured its subsequent effects on adult chemical defence. We presented defensive fluids from female moths to wild blue tits, in the absence of any visual cues, to determine their effectiveness against avian predators. Our results demonstrate that the defensive fluids produced by female moths repel birds, and that these defences require resource investment to produce. We found that moths that were resource‐limited during development had less effective chemical defences, despite producing the same volume of defensive fluids as the control moths. As a reduction in available resources negatively influences the effectiveness of the chemical defence, resource availability may explain the variation seen among individuals.

Extinction Risk and Lack of Evolutionary Rescue under Resource Depletion or Area Reduction.

Evolutionary adaptations following environmental deterioration can sometimes rescue populations from extinction. Here we provide a scenario in which such evolutionary rescue will be difficult. Using a rather general model for fluctuating r- and K-selection in a density-dependent population, we show that reduction of available resources will not necessarily induce evolution of adaptations to counteract such changes provided that density regulation acts through available resources per individual. In large populations, resource depletion may induce a change in stationary distribution of population size while the optimal phenotype remains unchanged. Under a period of continuous reduction in available resources, increased strength of K-selection will occur in the sense that individuals are able to live and reproduce under less favorable conditions. Smaller growth rates as a consequence of K-selection and trade-offs between intrinsic growth rate r and carrying capacity K may then have a considerable negative effect on the persistence of the population even after the reduction of available resources is stopped. This negative effect comes in addition to the purely ecological effect of reduced time to extinction because of a reduction in K and increased demographic stochasticity. Continuous reduction in the available area or in available resources per individual may result in long-run maladaptation even if demographic noise increases and, finally but too late, induces r-selection.

Multidimensional poverty in Afghanistan: who are the poorest of the poor?

Taking a capability approach perspective, our paper aims at advancing our understanding of poverty in Afghanistan, and at identifying the most deprived, including persons with disabilities, in order to address the first Sustainable Development Goal to eradicate poverty in all its forms. We used data from a national survey carried out in Afghanistan in 2005. We calculated one index using two weights structures, the adjusted headcount ratio, part of the multidimensional poverty measures. Following a participatory process, we identified and validated 13 indicators clustered in seven dimensions of poverty, including three usually neglected dimensions. Findings suggest that exploring various domains of deprivation would better inform poverty eradication policies than an approach focused only on income. Our results also demonstrate that nearly all Afghan adults are deprived in at least one dimension and those residing in rural areas, from minority ethnic groups, women, elderly people and persons disabled at birth or of an unknown cause are the poorest of the poor. Efforts to improve well-being must acknowledge these inequalities so that public policies in Afghanistan aiming at alleviating poverty take these disparities into account, when facing a reduction in available resources.

A Study on the Comparison of Electricity Forecasting Models: Korea and China

In the 21st century, we now face the serious problems of the enormous consumption of the energy resources. Depending on the power consumption increases, both China and South Korea face a reduction in available resources. This paper considers the regression models and time-series models to compare the performance of the forecasting accuracy based on Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) in order to forecast the electricity demand accurately on the short-term period (68 months) data in Northeast China and find the relationship with Korea. Among the models the support vector regression (SVR) model shows superior performance than time-series models for the short-term period data and the time-series models show similar results with the SVR model when we use long-term period data.

El contrato de seguro ante los avances en medicina y tecnología sanitaria

<p>Los avances científicos y tecnológicos aplicados en la medicina se refieran a pruebas diagnósticas o predictivas (biomarcadores, sensores), así como a tratamientos (cirugía robótica, terapia génica) pueden conllevar a un cambio de modelo en la prestación del servicio sanitario que afronte los grandes retos del Siglo XXI derivados del envejecimiento de la población, el impacto de las enfermedades crónicas, la movilidad de los pacientes y profesionales sanitarios, así como la disminución de los recursos disponibles.</p><p>Tradicionalmente, el seguro de salud ofrece a sus asegurados la asistencia sanitaria dentro del cuadro médico concertado con la aseguradora, a menos que sea de libre elección, en el que ésta asume el reembolso de los gastos satisfechos de acuerdo con los límites establecidos en la póliza. En estos momentos, puede plantearse si nos hallamos transitoriamente en una medicina curativa que se materializa cuando acaece la enfermedad a una medicina preventiva y regenerativa que se adelanta a que aquella se produzca o se desarrolle.</p><p>Esta revolución científica y tecnológica que cada día se presenta produce que el seguro tenga que realizar sus esfuerzos para adecuarse a los riesgos presentes y futuros, en particular de los seguros de salud, como en las obligaciones de las partes.</p><p>Los seguros de asistencia sanitaria son arrastrados por la corriente tecnológica. El objeto de estos seguros es ofrecer asistencia sanitaria o reembolso de los gastos sanitarios derivados de la enfermedad del asegurado. Podríamos decir que ese objeto, ya no lo es tanto, pues la predictibilidad y la prevención de la enfermedad, como riesgo asegurado, puede ocupar un lugar privilegiado. De este modo, este servicio que aparece en las pólizas de seguro actuales como opcional puede incorporarse en la propia póliza, incluso comercializarse complementariamente.</p><p>Por último, el uso del conjunto de conocimientos, datos, herramientas, aplicaciones informáticas y tecnológicas punteras relacionadas con internet, la biotecnología y la nanotecnología, para mejorar diagnósticos, tratamientos, la prevención y predictibilidad de enfermedades produce un escenario de riesgo con repercusiones éticas, bioéticas y jurídicas, principalmente en el campo de la responsabilidad y del seguro.</p>

Judging Under Pressure: A Behavioral Examination of The Relationship Between Legal Decisionmaking and Time

The long-running debate about whether judges have adequate resources has begun to boil. State and federal legislatures are slashing court budgets, with many courts receiving up to 20 percent reductions. In recent years, judges have been resigning or retiring in droves. The remaining judicial vacancies are often left unfilled. Those judges that remain will be forced to spend considerably less time on each case. In response to this impending crisis, scholars have just begun systematically and empirically to consider how resource limitation affects judging. These studies are of vital importance, not only because they are so topical, but also because they have found evidence of a potential link between the amount of resources that appellate judges have and the likelihood that they will be deferential to the lower courts or to their colleagues. For example, a reduction in available resources correlates with lower reversal rates. Because this academic movement is in its infancy, however, its techniques and findings leave plenty of room for growth. No one has yet analyzed how the availability of resources affects the accuracy of judicial decisions. The answer is a pivotal concern for those in control of court budgets and personnel. If judges are able to do their jobs as well or better with less (and they are willing to accept less), then cutting budgets could very well be a wise savings measure. If judges make more errors or become so dissatisfied that they no longer want to continue, then stripping courts of resources could be very dangerous, if not destructive.Here, I use behavioral experimentation to show how the amount of resources available to judges interacts with the power of law to constrain them. Using a judicial simulation with law students from several law schools, I uncover evidence suggesting that reducing resources can increase the likelihood that judges will follow the straightforward dictates of the law. Before budget cutters rejoice, however, it appears that this enhancement to legal constraint comes with a cost - namely, a significant reduction in the judges’ sense that they have reached righteous results. The evidence supports the idea that boosting constraint in this way might increase judge dissatisfaction, perhaps exacerbating the problem of bench vacancies.

4.3.1 Satellites to Supply Chains, Energy to Finance —SLIM for Model‐Based Systems Engineering

AbstractDevelopment of complex systems is a collaborative effort spanning disciplines, teams, processes, software tools, and modeling formalisms. Increasing system complexity, reduction in available resources, globalized and competitive supply chains, and volatile market forces necessitate that a unified model‐based systems engineering environment replace ad‐hoc, document‐centric and point‐to‐point environments in organizations developing complex systems.To address this challenge, we envision SLIM—a collaborative, model‐based systems engineering workspace for realizing next‐generation complex systems. SLIM uses SysML to represent the front‐end conceptual abstraction of a system that can “co‐evolve” with the underlying fine‐grained connections to models in discipline‐specific tools and standards. With SLIM, system engineers can drive automated requirements verification, system simulations, trade studies and optimization, risk analyses, design reviews, system verification and validation, and other key systems engineering tasks from the earliest stages of development directly from the SysML‐based system model. SLIM provides analysis tools that are independent of any systems engineering methodology, and integration tools that connect SysML with a wide variety of COTS and in‐house design and simulation tools.We are presenting SLIM and its applications in two papers. In Part 1 (this paper), we present the motivation and challenges that led to SLIM. We describe the conceptual architecture (section 1) and use cases (section 2) of SLIM followed by tools available for production and evaluation usage (section 3). In Part 2 paper—SLIM Applications—we present the applications of SLIM tools to a variety of domains, both in traditional as well as non‐traditional domains of systems engineering. Representative examples from space, energy, infrastructure, manufacturing and supply chain, military operations, and bank systems are presented.

4.3.3 Satellites to Supply Chains, Energy to Finance —SLIM for Model‐Based Systems Engineering

AbstractDevelopment of complex systems is a collaborative effort spanning disciplines, teams, processes, software tools, and modeling formalisms. Increasing system complexity, reduction in available resources, globalized and competitive supply chains, and volatile market forces necessitate that a unified model‐based systems engineering environment replace ad‐hoc, document‐centric and point‐to‐point environments in organizations developing complex systems.To address this challenge, we envision SLIM—a collaborative, model‐based systems engineering workspace for realizing next‐generation complex systems. SLIM uses SysML to represent the front‐end conceptual abstraction of a system that can “co‐evolve” with the underlying fine‐grained connections to models in discipline‐specific tools and standards. With SLIM, system engineers can drive automated requirements verification, system simulations, trade studies and optimization, risk analyses, design reviews, system verification and validation, and other key systems engineering tasks from the earliest stages of development directly from the SysML‐based system model. SLIM provides analysis tools that are independent of any systems engineering methodology, and integration tools that connect SysML with a wide variety of COTS and in‐house design and simulation tools.We are presenting SLIM and its applications in two papers. In Part 1 paper—Motivation and Concept of SLIM—we presented the motivation and challenges that led to SLIM, the conceptual architecture of SLIM, and SLIM tools available for production and evaluation usage. In Part 2 (this paper), we present the applications of SLIM tools to a variety of domains, both in traditional as well as non‐traditional domains of systems engineering. Representative SysML models and results of trade studies, risk analysis, and other system engineering tasks performed using SLIM tools are presented for the following domains—space systems, energy systems, infrastructure systems, manufacturing and supply chain systems, military operations, and bank systems.

Perceived sense of effort and dual-task performance for fluent and nonfluent individuals with aphasia

Event Abstract Back to Event Perceived sense of effort and dual-task performance for fluent and nonfluent individuals with aphasia Alexandra Basilakos1*, Rebecca S. Marshall1 and Ellen Orenstein2 1 University of Georgia, Communication Sciences and Disorders, United States 2 Dekalb Medical Center, United States Attention deficits in aphasia have been explained as an inability to appropriately allocate attentional resources, or a reduction in available resources [1]. Inaccurate sense of effort (SOE) has also been speculated as a source for decreased performance on divided attention tasks, as SOE reflects, and may influence, the amount of cognitive resources expended [2, 3]. While it is thought that the attention deficits are due to damage of a "common" attention network [4], there is little information regarding how aphasia type influences perceived task demand and subsequent performance. IWA (fluent=4, nonfluent=3) were assessed for SOE on a dual-task procedure (card sorting with tone identification) [5]. Results (Figures 1 and 2) indicate significant group differences in the mean percentage of tones identified correctly. Nonfluent individuals demonstrated greater performance [F (1, 5) = 16.15, p = 0.01, η² = 0.764], M= 87.52% (nonfluent), 38.10% (fluent). There were no other significant group differences. Findings suggest that task evaluation and attention allocation may differ between fluent and nonfluent IWA. Results conflict with previous findings of similar performance between aphasia type [4]. It is possible that the attention system is in fact disrupted differently in individuals with fluent and nonfluent aphasia, or that perception of task demand influences dual-task performance differently in these populations. fig2 fig 1

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values in teeth of Steller sea lions: age of weaning and the impact of the 1975–1976 regime shift in the North Pacific Ocean

We measured δ15N and δ13C values and tooth width from the first 4 years’ dentinal growth layer groups (GLGs) in the teeth of 113 female Steller sea lions ( Eumetopias jubatus (Schreber, 1776)) born between 1960 and 1983, a period that included a large population decrease and a climate regime shift. A linear discriminant analysis on the δ13C and δ15N values estimated 60% of Steller sea lions were weaned in their 1st year, 30% in their 2nd year, and 8% in their 3rd year. GLG-1 was wider in “weaned” animals than those still “nursing” in their 2nd year, suggesting that faster growing pups weaned earlier. Except during the regime shift, the average age at weaning increased and the size of GLG-1 in weaned animals decreased. We suggest that during the regime shift a greater proportion of pups which survived (to have their teeth sampled for this study) grew faster and were weaned by the end of their 1st year. We hypothesize that the long-term weaning age increase and growth rate decrease are consistent with a change in relative mortality of weaned pups and those that continued to nurse, possibly caused by a reduction in available resources, characterized as a switch from a “live-fast” to a “live-slow” life history.

Acerca del origen y la evolución de la teoría de la administración: hacia nuevos modelos organizacionales

Today, it is increasingly important issue of the administration, which has claimed more discussion forums between the various sectors involved in the issue. It is common, especially in times of crisis and reduction of available resources, to be heard in various forums different approaches around the requirement to improve the quality of products, the need for business owners and managers who are rigged to achieve efficiency companies, so that they are increasingly competitive in global markets. They also charge spaces workers their demands for education and updating of knowledge, in favor of avoiding the "obsolescence of skills"; professionals who want to raise their level of qualification; and educational institutions, whose concern for preparing highly competitive professionals is substantial, because it will allow them not only to respond but, above all, to anticipate changes in technology, production and labor.

Anesthesia practice for day-case surgery in Italy

A NESTHESIA FOR surgical procedures performed on outpatient basis has been traditionally very scarce in Italy because of the universal coverage assured by the National Health Service (SSN) to all Italian and European community citizeDs lawfully residing in Italy. Public hospital costs were paid by the SSN through the local government health departments at the expense of taxpayers and without in depth audit on cost-effectiveness. Performing inpatient surgery was considered safer by caregivers, and it was essentially the only choice for patients. In the early 1990s things began to slowly change, with progressive reduction of available resources for health care and more attention to reduction of costs. However, the traditional feeling of security connected with inpatient activity and the previous lack of substantial constraints had induced in health professionals a state of intellectual satisfaction and no need to seek any further methods, at least in public hospitals. On the other hand, private institutions who were certainly more sensitive to cost-related issues, either for profit or not, started to explore alternate surgical scheduling. In those institutions outpatient surgery, particularly low-difficulty ambulatory surgery, was on the rise. Since late 1994, with the introduction by the SSN of financial reimbursement to regional agencies managing public hospitals based on a kind of Diagnosis Related Group (DRG) system, the situation dramatically changed. The new scenario put pressure on the whole SSN to pursue more cost-effective, efficiency-based handling of surgical cases. Thus, outpatient activity, so far neglected and abundantly overlooked, started to become fashionable.